Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Santo André, 2018. / O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a distorção do fluxo de raios gama de altas energias (250 GeV ¿ 25 TeV) devido a processos de atenuação desde a fonte até sua chegada na Via Lactea. Entre esses processos estão a produção de pares pela interação com a radiação cósmica de fundo, principalmente EBL, e a oscilação de fótons em bosons pseudoescalares leves, chamados de partículas tipo áxion (ALPs). Também é discutido como será o sinal do fluxo detectado pelo Cherenkov Telescope Array, explicitando suas especificações técnicas e principais melhorias em relação aos detectores atuais, o que nos levará a uma nova geração de telescópios de raios gama. / The purpose of this research is to discuss the distortion of VHE gamma-ray flux (250 GeV - 25 TeV) due to attenuation processes along its path from the source to our galaxy, namely: pair production as a result of the interaction with the background cosmic radiation, especially EBL, and gamma-ray mix with a light pseudoescalar fundamental boson called axion-like particle (ALP). It is also discussed how this signal should appear at Cherenkov Telescope Array, emphasizing its technical specifications and major improvements over current IACTs, which will lead us to a new generation of gamma-ray telescopes.

Embora seja uma técnica tradicional, empregada largamente em processos industriais, a operação unitária de aeração pode ser otimizada ao se utilizar modelos matemáticos que descrevam seu comportamento hidrodinâmico. Diversas equações se prestam a esse fim, no entanto, avanços tecnológicos, tanto no campo instrumental como computacional, permitiram a obtenção de equações mais realísticas e abrangentes. Neste trabalho foram ajustadas e avaliadas equações para descrever três importantes parâmetros envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico: coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa, fração de vazios e velocidade ascensional de bolhas. Para tanto, ademais da utilização de conceitos teóricos amplamente difundidos no meio acadêmico, empregou-se um conjunto de dados já existente. Essa combinação permitiu a avaliação e aproximação das equações teóricas à realidade experimental através de coeficientes de ajuste empíricos. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: a) revisão bibliográfica e sugestão da correlação que melhor descreve o coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa; b) correlação que descreve a fração de vazios, a partir da analise da concentração de bolhas segundo distribuições gaussianas; c) correlação que descreve a velocidade ascensional de bolhas em plumas. A complexidade de cada parâmetro obtido deixou clara a importância da análise isolada, precedendo a convolução dos mesmos em um único modelo, pois embora as resposta e recomendações apresentadas não forneçam conclusões definitivas sobre todos os aspectos envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico, suas considerações pontuais contribuem sobremaneira ao domínio do fenômeno global, beneficiando modelagens matemáticas futuras. / Although it is a traditional technique, widely employed in industrial processes, the unit operation of aeration can be optimized when resorting to mathematical models which describe their hydrodynamic behavior. A range of equations lends itself to this purpose, however, technological advances both in the instrumental as computational field, allowed the achievement of equations more realistic and comprehensives. In this study were adjusted and evaluated equations to describe three important parameters involved in the oxygen transfer in the hydric medium: volumetric mass transfer coefficient, void fraction and upflow bubble velocity. To this end, besides the use of theoretical concepts widely disseminated in the academic literature, it was employed a set of already existing data. This combination allowed the evaluation and approximation of theoretical equations to experimental reality by means of empirical adjustment coefficients. Were obtained the following results: a) literature review and suggestion of the best correlation which describes the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, b) correlation which describes the fraction of voids, from the analysis of the concentration of bubbles by Gaussian distributions, c) correlation which describes the upflow velocity of swarms of bubbles. The complexity of each parameter obtained made clear the importance of the isolated analysis, preceding the convolution of them in a single model because although the answers and recommendations given fail to supply definitive conclusions on all aspects involved in the transfer of oxygen in hydric medium, their specific considerations contribute to the knowledge of the global phenomenon, benefiting deeply future mathematical models.