Background: Despite a declining trend in the incidence of gastric cancer (GC), it is still a major global public health concern of the 21st century. It afflicts one million people and kills 750,000 annually. It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the gastric carcinogenesis. However geographic variation and immigrant studies highlight the role of environmental factors. Objective: To evaluate the association of GC with the environmental factors of diet, helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, lifestyle and occupation as well as family history in Iran. Methodology: A population based case-control study was conducted in the Northwest of Iran where one of the highest incidence rates of the world has been reported. Two hundred and seventeen cases of GC and 394 age and gender matched controls were recruited. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire which elicited information on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, family and medical history, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol drinking and substance abuse) and occupation. Ten milliliters of each subject???s blood was collected for blood grouping and to investigate presence of IgG antibodies against H. pylori using an ELISA kit which had been locally validated for this study. Results: Diet and H. pylori infection were found to be the most important determinants of GC in this study. High intake of allium vegetables and fruit, especially citrus fruit, appears to play a protective role. In addition to the consumption of fruit and vegetables, consumption of fresh fish was also inversely associated with GC. On the other, hand consumption of red meat and dairy products were positively associated with the risk of GC. Other dietary practices were also found to be important factors in the etiology of GC. People who had a preference for higher salt intake and drinking strong and hot tea were at higher risk. Finally, H. pylori infection was found to increase the risk of GC. Conclusion: This study has provided important and original information about the etiology of gastric cancer particularly in the Iranian context. These findings could be used in planning preventive strategies for this malignancy, which is a major health problem in Iran.

No description available.

No description available.

m-3M3FBS is a new compound that has been used as a phospholipase C (PLC) activator. The effect of m-3M3FBS on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations in human gastric cancer cells (SCM1) is unclear. This study explored whether m-3M3FBS changed basal [Ca2+]i levels in suspended SCM1 cells by using fura-2 as a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye. m-3M3FBS at concentrations between 1-50 £gM increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. The Ca2+ signal was reduced partly by removing extracellular Ca2+. This Ca2+ influx was inhibited by phospholiapase A2 inhibitor aristolochic acid , store-operated Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine ¡B econazole and SK&F96365; and protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ([PMA] a protein kinase C activator) had no effect on m-3M3FBS-induced [Ca2+]i rise. In Ca2+-free medium , pretreatment with m-3M3FBS abolished thapsigargin (TG) or 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) - induced [Ca2+]i rise. Conversely, pretreatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitors TG or BHQ partly inhibited m-3M3FBS -induced Ca2+ release. The inhibition of PLC with U73122 did not alter mMIRC. Collectively, in SCM1 cells, mMIRC by causing PLCindependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ influx via phospholipase A2-protein kinase C-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ channels.

No description available.

Helicobacter pylori infects more than half of the world's population, and is known to be involved in several diseases including gastric cancer. Its close interactions with the stomach and host immune system serves as a good model to study the co-adaptation and co-evolution of the organisms in the stomach micro-environment. In this project, we utilized RNA-seq and data analysis tools to investigate differentially expressed genes by H. pylori in patients at different stages of early gastric cancer development. We also investigated the abundance and diversity of bacterial genera other than H. pylori, and looked for correlations with H. pylori presence and number. For differential gene expression of H. pylori, one gene was differentially expressed between samples of corpus atrophy without metaplasia vs. samples of antrum gastritis, and eight genes were found to be differentially expressed between samples of corpus atrophy with metaplasia vs. samples with pan-gastritis. When samples were clustered into different groups based on the expression data, 52 genes (shared or unique to the specific comparison groups) were found to be differentially expressed, but no apparent patterns were observed that could be explained by medical or sample collection data. For bacterial diversity and abundances, we found several genera colonizing the stomach, of which some have been previously identified. While most of these bacteria colonize regardless of the presence of H. pylori, the abundance of three genera, Wolinella, Campylobacter, and Veillonella, seem to be correlated with the presence of H. pylori.

