The theses serves as a comparison of different ways in the intensity of Brassica napus protection through the vegetational period. There were various protection types evaluated and their harmfulness was specified. Theses confronts the production of greenhouse gases emissions. The result is the surface unit emissive burden assesment and its conversion into the Brassica napus yield unit. These conclusions are based on the practical experiment which was realised in the farm located in Krty-Hradec village.

L'effetto dei gas serra sul cambiamento climatico ha portato molti esperti a considerare la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra come strategia per il riscaldamento globale. In particolare tale fenomeno è causato dall’anidride carbonica (CO2), metano (CH4) e il protossido di azoto (N2O). E 'ampiamente accettato che la principale fonte antropica di gas a effetto serra (tranne CO2) è dovuta alle attività agricole. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di definire concetti e strumenti per facilitare il settore agricolo a ridurre le emissioni di gas serra. In particolare, abbiamo posto la nostra attenzione ai sistemi di misurazione delle emissioni dal suolo, testando un nuovo sistema (SASSFlux) e le sue caratteristiche a confronto con due strumenti ampiamente utilizzati (Bruel & Kjaer e gascromatografia). Inoltre abbiamo testato due modelli di simulazione (DNDC e SPACSYS) valutando i dati simulati e quelli misurati su un esperimento effettuato su lisimetri. In fine abbiamo applicato le conoscenze acquisite in pieno campo per la valutazione delle emissioni di CO2 e N2O con diversi concimi e lavorazione del terreno. La tesi si propone di fornire una visione completa dei diversi aspetti da affrontare nella valutazione delle emissioni di gas serra provenienti da diversi scenari di gestione agricola. / The effect of greenhouse gases (GHG) on climate change led many experts to consider the reduction of GHGs emissions as a crucial strategy to tackle the predicted global warming. In particular, atmospheric warming is caused mainly by carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). It is widely accepted that the main anthropogenic source of GHG (except CO2) is due to agriculture activities. The purpose of this study was to help define concepts and tools to facilitate agricultural sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In particular we based our focus on measuring systems for CO2 emissions, testing the performance of novel system (SASSFlux) and its features in different condition with two widely used instruments (Bruel&Kjaer and gas chromatography). Moreover we testing two process-based models, DNDC and SPACSYS, evaluating their performance and the agreement between simulated and measured data on a experiment carried out on lysimeters. At the end we applied all the knowledge acquired on a field experiment evaluating CO2 and N2O emissions from different organic and mineral fertilizers and tillage. The complete thesis aims to provide a comprehensive view of the different aspects to be addressed in the assessment of GHG emissions from different scenarios of agricultural management.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on environmental impact assessment of basic engineering materials used in a production machine construction. Ecological profile of the machine itself develops already in the phase of its design. It is not only about the choice of future machine parameters and materials that it is built from, but also about technologies used for its manufacture and operation conditions of the finished machine (consumption of energy and service fluids). The thesis occupies in detail with environmental impact analysis of the production machine design from the viewpoint of material production that mentioned machine consists of. The output from the performed analysis is methodology for evaluating of machine design from the viewpoint of greenhouse gas emissions. Created methodology enables evaluating of machine ecological profile and its possible adjustments even during pre-production stage. In the first part of the thesis the analysis of current legislation in the field of fighting against climate changes, reducing of products energy consumption and increasing of production machines energy efficiency is presented. Also in this part of the thesis description of methods that were used to achieve thesis goals is stated. Furthermore analysis of production machine as a system of structural components that fulfil the certain functions and description of used basic engineering materials are presented. The second part of the thesis is devoted to environmental impact analysis of the production machine design process. There the design process and environmental impact of machine design are described. This is followed by description of production machine life cycle and detailed analysis of undesirable substances emissions emitted during pre-production phases of machine life cycle (i.e. during the raw materials extraction and materials production). From this analysis the particular constituents’ pre-production phases which are sources of undesirable substances emissions (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions) were derived. The thesis also includes analysis of these constituents’ life cycles and description of electric power generation as a basic constituent of any phase of product life cycle. In this part of the thesis calculations of particular fuel type’s amounts that is required to produce 1 MWh of electric power and carbon dioxide amount produced during electric power generation are presented. The third part of the thesis contains created models of manufacturing processes of basic engineering materials and calculations of related emissions of selected greenhouse gases. The practical output from this part of the thesis is methodology that enables environmental impact assessment of machine design from the viewpoint of engineering materials used in its construction.