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_introducao_daniela_mansour.pdf: 49223 bytes, checksum: 6acd632060a3e69b27bebae3deb1f727 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-30 / Cultivated in more than 150 million hectares, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops around the world. In 2005 approximately 600 millions tons were harvested. Moreover, the rice grain is the basic food for at least four billion people worldwide. Rice breeding programs are looking for the development of new varieties with higher productivity, nutritionally traits and environment stresses tolerance. Initially using the existing variability to create new recombination, through artificial hybridizations, and, later, inducing mutations. The generation of a mutant population looking for selects putative mutants for dormancy and tolerance to low temperature during germination, may be contribute to know mechanisms involved in these traits, moreover in the future, it may be possible to develop new and better genotypes. The goal of this work was to generate a mutant population of rice from the BRS 7 Taim cultivar and to identify putative mutants for dormancy and germination under low temperature. Ten thousand seeds of the BRS 7 Taim cultivar were submitted to 250 Gy. The M1 seeds were cultivated in field to produce M2 seeds. Thirty M2 seed populations were harvested and evaluated. The mutation induction allowed the generation of a mutant bank with differentiated performance for dormancy and tolerance to low temperature in the germination. The M2 24 seed population seems to be the better one to study the dormancy trait. The M2 mutant populations showed different performance in the germination test under 13°C, however, it was no possible to select a putative M2 population based on the coleoptile length. / Cultivado em mais de 150 milhões de hectares, arroz (Oryza sativa L.), é um dos cereais mais produzidos e consumidos no mundo, com produção aproximada de 600 milhões de toneladas, se constitui no alimento básico para dois terços da população do planeta. Os programas de melhoramento genético do arroz buscam incrementar a produtividade e a qualidade, inicialmente aproveitando a variabilidade existente para criar novas recombinações, através de hibridações artificiais, e, posteriormente, induzindo mutações. A geração de uma população mutante com posterior seleção de possíveis mutantes para dormência e tolerância ao frio na germinação poderá contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos genéticos envolvidos nestes dois caracteres e para o futuro desenvolvimento de genótipos superiores. O trabalho teve por objetivo gerar uma população mutante de arroz a partir da cv. BRS 7 Taim e identificar possíveis mutantes para o caráter dormência e tolerância ao frio na germinação. Dez mil sementes da cultivar BRS 7 Taim foram submetidas a 250Gy de radiação gama. As sementes M1 foram cultivadas em campo para produção de populações de sementes M2. Trinta populações de sementes M2 foram avaliadas quanto à presença de sementes dormentes e tolerância ao frio na germinação. A indução de mutação permitiu gerar um banco de mutantes com desempenho diferenciado para os caracteres dormência e tolerância ao frio na germinação. A população de sementes M2 24 parece ser altamente promissora para o estudo do caráter dormência. As 30 populações M2 tiveram desempenho contrastante quanto ao percentual de germinação a 13°C, porém, a seleção de populações M2 para a tolerância ao frio na germinação, através da medida do comprimento do coleóptilo, não foi eficiente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_aline_scheer_da_silva.pdf: 990457 bytes, checksum: 3ed714ae04d7f441e614c03031fe7354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-30 / Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) presents a great economic and social importance, mainly in Brazil s southern region, which stimulates the search for more productive cultivars and with agronomic characteristics that meet market requirements. Support techniques to improvement programs, as induced mutations and use of molecular markers, are being increasingly used. Induced mutations are considered to be an alternative method in order to create genetic variability, being the use of ionizing radiation an effective technology with which mutants were obtained with characteristics of higher productivity, precocity, smaller, higher resistance to disease and pest infestation in different species, which are used in improvement programs to obtain new cultivars. AFLP is one of the most used molecular markers techniques to analyze genetic divergence in plant populations, mainly in species that present low rate of poliforfism in the DNA. The aim of this work was morphophenological