Background: Despite a declining trend in the incidence of gastric cancer (GC), it is still a major global public health concern of the 21st century. It afflicts one million people and kills 750,000 annually. It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the gastric carcinogenesis. However geographic variation and immigrant studies highlight the role of environmental factors. Objective: To evaluate the association of GC with the environmental factors of diet, helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, lifestyle and occupation as well as family history in Iran. Methodology: A population based case-control study was conducted in the Northwest of Iran where one of the highest incidence rates of the world has been reported. Two hundred and seventeen cases of GC and 394 age and gender matched controls were recruited. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire which elicited information on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, family and medical history, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol drinking and substance abuse) and occupation. Ten milliliters of each subject???s blood was collected for blood grouping and to investigate presence of IgG antibodies against H. pylori using an ELISA kit which had been locally validated for this study. Results: Diet and H. pylori infection were found to be the most important determinants of GC in this study. High intake of allium vegetables and fruit, especially citrus fruit, appears to play a protective role. In addition to the consumption of fruit and vegetables, consumption of fresh fish was also inversely associated with GC. On the other, hand consumption of red meat and dairy products were positively associated with the risk of GC. Other dietary practices were also found to be important factors in the etiology of GC. People who had a preference for higher salt intake and drinking strong and hot tea were at higher risk. Finally, H. pylori infection was found to increase the risk of GC. Conclusion: This study has provided important and original information about the etiology of gastric cancer particularly in the Iranian context. These findings could be used in planning preventive strategies for this malignancy, which is a major health problem in Iran.