<p>Kukuruzovina je žetveni ostatak i potencijalni supstrat za proizvodnju biogasa. Direktivom 2018/2001 definisan je tzv. RED metod za obračunavanje ušteda emisija gasova s efektom staklene bašte&ndash; GHG. Metod je primenjiv za silažu kukuruza i stajnjak kao supstrat za proizvodnju biogasa, ali se na neadekvatan način obračunavaju emisije GHG za kukuruzovinu. Cilj je bio da se predlože unapređenja RED metoda kojima bi se prevazišli identifikovani problemi, kao i da se ispita uticaj primene unapređenog metoda na ocenu ušteda emisija GHG energetskog iskorišćenja biogasa iz kukuruzovine, tj. na ocenu održivosti. Uštede emisija GHG za sve razmatrane slučajeve primene RED metoda u osnovnoj i unapređenoj formi, imale su vrednost nižu od postavljenog kriterijuma od 70 %, tj. nisu održivi. Predloženo je da se RED metod unapredi ukidanjem pravila da se ne obračunavaju emisije GHG pre ubiranja žetvenih ostataka i da je potrebno da se navede da je ostatak fermentacije ko-produkt proizvodnje i korišćenja biogasa, kao i da je primena alokacije emisija GHG na biogas i ostatak fermentacije obavezna u slučaju primene ostatka fermentacije na polja sa kojih nisu ubirani žetveni ostaci.</p> / <p>Corn stover is a crop residue and potential substrate for biogas production. Directive<br />2018/2001 defines so-called RED method for determination of greenhouse gas (GHG)<br />emission savings. In the case of energy utilization of biogas produced from corn stover,<br />savings are calculated in an inadequate manner. The objective was to suggest the<br />improvements of the RED method in order to overcome the identified problems, as well<br />as to investigate the impact of the application of the improved method on the evaluation<br />of GHG emission savings, i.e. the the sustainability evaluation. The results of the GHG<br />emission savings, using the basic and the improved forms of RED method, show that all<br />considered cases had a value lower than the set criterion of 70%, i.e. they are not<br />sustainable. It was suggested to improve the RED method by abolishing the rule that<br />GHG emissions prior to collection of crop residue are not accounted. Also, it should be<br />noted that the digestate is a co-product of biogas production as well that the application<br />of the GHG emissions allocation to biogas and the digestate is mandatory in the case<br />when digestate is used on fields other than those used for substrate provision.</p>

The aim of this diploma thesis was an evaluation of the environmental aspects of growing of the chosen feeding varieties of a spring barley in various systems of farming. Further purpose of this diploma thesis was a quantification of an emission load bond with the unit of area, and the unit of yield of spring barley, in the scope of conventional and ecological system of farming. The part of this study was a formation of the literature survey about problems of the conventional and ecological growing of the spring barley, with the focus on the agrotechnical requirements and environmental aspects. The practical part was performed in the area of the Faculty of Agriculture in Czech Budejovice.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on environmental impact assessment of basic engineering materials used in a production machine construction. Ecological profile of the machine itself develops already in the phase of its design. It is not only about the choice of future machine parameters and materials that it is built from, but also about technologies used for its manufacture and operation conditions of the finished machine (consumption of energy and service fluids). The thesis occupies in detail with environmental impact analysis of the production machine design from the viewpoint of material production that mentioned machine consists of. The output from the performed analysis is methodology for evaluating of machine design from the viewpoint of greenhouse gas emissions. Created methodology enables evaluating of machine ecological profile and its possible adjustments even during pre-production stage. In the first part of the thesis the analysis of current legislation in the field of fighting against climate changes, reducing of products energy consumption and increasing of production machines energy efficiency is presented. Also in this part of the thesis description of methods that were used to achieve thesis goals is stated. Furthermore analysis of production machine as a system of structural components that fulfil the certain functions and description of used basic engineering materials are presented. The second part of the thesis is devoted to environmental impact analysis of the production machine design process. There the design process and environmental impact of machine design are described. This is followed by description of production machine life cycle