and molecular characterization of mutants of rice derived from the BRS Querência and BRS Fronteira elite cultivars, which can turn into new cultivars or serve to crossings in rice breeding programs. In the 2009/2010 growing season, seeds of M1 plants (originated from seeds exposed to different doses of gamma radiation) were sown in trays containing soil typically found in rice culture, aiming seedling production. From two to three leaves, seedlings were transplanted to the field forming M2 population. In this generation, 59 mutants with agronomic characteristics of interest were selected. In the following growing season (2010/2011), seeds of these 59 mutant plants were sown and transplanted in the same previous conditions and formed M3 population. In all generations, morphophenologic descriptors of rice culture were evaluated. Genetic divergence among the mutant selected in generation M3 and the cultivar witnesses through the AFLP technique were also evaluated. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance, compared by means test (Dunnett) to 5% of probability. Multivariate analysis through GENES software were also performed (CRUZ, 2007). In both cultivars, mutants with characteristics of agronomic concern were obtained, such as reduction in culture cycle and in height of the plants, increase in thickness of the stem, greater tillering and panicle number, higher number of grains per panicle and higher 1000-grain weight. AFLP technique showed up to 51% dissimilarity among genotypes of the same origin, being M_CTT/ E_AAC the most informative primer combinations among the 13 combinations tested in this study. Based on the results that were obtained we conclude that some of the mutants obtained can be used in the future for gene action studies, crossings and/or to launch a new cultivar. / O arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) apresenta grande importância econômica e social, principalmente na região sul do Brasil, fato que estimula a busca por cultivares mais produtivas e com características agronômicas que atendam as exigências de mercado. Técnicas de apoio aos programas de melhoramento, como mutações induzidas e uso de marcadores moleculares estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas. A indução de mutações é considerada um método alternativo para criar variabilidade genética, sendo o uso de radiações ionizantes uma tecnologia eficaz, com a qual foram obtidos mutantes com características de maior produtividade, precocidade, menor porte, maior resistência às doenças e pragas em diferentes espécies, os quais são utilizados nos programas de melhoramento na obtenção de novas cultivares. AFLP é uma das técnicas de marcadores moleculares mais utilizadas para analisar divergência genética em populações de plantas, principalmente em espécies que apresentam baixa taxa de poliforfismo no DNA. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização morfofenológica e molecular de mutantes de arroz irrigado oriundos das cultivares elite BRS Querência e BRS Fronteira, os quais poderão se transformar em novas cultivares ou servirem para cruzamentos nos programas de melhoramento de arroz. Na safra 2009/2010 sementes de plantas M1 (originadas de sementes expostas à diferentes doses de radiação gama) foram semeadas em bandejas contendo solo típico da cultura do arroz, visando à produção de mudas. No estádio de duas a três folhas as mudas foram transplantadas para o campo formando a população M2. Nesta geração foram selecionadas 59 mutantes com características agronômicas de interesse. Na safra seguinte (2010/2011), sementes destas 59 plantas mutantes foram semeadas e transplantadas nas mesmas condições anteriores e formaram a população M3. Em todas gerações foram avaliados os descritores morfofenólógicos da cultura do arroz, foi também avaliada a divergência genética entre os mutantes selecionados na geração M3 e as cultivares testemunhas pela técnica de AFLP. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparados pelo teste de médias (Dunnett) a 5% de probabilidade, foi realizada também análises multivariadas através do programa GENES (CRUZ, 2007). Em ambas cultivares foram obtidos mutantes com características de interesse agronômico, como redução no ciclo da cultura e na altura das plantas, incremento na espessura do colmo, maior perfilhamento e número de panículas, maior número de grãos por panícula e maior peso de 1000 grãos. A técnica AFLP mostrou até 51% de dissimilaridade entres os genótipos de mesma origem, sendo M_CTT/E_AAC a combinação de primers mais informativa entre as 13 combinações testadas neste estudo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que alguns dos mutantes obtidos poderão ser utilizados futuramente para estudos de ação gênica, cruzamentos e/ou para o lançamento de uma nova cultivar.

