Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Elsdon Best�s 1925 work Maori Agriculture has been influential in New Zealand archaeology impacting on the terminology and assumed functions applied to so called �horticultural� implements retrieved in excavations, as well as those in museums and private collections. This thesis critically examines Best�s horticultural tool classification and the decisions he made with regards to tool function. Ethnographic accounts are investigated in an effort to understand how and why Best selected the terms and functions that he did. The literature review reveals anomalies in the conclusions that Best drew and the morphology of the tools that he described, highlighting the lack of order and confusion surrounding horticultural tool function, terminology and morphology, and prompting a much needed reassessment of horticultural implements. A study of artefacts from New Zealand museums was undertaken with the aim of generating two typologies for so called �horticultural� tools. The artefacts are classified to specific types using specified attributes, and following the classification process, are investigated for metric and non-metric variables that are indicative of the tool�s function. Graphical and basic statistical analyses revealed largely unimodal distributions for the metric attributes recorded for each tool type. Non-metric qualities also displayed a uniformity to their occurrence within the individual types. The data for each type is discussed with regards to tool function, combining the results of the attribute analyses with comparable tool morphologies from other Pacific cultures. The distribution of tool types in prehistoric New Zealand is also investigated in an effort to elucidate tool function. This investigation highlights the artefacts as earth-working implements, disestablishing the restricted horticultural context which for so long has been associated with such tools.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 56 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45).

Thesis--Hamburg. / "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 189-192.

With the growing urbanized population, cities have become a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The urbanization processes also cause local climate change through excessive anthropogenic heat emission and modification of the land biophysical properties. The resultant urban heat island (UHI) effects and aggravating human heat stress have become key environmental issues in city management. Cities can be designed to be climate-conscious and energy-efficient not only to contribute to urban sustainability, but also address global climate-change issues at the local level. Green roof presents a feasible strategy for climate-conscious urban design (CCUD). With the notable thermal effects in microclimate amelioration and energy conservation, it has great potential to help cities tackle local and global climate issues. Understanding the status and underlying mechanism of green-roof thermal effects can inform optimal design and management, and provide scientific basis to promote green-roof application. This study formulates a multidisciplinary framework to assess green-roof thermal effects at building, neighborhood and district scales, based on a case study in Hong Kong. Firstly, the building-scale field measurement found that the 484 m^2 experimental extensive green roof can significantly ameliorate rooftop microclimate and cut building energy consumption. The peak surface and air temperature can be reduced by 11℃ and 4.5℃ on sunny summer days, and 7.2℃ and 2.3℃ on cloudy days, leading to an electrical energy saving of 2.80×〖10〗^4 kWh for a summer of air conditioning. The thermal performance was sensitive to background environmental factors. Solar radiation and relative humidity governs the seasonal and diurnal variation of air and surface temperatures reduction. Substrate moisture can significantly regulate the subsurface temperature but has limited effect on evapotranspiration (ET). Based on correlation and scenario analyses, this study has formulated an irrigation scheme which could balance between plant growth, thermal performance and water efficiency to achieve sustainable management of tropical extensive green roofs. Secondly, the neighborhood-scale modeling revealed that greening all roofs in residential communities can extend the cooling effects from the rooftop to the entire neighborhood. Urban design factors such as building height, distance, site coverage and orientation can affect the diurnal, horizontal and vertical pattern of the “cool-islands” created by green roofs. Green roof can also enhance the rooftop thermal comfort by alleviating the intensity and duration of heat stress. The findings suggest that compact cities can green the roof and podium space to provide thermally comfortable and recreational venues for urban residents. Thirdly, the district-scale cost-benefit analysis found that large-scale construction of green-roof infrastructure in Hong Kong can be well justified by its thermal benefits. The extensive green roof has an annual monetary benefit of HK$0.9–1.7 billion, and the intensive, HK$1.4–2.6 billion, in terms of energy saving, CO2 and air pollutant reduction. The life-cycle benefit-cost ratio (BCA) is 3.7–7 for extensive green roof, and 1.4–2.7 for the intensive, indicating the high cost-effectiveness of both types, with the extensive being more economically attractive than the intensive. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

3 pp. / A description of aphids, the damage they cause, their lifecycle, and management recommendations.

Owing to the concern about the serious factors influencing global warming and climatic change, the process of sustainable landscape construction as well as ecologically friendly developments needs to be addressed. In particular, the questions to ask is are we nearer to accepting sustainable growth advantages in South Africa , primarily the greater eThekwini Municipal Area? In this research paper an analysis of both a theoretical and practical approach to conventional understanding s relating to development practices and issues that encompass greening of cities and the notion of rooftop gardens will be assessed. In so doing it will investigate the discourse surrounding urban ecology and sustainable landscape developments and how both processes incorporate the topic of rooftop gardening, urban agriculture and people’s attitudes towards nature in the city, which regrettably from a South African perspective has very little comprehensive literature written about it. The research will give clarity and hopefully show that there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that rooftop gardens form an intricate part of urban ecology. In addition to this that they can provide general environmental, associated aesthetic and health benefits for cities and their inhabitants. Hopefully in culmination this research study will promote a greater insight into rooftop gardens benefits for city management systems. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.