and detailed analysis of undesirable substances emissions emitted during pre-production phases of machine life cycle (i.e. during the raw materials extraction and materials production). From this analysis the particular constituents’ pre-production phases which are sources of undesirable substances emissions (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions) were derived. The thesis also includes analysis of these constituents’ life cycles and description of electric power generation as a basic constituent of any phase of product life cycle. In this part of the thesis calculations of particular fuel type’s amounts that is required to produce 1 MWh of electric power and carbon dioxide amount produced during electric power generation are presented. The third part of the thesis contains created models of manufacturing processes of basic engineering materials and calculations of related emissions of selected greenhouse gases. The practical output from this part of the thesis is methodology that enables environmental impact assessment of machine design from the viewpoint of engineering materials used in its construction.

Oil palm has been considered one of the most favorable oilseeds to biodiesel production in Brazil. The crop has been cultivated in the north and northeast regions under commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. As the oil palm is a perennial crop, it is important to understand how the intensive cultivation affects the dynamic of soil organic matter in the long term. The goal of this work was to determinate the greenhouse gas emissions associated to the main production steps and the changes on soil organic carbon under oil palm plantations. Soil and greenhouse gas samples were collected in traditional production areas in Brazil. Commercial plantations derived from pasture and Amazon rain forest were selected in Pará State (Agropalma farm), while areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and agroforestry system were selected in Bahia State (Opalma farm and Lamego). At first, changes on soil carbon stocks were evaluated in the commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. The variability of soil carbon dynamics in the production areas can be explained by several aspects such as temporal and spatial variations, and prior land use. The soil carbon stocks, after corrections for differences in density and clay content, decreased till 46% in areas derived from pasture and increased 18% in an area derived from Amazon rain forest. The soil carbon stocks increased till 23% in areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and decreased 30% when agroforestry system was adopted. The soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from N fertilizer application were 10 times higher in the seedlings production than in juvenile and mature plantations, however this step represents 3.8% of the plant cycle. In general, the observed greenhouse gas emissions at different stages of oil palm production are not large than other agricultural crops in Brazil. The decomposition of plant residues also contributed to greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The carbon footprint associated to oil palm production at Agropalma farm was approximately 0.7 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of crude palm oil produced, and 70% this value is associated with the management of effluent in the anaerobic ponds emitting a large amount of methane to the atmosphere. The correct treatment of the effluent can result in reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, and consequently, decreasing the carbon footprint associated to palm oil production in the Amazon region. The results founded in this study may be used to improve the biodiesel life cycle assessment derived from palm oil produced in Brazil. / A palma (dendê) tem sido apontada como uma das oleaginosas mais viáveis para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil. Esta cultura tem sido cultivada nas regiões norte e nordeste em plantios comerciais e sistemas agroflorestais. Como é uma planta perene, é importante entender como o cultivo intensivo pode alterar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo a longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nas principais fases do sistema produtivo e as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob cultivo da palma. Amostras de solos e gases do efeito estufa foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de produção no Brasil. No Pará (fazenda Agropalma) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de pastagem e Floresta Amazônica, enquanto na Bahia (fazenda Opalma e Lamego) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de Mata Atlântica. Primeiramente foram avaliadas as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob sistemas comerciais e