Lignes spectrales de rayons gammas provenants de la matière noire. <p>Approches indépendantes de modèles/ Gamma-Ray Lines from the Dark Side of Matter: Model-Independent Approaches<p><p> Cette thèse a pour thématique centrale la matière noire, et plus particulièrement un type de signal qu’elle pourrait émettre, à savoir des lignes spectrales de rayons gammas. La nature de la matière noire demeure mystérieuse, et ce que l’on sait de ses propriétés est exposé dans le premier chapitre. En particulier, la pertinence des lignes spectrales de rayons gammas dans l’étude de la matière noire est soulignée. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des connexions possibles entre la phénoménologie de ce type de signal et d’autres manifestations, qu’il s’agisse de détection directe ou indirecte, ou bien de détection dans des collisionneurs tels que le LHC. Le but est d’établir la possibilité de discriminer différents modèles et/ou d’obtenir des contraintes indépendantes.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

ALTO is a project, currently in the research and development phase, with the goal of constructing a Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray observatory in the southern hemisphere. It will detect the particle content reaching the ground from the interactions of either VHE gamma rays or cosmic rays in the atmosphere known as extensive air showers. In this thesis, we use an ALTO prototype built at Linneaus University to estimate the vertical muon intensity in Växjö. The atmospheric muons we detect at ground level come from hadronic showers caused by a cosmic ray entering the atmosphere. Such showers are considered background noise in the context of VHE gamma-ray astronomy, and the presence of muons is an important indicator of the nature of the shower, and thus of the primary particle. The measurement is done by isolating events that produce signals in two small scintillation detectors that are part of the ALTO prototype, and are placed almost directly above each other. This gives us a data set that we assume represents muons travelling along a narrow set of trajectories, and by measuring the rate of such events, we estimate the muon intensity. We estimate the corresponding momentum threshold using two different methods; Monte Carlo simulation and calculation of the mean energy loss. The vertical muon intensity found through this method is about 21% higher than commonly accepted values. We discuss some possible explanations for this discrepancy, and conclude that the most likely explanation is that the isolated data set contains a significant number of “false positives”, i.e., events that do not represent a single muon following the desired trajectory.

This thesis sums up a bachelor project in which gamma-ray emission from an extra-galactic source (S50716+71) is studied using data collected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). The emission consists of 12,5 years of data (April 2008 to February 2020) in the energy range 100 MeV - 300 GeV. The source has a high significance (&gt;298) and is believed to be an active galactic nucleus in which there have to be mechanisms able to accelerate photons to these high energies. The mechanisms are believed to be of non-thermal origin and the general consensus is that they are the synchrotron radiation-process as well as the inverse Compton-process. These processes are discussed to some extent in the thesis as part of a fairly large theoretical background. The data was analyzed in several ways. The Enrico software contained in the package Fermitools provided by NASA was used to create curves of the flux as a function of time (lightcurves) as well as spectral distributions. The light curve showed that the source varies considerably with hardly any “quiet periods” at all during the twelve-year period. The light curve also showed a fast rise and fall of intensity between the high intensity and low intensity points. Spectral analyses were made for six chosen time-periods of interest through the fitting of three different functions, a powerlaw-function, a logparabola-function and a powerlaw function with exponential cutoff. The powerlaw function with exponential cutoff was favored in all periods except one where the log parabola-function was preferred. The data from one of the periods was then put into a multi-wavelength context of the source showing that the data is in agreement with previous collected data. This broad spectrum was then used to model the underlying energy distribution through a theoretical framework called the Synchrotron Self-Compton model (SSC). This was done using a modelling software called JetSet. The modelling resulted in a reasonable fit of the data and parameters that overall (at least in magnitude) seem to agree with results from other publications.

The subject of this thesis is the analysis and modeling of the active galactic nucleus PKS 1510-089. The aim is to present a thorough background of active galactic nuclei combined with the analysis and modeling of a specific active galactic nucleus. The results will then be  linked to previous research and theories about active galactic nuclei. The data used in the analysis were retrieved from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. A light curve analysis that extended over 12 years provided knowledge about variability and presented four interesting flaring periods. The four periods underwent a spectral analysis, and the results showed that a log parabolic curvature could best describe all four periods. The last step before the modeling was to create spectral energy distributions for all four periods to retrieve spectral points from wavelengths other than those available from Fermi. Unfortunately, there were only sufficient data for one period. That period was later used in the modeling and resulted in a well-fitted external Compton model, which was compared, with relatively good results, with previous research.

