The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a series of the ¡§Gender Stereotype Threat Inventory¡¨(GSTI) of junior high school students in science classroom. The GSTI was included three scales: domain indentification, gender stereotype and learning environment. The GSTI was conducted to a total of 640 8th graders in Kaohsiung city. Results of the study were employed for internal consistency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch modeling analysis, as well as the multiple invariance approach to test its reliability and validity. The result manifested that each scale had reasonable coefficient Cronbach alpha ranging from .73 to .85 and the overall model fit indices indicated that model fitted the oberserved data and had cross-validation. Finally, the results of gender stereotype threat in science classroom and implications for using the GSTI inventory in future research are presented.

Children’s literature is a critical aspect during a child’s development; the messages portrayed in children’s books can affect the development of gender identity in young children and can affect how a child with act and perceive the world around them in the future (Tsao, 2008). Expanding on this research this study aimed to determine if award winning children’s literature contained implicit and explicit gender stereotypes and biases in the illustrations and text. The sample examined was Caldecott Award and Honor books from 2001 through 2014; the sample size was did not include biographies, autobiographies, informational books, concept books, poetry, and science fiction. This study only examined works of fiction and each book was examined, read, and analyzed. Following the methodology of various studies, a three part Data Collection Instrument was used: book identification, frequency analysis of illustrations, and a character analysis. This research attempted to answer the following questions: (1) Is there evidence of gender stereotypes in the written depiction of characters in Caldecott Award and Honor books award between 2001 and 2014?, (2) Is there evidence of gender stereotypes in the illustrated depictions of characters in Caldecott Award and Honor books award between 2001 and 2014?, and (3) Are males’ and females’ roles and attributes represented equally through the text and illustrations? This research aimed at examining whether gender biases and stereotypes still existed in the text and illustrations and if so, to what extent.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky Klára Follová Genderová stereotypizace v sitcomu Comeback Diplomová práce Praha 2011 2 Abstract In sitcoms we can find gender stereotypes, as well as other kinds of stereotypes. They are the same as those, which are incorporated in structures of real society. The reason of their existence in sitcoms is the fact that they are incorporated in models of characters, which mutual conflicts are what the sitcom humour is being built on. Because of the fact that the primary aim of sitcom is humour and not the reflexion of society, stereotypes are not as problematical as in the real society: sitcom uses them, but also criticizes them by its humour. On the case of the analyzed Czech sitcom "Comeback" I have found that confirming or denying gender stereotypes has no unified or systematical form in this kind of television output; so, in one single episode of some sitcom we can find both confirmation and denial of the same one stereotype. The reason of it is that stereotypes are used to build up comic situations, which is the main aim of sitcoms; therefore the main frame area of a sitcom is one scene leading to a point. Usually, sitcoms use to be based on situations of common life, therefore in building a joke they must remind...

Svensken spenderar i genomsnitt 6 timmar om dagen på medier och genom reklamen som visas på dessa medier sänds det ut värderingar och uppfattningar om vad ett visst kön är. Därför ställde jag frågan om vem som ska hållas ansvarig för de stereotypa bilder som idag visas på reklamen.  Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om vad reklamskaparna har för perspektiv på genus och inställningen till att skapa könsstereotyp bildreklam. Den metod jag valde att använda mig för att svara på den frågeställning som studien har valde jag kvalitativa intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet som intervjuerna genererade visade sig som styras av genusmedvetenhet i tolkningen av stereotyperna manligt och kvinnligt och kritik emot den traditionella reklambilden. Informanterna menade att många kunder idag är medvetna om stereotyperna och vill förändra den bilden. Trots det så kunde jag genom studiens teorier konstatera att informanternas tolkning om manlig och kvinnlig var stereotyp. Så vem ska agera för att reklambilden ska bli ”könsfri”? / A Swede spends on average 6 hours a day using media. Advertisements that appear in these media influence the audience’s perceptions of what it means to be men or women. Therefore, I wonder who should be considered responsible for the gender stereotypes that currently appear in the advertisements. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about the advertisement producers’ perspective on gender and gender-stereotyped advertising. The method that this study uses is qualitative interviews. The material gathered through the interviews shows a high level of gender-awareness among the interviewed producers of advertisements, as well as that they share a critical vision of the traditional stereotypes in advertisements. The informants say that many customers today too are aware of the stereotypes and want to change that. Despite this, the analysis of the informants’ interpretations of “male” and “female” based on the theories shows that advertisement producers continue to think somewhat stereotypically. The question that this study suggests for further investigation is who should act in order to make advertisements “genderless”?