agroflorestais de cultivo. Os resultados indicaram que a variabilidade na dinâmica do carbono do solo em áreas de plantio de palma pode ser explicada por vários fatores, como as variações temporais e espaciais, e uso da terra anterior à instalação dos palmares. Os estoques de carbono do solo, após as correções pelas diferenças na densidade e teores de argila do solo, decresceram até 46% nas áreas derivadas de pastagem e aumentaram 18% na área derivada de Floresta Amazônica. Os estoques de C do solo aumentaram até 23% nos plantios comerciais derivados de Mata Atlântica e decresceram 30% quando foi adotado o sistema agroflorestal. As emissões de óxido nitroso (N2O) pelo solo derivadas da aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados foram 10 vezes maiores na produção de plântulas do que nos plantios jovens e adultos, entretanto, esta fase representa apenas 3,8% do ciclo de vida da planta. De forma geral, as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nos diferentes estágios de produção não foram maiores do que para outras culturas no Brasil. A decomposição dos resíduos culturais também contribuiu para as emissões de gases do efeito estufa para a atmosfera. A pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma pela Agropalma foi aproximadamente 0,7 kg CO2 equivalente por kg de óleo produzido, dos quais 70% estão associadas ao manejo de efluentes industriais nas lagoas anaeróbicas, que emitem uma grande quantidade de metano (CH4) para a atmosfera. O manejo correto do efluente pode resultar nas reduções das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, e consequentemente, diminuir a pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma na região Amazônica. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo poderão ser usados para fazer avaliações mais complexas como a avaliação do ciclo de vida do biodiesel derivado do óleo de palma no Brasil

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de entender o contexto atual das ações para mitigar mudanças perigosas do clima e o momento de transição do setor elétrico brasileiro. Ao reconhecer o potencial de sinergia, são apresentadas três contribuições: ao cálculo do fator de emissão de linha de base para geração de eletricidade conectada à rede a partir de fontes renováveis, à avaliação do potencial do MDL em influenciar a expansão da capacidade de geração de eletricidade no Brasil e, finalmente, uma proposta de política pública para fazer convergir os objetivos da Convenção do Clima e do planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro. O Brasil tem uma matriz elétrica relativamente limpa, mas isso não necessariamente quer dizer que as emissões evitadas na margem da nova geração serão pequenas. Ao apresentar a evolução das metodologias de quantificação dos fatores de emissão do cenário de referência (linha de base), emerge uma proposta de cálculo de fator de emissão da margem de construção - baseado nos resultados dos leilões de energia nova - que indica um potencial de redução de emissões bastante maior que a prática atual. Para testar a proposta de cálculo do fator de emissão, um modelo de expansão da capacidade de geração é desenvolvido e identificado com os resultados dos leilões de energia. O modelo é então utilizado em conjunto com a proposta de nova metodologia de cálculo de fator de emissão para testar a capacidade do MDL de influenciar decisões de investimento. O resultado dessa simulação demonstra que o cenário existente no final de 2007 tem um potencial significativo de influenciar a expansão do parque gerador brasileiro. Finalmente, é apresentada uma proposta de inserção do MDL nos leilões de energia alternativa para aproveitar a sinergia entre o desejo de diversificação da matriz elétrica brasileira e a utilização de mecanismos de mercado na redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, ajudando o Brasil a atingir um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. / The present work identifies the context of the existing actions to mitigate dangerous climate change and the transition period experienced by the Brazilian power sector. In order to use the potential synergy identified three contributions are made: a methodology to calculate baseline emission factor for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources, an evaluation of the potential of the CDM to contribute to the power capacity expansion in Brazil and finally, a public policy proposal is made to convene the aims of the UNFCCC and the development of the Brazilian power sector. The estimated greenhouse gases emission factor of the Brazilian power sector is relatively small; nevertheless build margin emission factor will not necessarily stay small. While showing the evolution of the methodologies used to calculate the baseline emission factor in the power sector, a new proposal for the calculation