Cosmic rays reach Earth from beyond the Milky Way and with energies up to 10^20 eV.The responsible accelerators have to date not been discovered. However, multi-messenger astronomy can shed light on the question, based on the principle that protons and nuclei accelerated in dense and energetic environments would also produce gamma rays and neutrinos. Such environments may be found in "blazars", which are therefore cosmic ray accelerator candidates. Their gamma-ray emission has been observed to increase, sometimes by orders of magnitude, during "flares" as observed in light curves taken by the Large Angle Telescope on the Fermi satellite. When the latter was launched in 2008, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory had also started taking data, detecting the Cherenkov light from high-energy neutrino interactions in the glacier ice under the geographic South Pole. These two experiments have enabled multi-messenger searches for neutrinos in time correlation with the gamma-ray emission from blazars. This work builds on this principle and extends it by "stacking" the signal from multiple blazar flares. Thus, their individually undetectable neutrino emission could still be discoverable. One first analysis focused on the blazar TXS 0506+056, whose flare in 2017 coincided with arrival of the neutrino IceCube-170922A. Extending into a lower energy range than the alert, the search found no additional excess neutrinos associated with the flare. A second analysis used 179 bright and variable blazars. They were divided in two specific blazar classes and weighted relatively to each other, with two weighting schemes motivated physically using the observed gamma-ray luminosity and a third, generic weighting to cover unconsidered scenarios. No significant neutrino excess was found in the unblinded likelihood fits for any of the source catalogues and weighting schemes. Their combined trial-corrected p-value was p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. The limits derived from this analysis are also discussed and its relation with other searches considered. Since that was the first "blazar flare stacking", this work also proposes further improvements to the analysis which will help advance the search for cosmic ray accelerators. / Les rayons cosmiques proviennent d'au-delà de la Voie lactée et atteignent la Terre avec des énergies pouvant aller jusqu'à 10^20 eV. Les objets qui accélèrent ces rayons cosmiques n'ont toujours pas été découverts. Toutefois, l'astronomie multimessager peut apporter un élément de réponse à cette question, en supposant que les protons et les noyaux accélérés dans des environnements denses et énergétiques pourraient également produire des rayons gamma et des neutrinos. Les "blazars" sont de possibles candidats pour les accélérateurs de rayons cosmiques. Une augmentation de leurs émissions de rayons gamma, parfois de plusieurs ordres de grandeur, a été observée lors de phénomènes qu'on appelle "éruption", comme le montrent les courbes de lumière prises par le télescope spatial Fermi-LAT. Lorsque ce dernier a été lancé en 2008, l'observatoire de neutrinos IceCube avait également commencé à prendre des données, détectant la lumière Tcherenkov provenant d'interactions de neutrinos à haute énergie dans la glace qui se trouve sous le Pôle Sud géographique. Ces deux expériences ont permis de mener à bien des recherches multi-messagers de neutrinos en corrélation temporelle avec l'émission de rayons gamma des blazars. Ce principe est le point de départ de cette thèse, qui va plus loin en employant la méthode du "stacking", qui consiste à combiner les signaux provenant de plusieurs éruptions de blazars. Ainsi, leurs émissions individuelles de neutrinos, habituellement indétectables, pourraient être découvertes après combinaison. Une première analyse s'est concentrée sur le blazar TXS 0506+056, dont l'éruption en 2017 a coïncidée avec l'arrivée de l'évènement IceCube-170922A. En considérant une gamme d'énergie inférieure à celle de l'alerte 170922-A, pas d’autres neutrino excédentaire n’a été associé à l'éruption. Une deuxième analyse est basée sur 179 blazars lumineux et variables. Ces blazars ont été répartis en deux classes spécifiques, et chacun d'entre eux a reçu un poids