O câncer gástrico é a terceira causa de morte por câncer no mundo e a quimioterapia combinatória é um dos principais tratamentos para esta doença. Contudo, a principal causa de falha do tratamento é a quimiorresistência. Considerando este obstáculo juntamente com a descoberta de que muitas proteínas envolvidas na mitose podem estar associadas à tumorigênese, vários agentes antimitóticos estão sendo desenvolvidos e testados. As proteínas mitóticas AURKB e NDC80 foram recentemente identificadas como proteínas potenciais a serem inibidas no câncer gástrico. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da inibição de AURKB e NDC80 pelos fármacos experimentais ZM447439 e INH1, respectivamente. Analisamos os efeitos em duas linhagens de adenocarcinoma gástrico avaliando expressão gênica, ciclo celular, morte celular, análise morfométrica nuclear, capacidade de migração e presença de células-tronco tumorais. É importante enfatizar que essas duas pequenas moléculas não foram testadas na quimioterapia do câncer gástrico até o momento. Além disso, após uma revisão da literatura, concluímos que os melhores resultados dos ensaios clínicos foram alcançados quando antimitóticos foram combinados com a terapia convencional. Dessa forma, avaliamos também os efeitos da associação de 5- FU com ZM447439. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a monoterapia com 5-FU, ZM447439 e INH1 induziu a expressão gênica diferencial nas linhagens de câncer gástrico (ACP02 e ACP03) de pelo menos 22 de um total de 82 genes envolvidos em várias vias, como apoptose, ciclo celular, senescência e transição epitélio-mesenquimal. Observamos também que ZM447439 e sua combinação com 5-FU induziram apoptose, catástrofe mitótica, senescência e ciclo celular alterado nas linhagens de câncer gástrico. Outro dado interessante foi a expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco tumorais gástricas, LGR5 e CD24, e a capacidade de formar esferas, indicando que ambas ACP02 e ACP03 podem conter células tronco tumorais. Além disso, a monoterapia com ZM447439 ou 5-FU foi capaz de inibir a formação de esferas. Por outro lado, o INH1 mostrou menor atividade antitumoral, uma vez que apresentou o maior valor de IC50 e foi capaz somente de induzir apoptose e reduzir a migração celular. Interessantemente, a combinação do 5-FU com ZM447439 permitiu o uso de doses menores dos compostos, além de ser capaz de induzir a apoptose num tempo mais curto quando comparado com o tratamento com os fármacos isolados. Em síntese, os resultados observados sugerem o inibidor de AURKB, ZM447439, e sua associação com o agente quimioterápico 5-FU, como tratamentos promissores do câncer gástrico com base em sua elevada atividade antitumoral in vitro. / Gastric cancer is the third cause of cancer death worldwide and combinatorial chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for this disease. However, the major cause of treatment failure is chemoresistance. Considering this obstacle together with the discovery that many proteins involved in mitosis might be associated to tumorigenesis, several new anti-mitotics are being developed and tested. The mitotic proteins AURKB and NDC80 were recently shown as potential proteins to be inhibited in gastric cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of AURKB and NDC80 inhibition by the experimental drugs ZM447439 and INH1, respectively. We analyzed the effects in two gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines evaluating gene expression, cell cycle, cell death, nuclear morphometric analysis, migration ability and presence of gastric cancer stem cells. It is important to emphasize these two small molecules have not been tested in gastric cancer chemotherapy until now. Moreover, after reviewing the literature, we concluded the best results of clinical trials were achieved when anti-mitotics were combined with conventional therapy. Thus, we evaluated the effects of 5-FU and ZM447439 combination as well. Our results demonstrated that monotherapy with 5-FU, ZM447439 and INH1 induced differential gene expression in gastric cancer cell lines (ACP02 and ACP03) of at least 22 from 82 genes involved in several pathways such as apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence and epithelial mesenchymal transition. We also observed that ZM447439 and its combination with 5-FU induced apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, senescence and altered cell cycle in gastric cancer cell lines. Another interesting data was the expression of the gastric cancer stem cell markers LGR5 and CD24, and the ability to form spheres, indicating that both ACP02 and ACP03 may be composed by cancer stem cells. Furthermore, monotherapy with either ZM447439 or 5-FU were capable of inhibiting the formation of spheres. On the other hand, INH1 have shown lower antitumoral activity since it presented the highest IC50 value and was only capable of inducing apoptosis and reducing cell migration. Interestingly, the combination of 5-FU with ZM447439 allowed the use of smaller doses of the compounds, in addition to being able to induce apoptosis in a shorter time when compared to the treatment with the isolated drugs. Taken together, our findings suggest that due to the high antitumoral activity shown by ZM447439 and mainly its association with 5-FU, these might be promising gastric cancer therapies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_jg_me_botfm.pdf: 1162046 bytes, checksum: 81511cad148a738a034b784dbc6eec91 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O câncer gástrico é o quarto tipo mais comum e o segundo em mortalidade. Apesar da diminuição do número de casos nos últimos tempos ainda é um grande problema mundial. E mais, sua associação com o Helicobacter pylori (HP) está cada vez mais preocupante, devido à alta prevalência de cepas patogênicas dessa bactéria. Além disso, mutações em genes que agem no ciclo celular podem levar ao câncer. O gene que codifica a proteína p53 é responsável pelo reparo de lesões no DNA durante o ciclo celular funcionando como um regulador transcricional. Quando o reparo não é viável a proteína p53 induz a entrada da célula danificada em apoptose. Mutações mais freqüentes ocorrem nos exons 5, 6, 7 8 e 9. No atual trabalho investigou-se a possível associação da mutação no gene p53, correlação com presença da cepa patogênica CagA+ e estadiamento do tumor. Foram estudadas 55 amostras de câncer gástrico extraídas por biópsia durante gastrectomia. PCR foi utilizada para os exons 5 ao 9, análise de mutação por sequenciamento automático e dados clínicos foram coletados incluindo infecção por Helicobacter pylori/CagA+. Trinta e dois casos apresentaram mutações em p53 sendo que 6 deles apresentaram mutação em mais de um exon. 53% apresentaram-se infectados por HP CagA+. 