of the build margin emissions factor base in the results of the recent new energy auctions arises, indicating a noteworthy emission reduction potential. In order to test the influence of the proposed baseline emission factor calculation a model is developed to simulate the power sector expansion. The model is then identified with the data of the new energy auction of the last years. The results of the simulations show that the actual conditions of the CDM market already have the capacity to modify the recent trend of new additions. Finally, it is suggested the consideration of the CDM benefits in the public auctions towards the addition of renewable energy based power generation. The potential results are the contribution to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC - greenhouse gases emission reductions - and the assistance to sustainable development in Brazil with an increased share of renewable energy base power generation.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de entender o contexto atual das ações para mitigar mudanças perigosas do clima e o momento de transição do setor elétrico brasileiro. Ao reconhecer o potencial de sinergia, são apresentadas três contribuições: ao cálculo do fator de emissão de linha de base para geração de eletricidade conectada à rede a partir de fontes renováveis, à avaliação do potencial do MDL em influenciar a expansão da capacidade de geração de eletricidade no Brasil e, finalmente, uma proposta de política pública para fazer convergir os objetivos da Convenção do Clima e do planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro. O Brasil tem uma matriz elétrica relativamente limpa, mas isso não necessariamente quer dizer que as emissões evitadas na margem da nova geração serão pequenas. Ao apresentar a evolução das metodologias de quantificação dos fatores de emissão do cenário de referência (linha de base), emerge uma proposta de cálculo de fator de emissão da margem de construção - baseado nos resultados dos leilões de energia nova - que indica um potencial de redução de emissões bastante maior que a prática atual. Para testar a proposta de cálculo do fator de emissão, um modelo de expansão da capacidade de geração é desenvolvido e identificado com os resultados dos leilões de energia. O modelo é então utilizado em conjunto com a proposta de nova metodologia de cálculo de fator de emissão para testar a capacidade do MDL de influenciar decisões de investimento. O resultado dessa simulação demonstra que o cenário existente no final de 2007 tem um potencial significativo de influenciar a expansão do parque gerador brasileiro. Finalmente, é apresentada uma proposta de inserção do MDL nos leilões de energia alternativa para aproveitar a sinergia entre o desejo de diversificação da matriz elétrica brasileira e a utilização de mecanismos de mercado na redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, ajudando o Brasil a atingir um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. / The present work identifies the context of the existing actions to mitigate dangerous climate change and the transition period experienced by the Brazilian power sector. In order to use the potential synergy identified three contributions are made: a methodology to calculate baseline emission factor for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources, an evaluation of the potential of the CDM to contribute to the power capacity expansion in Brazil and finally, a public policy proposal is made to convene the aims of the UNFCCC and the development of the Brazilian power sector. The estimated greenhouse gases emission factor of the Brazilian power sector is relatively small; nevertheless build margin emission factor will not necessarily stay small. While showing the evolution of the methodologies used to calculate the baseline emission factor in the power sector, a new proposal for the calculation of the build margin emissions factor base in the results of the recent new energy auctions arises, indicating a noteworthy emission reduction potential. In order to test the influence of the proposed baseline emission factor calculation a model is developed to simulate the power sector expansion. The model is then identified with the data of the new energy auction of the last years. The results of the simulations show that the actual conditions of the CDM market already have the capacity to modify the recent trend of new additions. Finally, it is suggested the consideration of the CDM benefits in the public auctions towards the addition of renewable energy based power generation. The potential results are the contribution to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC - greenhouse gases emission reductions - and the assistance to sustainable development in Brazil with an increased share of renewable energy base power generation.