relatif. Trois schémas de pondération ont été considérés :les deux premiers étant motivés par des observations, le troisième étant plus générique. Aucun excès significatif de neutrinos n'a été observé après avoir effectué des ajustements par maximum de vraisemblance sur les données non masquées, pour les différents catalogues de sources et schémas de pondération. Leur valeur-p combinée est de p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. Les limites dérivées de cette analyse sont discutées ainsi que leur rapport avec les résultats d'autres recherches. Puisqu'il s'agit du premier stacking d'éruptions de blazars, nous suggérons également des améliorations à apporter à l'analyse afin de permettre la poursuivre de la recherche d'accélérateurs de rayons cosmiques. / Kosmische straling afkomstig van buiten de Melkweg bereikt de Aarde met energieën tot wel 10^20 eV. De astrofysische bronnen waarin deze deeltjes worden versneld zijn tot op heden nog niet ontdekt. De multi-boodschapperastronomie kan een nieuw licht werpen op de oorsprong van kosmische straling, aangezien protonen en atoomkernen die worden versneld in een dichte en energetische omgeving ook gammastralen en neutrino’s produceren. „Blazars” zijn mogelijke kandidaat-versnellers. Observaties van blazars, gemaakt met de ruimtetelescoop Fermi-LAT ,tonen aan dat hun gammastraling tijdens zogenaamde „flakkers” toeneemt. Rond de tijd dat deze werd gelanceerd, begon het IceCube Neutrino Observatorium ook gegevens te verzamelen. Deze laatste detecteert hoog-energetische neutrino’s aan de hand van het Cherenkovlicht dat geproduceerd wordt tijdens hun interacties met de ijskap bij de geografische zuidpool. Deze twee experimenten hebben het mogelijk gemaakt om een multibooschapperzoektocht te verrichten naar neutrino’s van blazars die een tijdscorrelatie hebben met diens flakkers van gammastraling. Dit is het uitgangspunt van dit proefschrift, waarbij er ook een zogenaamde „stapelmethode” wordt toegepast. Op deze manier kan de neutrino-emissie van indivuele blazarflakkers, die afzonderlijk te zwak is om te detecteren, gecombineerd worden en mogelijks toch worden ontdekt. Een eerste analyse legt de focus op de blazar TXS 0506+056, waarvan een flakker in 2017 samenviel met de aankomst van het neutrino IceCube 170922-A. In een relatief lager energiebereik wordt er geen surplus aan neutrino’s gevonden gecorreleerd met de flakker. In een tweede analyse maken we gebruik van de stapelmethode om neutrino’s te zoeken afkomstig van 179 heldere en variabale blazars. Deze worden onderverdeeld in twee specifieke klassen en krijgen elks een zeker gewicht in de stapelanalyse. Hiervoor worden twee wegingsschema’s gebruikt die gemotiveerd zijn door de geobserveerde gammastraling, alsook een derde generieke weging. Ook hierwordt er geen significant neutrinosignaal geobserveerd. De gecombineerde p waarde is p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. Hieruit worden limieten afgeleid, en worden de verbanden met andere zoekacties besproken. Aangezien dit werk de eerste analyse omvat naar neutrino’s afkomstig van blazarflakkers gebruik makende van een stapelmethode, worden er in dit werk ook verdere verbeteringen van de analyse voorgesteld. Deze zullen als een startpunt dienen voor toekomstige zoektochten naar de nog onbekende bronnen van kosmische straling. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Blazars are a type of Active Galaxy that emit strong astrophysical jets. The association of a HE gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056 to the IceCube-170922A neutrino event in 2017, opened the possibility to a link between these two events. In this thesis, we will look at the HE gamma-ray behavior of TXS 0506+056 using data obtained from the Fermi-LAT by taking into account the other set of neutrino events associated with this source from 2014-2015. We will investigate whether both neutrino events present with comparable HE gamma-ray behavior by analyzing the lightcurves and the spectra for a quiet state, the 2014-2015 period, and the flare centered around the neutrino event from 2017. The results of the analysis performed in this thesis show no strong indication of a change in the gamma-ray behaviour in these potential neutrino detections.