The medical care is one of the service encounters. Patients evaluate the service quality based on the interaction with the physician. This research integrates the babyface and gender stereotypes into the model of service encounter. The research examines how these stereotypes affect people¡¦s perceptions and judgments, especially after a negative event occurs. The present study uses an experimental design to investigate the effects of the level of babyface (high vs. low), gender of physician (male vs. female) and the type of specialty (the surgical department vs. the internal medical department). A 2x2x2 factorial design is conducted. Eight different scenarios are established and the effects are measured by satisfaction and loyalty(the attitude toward the medical care). In addition, health consciousness is incorporated into this research to observe the responses under those scenarios. The results indicate that the babyfaced physicians are more effective than the maturefaced physicians in terms of patient¡¦s satisfaction and loyalty. More importantly, the results demonstrate that in the babyfaced group, the male physicians are more effective than the female ones, but no such difference is found in the maturefaced physicians. After the negative even happened, due to the Teddy-bear effect arise, the female babyfaced physicians in the surgical department earned higher loyalty than male ones. On the other hand, the female maturefaced physicians in the internal medical department earn stronger loyalty from patients than male ones. Regarding the aspect of attribution in this study, the results show that the female maturefaced physicians are more likely to be perceived as frauds, and the female babyfaced physicians are more likely to be deemed to be responsible for such the negative event. When considering perceived severity of the negative event, people are more likely to attribute it to the male babyfaced physicians within the surgical department, and the female babyfaced physicians within the internal medical department. Overall speaking, the results suggest that stereotypes of babyface and gender exist in the service encounter with physicians.

This study aimed to investigate the differences of different teacher-student matches in science gender stereotype threat and classroom observations on teacher-student interactions of different gender match and interviews on science teachers. The study developed two standardized scales for junior high school students, Science Gender Stereotype Scale and Science Identification Scale. A total of 1,224 students from 44 classes out of 11 junior high schools in Kaohsiung City were selected through judgmental sampling to complete questionnaires in the study. The results indicated: (1) students of female-male group (female teacher and male student) had stronger science identification than students of female-female group (female teacher and female student); students of male-male group (male teacher and male student) had stronger science identification than students of male-female group (male teacher and female student); and female students taught by male teacher had the lowest science identification (2) there was no significant difference of students¡¦ gender stereotype belief in sciences in different teacher-student matches (3) students of female-male group (female teacher and male student) had stronger perception of gender stereotype than students of female-female group (female teacher and female student); students of male-male group (male teacher and male student) had stronger perception of gender stereotype than students of male-female group (male teacher and female student). The results of observations and interviews indicated: (1) male students were more initiative and therefore had more opportunities to interact with teachers (2) female students of upper-intermediate level were more susceptible to perceive gender stereotype threat in science learning (3) the difference in male and female teachers may be attributed to the influence of female role model (4) degree of difficulty was a crucial component stimulating students¡¦ gender stereotype threat.

This study was designed to explore the gender roles of youth comics and the perception of youth comic's readers. The methods of this study are content analysis and interview method. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations of this study are summarized as follows. 1.The number of male character is more than female character. The role of male character is still far more important than female character. 2.There are more gender stereotypes in male character than female character. However, female characters place much attention in love. 3.More recently, female character play less role in waiting for rescue. But male character is still more action oriented. Alternatively, female character appears to be quieter. 4.Most female character appears to be sexy and slim, and female characters at times show off their female sexuality. 5.In terms of outstanding performance, male character is more obvious and prominent. On the other hand, female characters may have outstanding performance but not quite obvious. We hope that the content of youth comics can be kept away from traditional gender stereotypes, and the review of comics can be more open and transparent. Additionally, parents should spend more time to read and discuss the contents of youth comics with their children.