87% dos pacientes estavam em estadiamento avançado do tumor (II, III e IV) e 80% eram do tipo intestinal. Quanto a correlação de p53 e cagA+ a casuística é relativamente pequena, e assim a correlação de p53 e cagA não foi vista. Os resultados confirmam a relevância das mutações em p53 e da presença da cepa patogênica CagA nos casos de câncer gástrico, contudo estudos devem ser realizados com um maior número amostral. Neste caso, o uso da p53 mutada pode ser utilizada em diagnóstico indicando, assim um melhor tratamento, desde que há casos em que sua alteração impõe resistência... / The gastric cancer is the fourth most common type and the second in mortality. Despite the decrease in the number of cases in recent times is still a major problem worldwide. Moreover, its association with Helicobacter pylori (HP) is increasingly worrying, because of the high prevalence of pathogenic strains of this bacterium. Furthermore, mutations in genes that act in the cell cycle can lead to cancer. The gene encoding the p53 protein is responsible for repair of lesions in DNA during cell cycle working as a transcriptional regulator. When the repair is not viable in the p53 protein induces the entry of the cell into apoptosis damaged. Change frequently occur in exons 5, 6, 7 8 and 9. In the current work investigated is the possible association of the mutation in the p53 gene, correlation with the presence of pathogenic strain CagA + and staging of the tumor. We studied 55 samples of gastric cancer extracted by biopsy taken during gastrectomy. PCR was used to the exons 5 to 9, analysis of mutation by sequencing automatic and clinical data were collected including infection by Helicobacter pylori / CagA +. Thirty-two patients had mutations in p53 is that 6 of them had more than one mutation in exon. 53% showed up infected HP CagA +. 87% of the patients were in advanced staging of the tumor (II, III and IV) and 80% were of the intestinal type. As the correlation of p53 and cagA + the casuistic is relatively small, and thus the relationship of p53 and cagA was not seen. The results confirm the relevance of mutations in p53 in the presence of pathogenic strain CagA in cases of gastric cancer, but studies must be conducted with greater sample. In this case, the use of p53 mutant can be used in diagnosis indicating thus a better treatment, since there are cases where its amendment requires resistance to certain types of treatment, regardless of the presence of H pylori... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O câncer gástrico é a terceira causa de morte por câncer no mundo e a quimioterapia combinatória é um dos principais tratamentos para esta doença. Contudo, a principal causa de falha do tratamento é a quimiorresistência. Considerando este obstáculo juntamente com a descoberta de que muitas proteínas envolvidas na mitose podem estar associadas à tumorigênese, vários agentes antimitóticos estão sendo desenvolvidos e testados. As proteínas mitóticas AURKB e NDC80 foram recentemente identificadas como proteínas potenciais a serem inibidas no câncer gástrico. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da inibição de AURKB e NDC80 pelos fármacos experimentais ZM447439 e INH1, respectivamente. Analisamos os efeitos em duas linhagens de adenocarcinoma gástrico avaliando expressão gênica, ciclo celular, morte celular, análise morfométrica nuclear, capacidade de migração e presença de células-tronco tumorais. É importante enfatizar que essas duas pequenas moléculas não foram testadas na quimioterapia do câncer gástrico até o momento. Além disso, após uma revisão da literatura, concluímos que os melhores resultados dos ensaios clínicos foram alcançados quando antimitóticos foram combinados com a terapia convencional. Dessa forma, avaliamos também os efeitos da associação de 5- FU com ZM447439. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a monoterapia com 5-FU, ZM447439 e INH1 induziu a expressão gênica diferencial nas linhagens de câncer gástrico (ACP02 e ACP03) de pelo menos 22 de um total de 82 genes envolvidos em várias vias, como apoptose, ciclo celular, senescência e transição epitélio-mesenquimal. Observamos também que ZM447439 e sua combinação com 5-FU induziram apoptose, catástrofe mitótica, senescência e ciclo celular alterado nas linhagens de câncer gástrico. Outro dado interessante foi a expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco tumorais gástricas, LGR5 e CD24, e a capacidade de formar esferas, indicando que ambas ACP02 e ACP03 podem conter células tronco tumorais. Além disso, a monoterapia com ZM447439 ou 5-FU foi capaz de inibir a formação de esferas. Por outro lado, o INH1 mostrou menor atividade antitumoral, uma vez que apresentou o maior valor de IC50 e foi capaz somente de induzir apoptose e reduzir a migração celular. Interessantemente, a combinação do 5-FU com ZM447439 permitiu o uso de doses menores dos compostos, além de ser capaz de induzir a apoptose num tempo mais curto quando comparado com o tratamento com os fármacos isolados. Em síntese, os resultados observados sugerem o inibidor de AURKB, ZM447439, e sua associação com o agente quimioterápico 5-FU, como tratamentos promissores do câncer gástrico com base em sua elevada atividade antitumoral in vitro. / Gastric cancer is the third cause of cancer death worldwide and combinatorial chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for this disease. However, the major cause of treatment failure is chemoresistance. Considering this obstacle together with the discovery that many proteins involved in mitosis might be associated to tumorigenesis, several new anti-mitotics are being developed and tested. The mitotic proteins AURKB and NDC80 were recently shown as potential proteins to be inhibited in gastric cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of AURKB and NDC80 inhibition by the experimental drugs ZM447439 and INH1, respectively. We analyzed the effects in two gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines evaluating gene expression, cell cycle, cell death, nuclear morphometric analysis, migration ability and presence of gastric cancer stem cells. It is important to emphasize these two small molecules have not been tested in gastric cancer chemotherapy until now. Moreover, after reviewing the literature, we concluded the best results of clinical trials were achieved when anti-mitotics were combined with conventional therapy. Thus, we evaluated the effects of 5-FU and ZM447439 combination as well. Our results demonstrated that monotherapy with 5-FU, ZM447439 and INH1 induced differential gene expression in gastric cancer cell lines (ACP02 and ACP03) of at least 22 from 82 genes involved in several pathways such as apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence and epithelial mesenchymal transition. We also observed that ZM447439 and its combination with 5-FU induced apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, senescence and altered cell cycle in gastric cancer cell lines. Another interesting data was the expression of the gastric cancer stem cell markers LGR5 and CD24, and the ability to form spheres, indicating that both ACP02 and ACP03 may be composed by cancer stem cells. Furthermore, monotherapy with either ZM447439 or 5-FU were capable of inhibiting the formation of spheres. On the other hand, INH1 have shown lower antitumoral activity since it presented the highest IC50 value and was only capable of inducing apoptosis and reducing cell migration. Interestingly, the combination of 5-FU with ZM447439 allowed the use of smaller doses of the compounds, in addition to being able to induce apoptosis in a shorter time when compared to the treatment with the isolated drugs. Taken together, our findings suggest that due to the high antitumoral activity shown by ZM447439 and mainly its association with 5-FU, these might be promising gastric cancer therapies.