Oil palm has been considered one of the most favorable oilseeds to biodiesel production in Brazil. The crop has been cultivated in the north and northeast regions under commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. As the oil palm is a perennial crop, it is important to understand how the intensive cultivation affects the dynamic of soil organic matter in the long term. The goal of this work was to determinate the greenhouse gas emissions associated to the main production steps and the changes on soil organic carbon under oil palm plantations. Soil and greenhouse gas samples were collected in traditional production areas in Brazil. Commercial plantations derived from pasture and Amazon rain forest were selected in Pará State (Agropalma farm), while areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and agroforestry system were selected in Bahia State (Opalma farm and Lamego). At first, changes on soil carbon stocks were evaluated in the commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. The variability of soil carbon dynamics in the production areas can be explained by several aspects such as temporal and spatial variations, and prior land use. The soil carbon stocks, after corrections for differences in density and clay content, decreased till 46% in areas derived from pasture and increased 18% in an area derived from Amazon rain forest. The soil carbon stocks increased till 23% in areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and decreased 30% when agroforestry system was adopted. The soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from N fertilizer application were 10 times higher in the seedlings production than in juvenile and mature plantations, however this step represents 3.8% of the plant cycle. In general, the observed greenhouse gas emissions at different stages of oil palm production are not large than other agricultural crops in Brazil. The decomposition of plant residues also contributed to greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The carbon footprint associated to oil palm production at Agropalma farm was approximately 0.7 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of crude palm oil produced, and 70% this value is associated with the management of effluent in the anaerobic ponds emitting a large amount of methane to the atmosphere. The correct treatment of the effluent can result in reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, and consequently, decreasing the carbon footprint associated to palm oil production in the Amazon region. The results founded in this study may be used to improve the biodiesel life cycle assessment derived from palm oil produced in Brazil. / A palma (dendê) tem sido apontada como uma das oleaginosas mais viáveis para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil. Esta cultura tem sido cultivada nas regiões norte e nordeste em plantios comerciais e sistemas agroflorestais. Como é uma planta perene, é importante entender como o cultivo intensivo pode alterar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo a longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nas principais fases do sistema produtivo e as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob cultivo da palma. Amostras de solos e gases do efeito estufa foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de produção no Brasil. No Pará (fazenda Agropalma) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de pastagem e Floresta Amazônica, enquanto na Bahia (fazenda Opalma e Lamego) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de Mata Atlântica. Primeiramente foram avaliadas as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob sistemas comerciais e agroflorestais de cultivo. Os resultados indicaram que a variabilidade na dinâmica do carbono do solo em áreas de plantio de palma pode ser explicada por vários fatores, como as variações temporais e espaciais, e uso da terra anterior à instalação dos palmares. Os estoques de carbono do solo, após as correções pelas diferenças na densidade e teores de argila do solo, decresceram até 46% nas áreas derivadas de pastagem e aumentaram 18% na área derivada de Floresta Amazônica. Os estoques de C do solo aumentaram até 23% nos plantios comerciais derivados de Mata Atlântica e decresceram 30% quando foi adotado o sistema agroflorestal. As emissões de óxido nitroso (N2O) pelo solo derivadas da aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados foram 10 vezes maiores na produção de plântulas do que nos plantios jovens e adultos, entretanto, esta fase representa apenas 3,8% do ciclo de vida da planta. De forma geral, as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nos diferentes estágios de produção não foram maiores do que para outras culturas no Brasil. A decomposição dos resíduos culturais também contribuiu para as emissões de gases do efeito estufa para a atmosfera. A pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma pela Agropalma foi aproximadamente 0,7 kg CO2 equivalente por kg de óleo produzido, dos quais 70% estão associadas ao manejo de efluentes industriais nas lagoas anaeróbicas, que emitem uma grande quantidade de metano (CH4) para a atmosfera. O manejo correto do efluente pode resultar nas reduções das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, e consequentemente, diminuir a pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma na região Amazônica. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo poderão ser usados para fazer avaliações mais complexas como a avaliação do ciclo de vida do biodiesel derivado do óleo de palma no Brasil