Media is taken as one of ¡§ideological state apparatuses¡¨ which reproduces and delivers dominant ideologies, and audience always internalize these dominant ideologies and take them for granted. Talk-show program is one kind of television genre, its gender ideology is constructed by daily conversion. In addition, inviting normal people to attend talk-show programs is becoming a trend; it makes ideologies closer to reality, and not easy to be found. Aim to understand how gender ideologies work in talk-show program, this study uses Taiwanese talk-show program ¡§University¡¨ as an example, analyzing 22 texts of ¡§University¡¨ by textual analysis. Besides, the other main purpose of this research is to understand the progress of production, so the researcher interviewed a producer and four guests of ¡§University¡¨ to have clearer concept about production. This study found that there are many topics about gender issue in ¡§University¡¨, and most of them focus on woman. Analyzing these texts, the results show that gender stereotype and patriarchal concepts are usually delivered when talking about gender traits, and in this program, they always narrow down diverse viewpoints about gender with binary opposition. In addition, discussing about love, they not only maintain traditional gender order -¡§men are strong, and women are weak¡¨ and ¡§men are superior, and women are inferior¡¨, but also use hegemony of heterosexuality to oppress women with romantic love, and exclude homosexual. In this way, women will become inferior and subordinate to men. Finally, when talking about appearance and dressing, it¡¦s full of mainstreaming values in ¡§University¡¨, and these values make women to be an object which is gazed and desired by men. Thus, under kinds of pressures of beauty myth, women keep disciplining themselves, and they are used as a product for selling advertisement. These situations make women become victims of beauty in the end.

Jenny Lind was an opera singer in the years 1838–49. During this time she was given the status f an icon mainly due to her image. She was almost sanctified by the press. Her “private personality” was assigned a saintly purity, and she became a stereotype symbol of femininity. This dissertation investigates what factors interacted that made this possible, and highlight the importance of Lind’s voice for her image. Jenny Lind’s voice was a high soprano, but not very powerful. By positioning herself in a singing tradition that corresponded to her voice’s advantages, she managed to develop an equilibrium, which she used well. Lind’s voice was often perceived as unusual; she had a particular voice timbre. She also had a vocal defect. Her tones from f’–a’ are described as “husky”, and sometimes hoarse. This means that her voice let through more air than her vocal cords could use. My argument is that it was the voice damage that created unique timbre that the contemporary critics perceived as particularly “feminine”. Lind’s weak and damaged voice corresponds to the nineteenth century’s female ideal: fragile and weak. Moreover, Lind needed to adept her roles to her damage voice and the consequence was that also her interpretations were perceived “feminine”. In other words, Lind exerted a gender performative voice processing. All of Jenny Lind’s roles became representatives of femininity, regardless of whether it was the role’s purpose or not. Lind adapted all her interpretations to her weak voce, it's strength being high notes, pianissimo dynamics and equilibrism, and gave all her roles a genderstereotyped voice.

Granskning av makt och makthavare är ett av mediernas viktigaste uppdrag och i en jämställd politisk miljö bör uttalanden och ageranden bedömas utifrån lika villkor. Det för ingenting gott med sig om medierna gör en orättvis skillnad på kvinnor och män i deras rapportering om politiska skandaler. Det finns många påståenden om en genusdimension i mediernas rapportering, men relativt få vetenskapliga belägg för detta. Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det förekommer likheter och skillnader i hur nyhetsmedier rapporterar om kvinnor och män i svenska politiska skandaler samt bidra med en förståelse för förekomsten av dessa eventuella likheter och skillnader. I en kvantitativ innehållsanalys analyseras 4345 tidningsartiklar fördelade på 92 svenska skandaler med förtroendevalda politiker på den nationella och den europeiska nivån mellan åren 1997 och 2010. Utifrån teoretiska antaganden om mediernas dagordningsmakt, gestaltningsmakt och medielogik undersöks nyhetsmedierna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet. Studiens resultat visar på flera stora könsskillnader som är till kvinnornas nackdel, men i datamaterialet framträder också många likheter. Som grupp betraktat missgynnas dock kvinnor i flera avseenden gentemot män vilket kan innebära att kvinnor kan få sämre möjligheter till att hantera och överleva politiska skandaler än män. En slutsats är att huvudpersonens kön är en viktig aspekt i strävan efter förståelse för hur politiska skandaler tar sin början, utvecklas och kommer till avslut.