Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Steiner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kannebley_JoaoStein_M.pdf: 9118721 bytes, checksum: 33988e2512a8c525b91c3d93a783a368 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A gangliosidose GM1 é uma doença rara causada pela deficiência da enzima ?-galactosidase, decorrente de mutações no gene GLB1, acarretando o acúmulo de gangliosídeos, principalmente o GM1. É classificada em três formas dependendo da idade de início dos sintomas. Em todas ocorrem alterações esqueléticas e deterioração neurológica, sendo que na forma adulta predominam sinais extrapiramidais como distonia. No presente estudo descrevemos as características de 12 pacientes com gangliosidose GM1 nas formas juvenil e crônica de 10 famílias não aparentadas provenientes da região de Campinas, SP, e do sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Foram detalhados a história clínica e o exame físico, em especial o neurológico, bem como de aspectos radiológicos, ultrassonográficos, ecocardiográficos e de neuroimagem. Metade dos casos iniciou com queixas ósteo-articulares e outra metade com sintomas neurológicos, porém com a evolução todos apresentaram uma combinação de disostose múltipla e neurodegeneração. Opacificação de córnea e angioqueratomas foram vistos em um caso, cada. Outros sinais comumente associados às doenças de depósito lisossômico não foram vistos nesta casuística. Todos apresentaram baixa estatura, disostose múltipla, disartria e prejuízo nas atividades de vida diária, 10 tinham distonia e disfagia, nove atrofia muscular e oito sinais piramidais e alterações da movimentação ocular. Barra óssea e os odontoideum foram vistos em dois casos, sendo alterações previamente não descritas nessa condição. Exames de neuroimagem mostraram aumento do sistema ventricular e hipointensidade de sinal em globos pálidos em todos, além de deformidades vertebrais, hiperintensidade de sinal de putâmen e atrofia cortical na maioria. Alterações em tálamo, substância branca ou atrofia cerebelar não foram identificadas nessa série / Abstract: GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare disorder caused by deficiency in ?-galactosidase activity due to mutations in the GLB1 gene, leading to acumulation of gangliosides in multiple organs. Three main clinical forms have been described according to the age of onset. All present with skeletal deformities and neurologic deterioration, and in the adult form extrapyramidal signs including dystonia are frequent. In the present study we describe 12 subjects of 10 unrelated families from the region of Campinas and the southern state of Minas Gerais. Clinical information included detailed history, full neurologic examination, radiologic, ultrasonographic, echocardiographic, and neuroimaging description. Half of subjects presented initially with skeletal deformities, while the remaining opened clinical presentation with neurologic features. However, over time all presented dysostosis multiplex and neurodegeneration. Corneal clouding and angiokeratomas were seen in one individual each. Other features commonly described in lysosomal storage disorders were not found in this series. All subjects presented with short stature, dysostosis multiplex, dysarthria, and impairment of activities of daily living, 10 had extrapyramidal signs, nine had muscular atrophy, and eight had pyramidal signs and mild oculomotor abnormalities. A vertebral bone bar and os odontoideum were found in two patients, being previously undescribed in this condition. Neuroimaging revealed enlargement of the ventricular system and hypointensity of globus pallidus in all, besides vertebral deformities, putaminal hyperintensity, and cortical atrophy in most patients. Thalamic changes, abnormal white matter or cerebellar atrophy were not seen in this series / Mestrado / Genetica Medica / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Thesis advisor: Thomas N. Seyfried / GM1 gangliosidosis is a glycosphingolipid lysosomal storage disease caused by a genetic deficiency of acid b-galactosidase (β-gal), the enzyme that catabolyzes GM1 within lysosomes. Accumulation of GM1 and its asialo form (GA1) occurs primarily in the brain, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and brain dysfunction. Less information is available on the neurochemical pathology in optic nerve and sciatic nerve of GM1- gangliosidosis. Here we analyzed the lipid content and myelin structure in optic and sciatic nerve in 7 and 10 month old normal β-gal (+/?) and GM1-gangliosidosis β-gal (-/-) mice. Optic nerve weight was lower in the β-gal -/- mice than in unaffected β-gal +/? mice, but no difference was seen between the normal and the β-gal -/- mice for sciatic nerve weight. The concentrations of GM1 and GA1 were significantly higher in optic nerve and sciatic nerve in the β-gal -/- mice than in β-gal +/? mice. The content and composition of myelin-enriched cerebrosides, sulfatides, plasmalogen ethanolamines were significantly lower in optic nerve of β-gal -/- mice than in β-gal +/? mice, however cholesteryl esters were enriched in the β-gal -/- mice. No significant abnormalities in these myelin enriched lipids were detected in sciatic nerve of the β-gal -/- mice. The abnormalities in GM1 and myelin lipids in optic nerve of β-gal -/- mice were also associated with abnormalities in the X-ray diffraction pattern including myelin content in fresh nerves [M/(M +B)] and periodicity (d). With the exception of a slight reduction in myelin content, no abnormalities in the X-ray diffraction pattern were observed in sciatic nerve of β-gal -/- mice. The results indicate that neurochemical pathology is greater in optic nerve than in sciatic nerve of β-gal -/- mice. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Thesis advisor: Thomas N. Seyfried / Thesis advisor: Charles Hoffman / Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, BMP, is a negatively charged glycerol-phospholipid with an unusual sn-1;sn-1’ structural configuration. BMP is primarily enriched in endosomal/lysosomal membranes. BMP is thought to play a role in glycosphingolipid degradation and cholesterol transport. It constitutes only about 1-2% of the total phospholipids in most mammalian cells, but is abundant in lung alveolar macrophages where it can comprise up to 16% of the total phospholipids. BMP also accumulates in tissues of humans and animals with lysosomal storage disorders. However, little information is available on BMP levels in gangliosidosis brain tissue. In this work, I found that total BMP content was significantly greater in cells of macrophage/microglial origin than in cells of macroglial origin (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte progenitor), whether normal or tumorigenic. I also observed that BMP in brain was significantly greater in humans and in animals (mice, cats, American black bears) with either GM1 or GM2 ganglioside storage diseases, than in brains of normal subjects. Since BMP is associated with macrophages, I also analyzed the BMP levels in relation to disease-associated inflammation in gangliosidoses. I found that BMP levels were increased due to accumulation of primary storage material gangliosides, rather than an outcome of disease-associated inflammation. In addition, in this thesis I also explored the effect of new ketogenic diet formula from Solace Nutrition (KetoGen) on the growth and metastatic spread of the VM-M3 tumor. Most current drug therapies for cancer are toxic and only marginally effective in providing long-term management. Respiratory insufficiency with compensatory aerobic fermentation (Warburg effect) is the hallmark biochemical phenotype of nearly all neoplastic cells within tumors. Calorie restriction, which lowers blood glucose and elevates ketone bodies, is known to reduce tumor growth to a certain extent, however it does not reduce systemic metastasis. Tumor bearing VM mice were fed either a standard lab chow diet in unrestricted amounts (SD-UR), a standard lab chow restricted to obtain an 18% reduction in body weight (SD-R), or the KetoGen diet restricted (KG-R) to match the body weights of the SD-R group. Tumor size was significantly smaller and organ metastasis was significantly less in the KG-R group than in the SD-UR or SD-R groups. Even though blood glucose was reduced similarly in both the SD-R and KG-R groups, blood ketones were 3-fold higher in the KG-R group than in the SD-R group. These results show that VM-M3 tumor growth and systemic metastasis were managed better with the restricted KetoGen KD than with calorie restriction of a high carbohydrate standard diet. As all human and mouse tumors cells suffer from respiratory insufficiency, my findings suggest that the restricted KetoGen diet should be an effective non-toxic therapy against tumor growth and systemic metastatic cancer. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Steiner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T05:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baptista_MarcellaBergaminide_M.pdf: 1959777 bytes, checksum: 5e9549a5e21a411c116468e665693472 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Gangliosidose GM1 é uma doença autossômica recessiva rara, classificada em três formas clínicas de acordo com a idade de apresentação dos sintomas e a gravidade, provocada pela deficiência da enzima lisossômica ?-galactosidase que leva ao acúmulo, principalmente, do gangliosídeo GM1. A forma juvenil geralmente apresenta início entre sete meses e três anos de idade, com progressão lenta dos sinais neurológicos, dimorfismos menos graves que na forma infantil e deformidades ósseas. A forma crônica é caracterizada por apresentações clínicas mais leves e sintomas extrapiramidais. O gene codificador da enzima é o GLB1, no qual mais de 130 mutações foram descritas. No presente estudo foi realizada a caracterização molecular de 10 indivíduos de nove famílias não relacionadas diagnosticados com gangliosidose GM1, nas formas juvenil e crônica. Todas as famílias são originárias do interior do estado de São Paulo ou do sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Para a análise realizada foi possível identificar a mutação anteriormente descrita p.T500A, em sete das nove famílias estudadas, a inserção c.1717- 1722insG e a mutação p.R59H foram encontradas em duas famílias (a última segregou juntamente com o polimorfismo descrito IVS12+8T>C). As demais mutações descritas (p.F107L, p.L173P, p.R201H, p.G311R) foram encontradas em uma família cada. Uma alteração neutra (p.P152P) e duas mutações (p.I354S e p.T384S) são inéditas. Foi possível identificar a ocorrência de uma mutação de novo em uma família. Todas as mutações foram encontradas em heterozigose / Abstract: GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive, classified in three clinical types according to age of onset and severity. The disease is caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzyme ?-galactosidase that leads to the accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. The juvenile form usually shows an onset between seven months and three years of age, with slowly progressive neurological signs, less severe dysmorphisms than the infantile form and skeletal changes. The adult form is specified by a milder clinical manifestations and extrapyramidal signs. The lysossomal enzyme is coded by the GLB1 gene which more than 130 mutations have been decribed. In the present study it was genotyped 10 individuals of nine unrelated families originated from the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais diagnosed with the juvenile and chronic forms of the disease. It was possible to find the previously described mutations p.T500A in seven of the nine families, c.1717-1722insG and p.R59H in two alleles (the latter also segregating with IVS12+8T>C), and p.F107L, p.L173P, p.R201H, and p.G311R in one familie each. One neutral alteration (p.P152P) and two mutations (p.I354S and p.T384S) are described for the first time. The occurrence of a de novo mutation was seen in one family. All patients presented as heterozygous compound / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

GM1 gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the catabolizing enzyme β-galactosidase (βgal). This leads to accumulation of GM1-ganglioside (GM1) in the lysosome inducing ER stress and cell death. GM1 gangliosidosis is primarily a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with peripheral organ involvement. In this work we report two major findings, 1) systemic treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis with an adenoassociated virus (AAV9) encoding mouse-βgal (mβgal) in a GM1 gangliosidosis mouse model (βGal-/-), and 2) an investigation into an intracranial injection of a therapeutic AAVrh8 encoding mβgal. Systemic treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis with AAV9 resulted in a moderate expression of enzyme in the CNS, reduction of GM1 storage, significant retention of motor function and a significant increase in lifespan. Interestingly, the therapeutic effect was more robust in females. Intracranial injections of AAVrh8 vector expressing high levels of βgal resulted in enzyme spread throughout the brain, significant retention of motor function and a significant increase in lifespan. Histological alterations were also found at the injection site in both βGal-/- and normal animals. We constructed a series of vectors with a range of decreasing enzyme expression levels to investigate the cause for the unanticipated result. Microarrays were performed on the injection site and we showed that a lower expressing AAVrh8-mβgal vector mitigated the negative response. Intracranial injection of this newly developed vector was shown to clear lysosomal storage throughout the CNS of βGal-/- mice. Taken together, these studies indicate that a combined systemic and fine-tuned intracranial approach may be the most effective in clearing lysosomal storage completely in the CNS while providing therapeutic benefit to the periphery.

GM2 gangliosidoses are a family of lysosomal storage disorders that include both Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. These disorders result from deficiencies in the lysosomal enzyme β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (HexA). Impairment of HexA leads to accumulation of its substrate, GM2 ganglioside, in cells resulting in cellular dysfunction and death. There is currently no treatment for GM2 gangliosidoses. Patients primarily present with neurological dysfunction and degeneration. Here we developed a central nervous system gene therapy through direct injection that leads to long-term survival in the Sandhoff disease mouse model. We deliver an equal mixture of AAVrh8 vectors that encode for the two subunits (α and β) of HexA into the thalami and lateral ventricle. This strategy has also been shown to be safe and effective in treating the cat model of Sandhoff disease. We tested the feasibility and safety of this therapy in non-human primates, which unexpectedly lead to neurotoxicity in the thalami. We hypothesized that toxicity was due to high overexpression of HexA, which dose reduction of vector could not compensate for. In order to maintain AAV dose, and therefore widespread HexA distribution in the brain, six new vector designs were screened for toxicity in nude mice. The top three vectors that showed reduction of HexA expression with low toxicity were chosen and tested for safety in non-human primates. A final formulation was chosen from the primate screen that showed overexpression of HexA with minimal to no toxicity. Therapeutic efficacy studies were performed in Sandhoff disease mice to define the minimum effective dose.

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:15:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingos_PriscilaPerez_D.pdf: 2379926 bytes, checksum: df7f068098f3454b58caf0a13e61f196 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O camundongo não obeso diabético (NOD) é caracterizado por desenvolver naturalmente diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM-1) com similaridade ao diabetes mellitus tipo 1 em humanos. A manifestação espontânea do diabetes neste modelo animal é caracterizado por infiltração progressiva das ilhotas de Langerhans por células mononucleares linfócitos T (CD4+ e CD8+) e destruição das células ß pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. O fator de crescimento neural (NGF) e algumas citocinas estão associados a regeneração neural, além de atuarem sobre células do sistema imune. Em adição a estes efeitos, NGF age na liberação de insulina pelas células betas das ilhotas pancreáticas, tornando-se foco de interesse com relação as suas propriedades moduladoras no processo inflamatório na ilhota pancreática. O gangliosídeo GM1 liga-se ao receptor de alta afinidade (TrkA) do NGF-ß, mimetizando seus efeitos. No presente trabalho, avaliamos a ação modulatória de GM1 e NGF em cultura de ilhotas pancreáticas, provenientes de camundongos NOD. Foram avaliados por meio de RT-PCR a expressão gênica de NGF-ß, TrkA e insulina e, por ensaio imunoenzimático, a concentração de citocinas IL-1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, INF-y e insulina. Nossos resultados sugerem ação moduladora similar entre GM1 e NGF sobre as ilhotas de NOD não diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. NGF e GM1 aumentam a expressão gênica de NGF e TrkA e diminuem a expressão gênica de insulina em NOD não diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Além disso, aumentam a liberação de insulina e diminui a de citocinas inflamatórias IL-1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, IFN-y que caracterizam a resposta Th1. / Abstract: The non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) lineage is characterized by developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) naturally, bearing a similarity to DM-1 in human beings. The spontaneous manifestation of diabetes is characterized by gradual infiltration in pancreatic islets by mononuclear cells lymphocytes T (CD4+ and CD8+) and destruction of the ß-cells producers of insulin. One consequence of this effect, is the release of neurotrophins trying modulate the insulin release by the ß cells of pancreatic islets. Thus, the neurotrophins have been the focus of interest in the modulation of the inflammatory process in the pancreatic islets. The ganglioside GM1 binds to the high affinity receptor (TrkA) of the NGF-ß, enhancing its effect. In the present work, we evaluate the immune modulation properties of GM1 and NGF in culture of pancreatic islets from NOD mice. The gene expression of NGF-ß, TrkA and insulin for immune enzymatic assay, the concentration of cytokines IL 1ß, IL-12, TNF-a, IFN-y and insulin were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results suggest similar modulation action between GM1 and NGF on islets of NOD non-diabetic and pre-diabetic. GM1 and NGF action increases the gene expression of NGF and TrkA and the decrease of insulin in mice NOD non-diabetic and pre-diabetic. Moreover, GM1 and NGF increase the insulin release and decrease inflammatory cytokines that characterize the Th1 reply. / Doutorado / Ciencias Basicas / Doutor em Clínica Médica

GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, caused by a deficiency in the enzyme β-galactosidase. The disease affects the CNS, liver, kidney, heart and skeletal system, leading to severe neurodegeneration and death. We propose to treat this disorder using ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell therapy. The effectiveness of this therapy requires the recruitment of transduced donor cells to the CNS. This is only found to occur after mice are conditioned with total body irradiation, due to the increase in CNS cytokine production and blood brain barrier permeability that occurs. As the use of total body irradiation in pediatric patients has been linked to future developmental problems, this myeloablation approach is often avoided in younger patients in favor of a conditioning regimen using the chemotherapy drugs, busulfan and cyclophosphamide. Whether donor cells can enter the CNS when a busulfan and cyclophosphamide conditioning regimen is used has not been determined. In this study we plan to quantify the cytokine and blood-brain barrier permeability increases necessary for donor cells to be recruited to the CNS after total body irradiation. We will then investigate whether busulfan and cyclophosphamide conditioning and/or the chronic neuroinflammation present in GM1 mice can produce similar conditions and facilitate the recruitment of donor hematopoietic stem cells to the CNS. Finally we will assess whether ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy is still an effective therapy when busulfan and cyclophosphamide are used for myeloablative conditioning.