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The predominance of women in public relationsSMITH, Gregory Michael, gms@aapt.net.au January 2006 (has links)
As (almost) everyone in the Australian public relations industry knows, there
are more women than men. On average, the numbers in Perth (and
nationally) favour women by slightly more than three to one. However, the
figures are alarmingly high, and, according to Australian Bureau of Statistics
figures, make PR one of the most female-intensive industries in Australia.
This growing imbalance may have long-term effects which have yet to be
identified. This thesis, however, seeks to consider the reasons for this
situation.
The research aims to:
1. Examine the reasons for the growth in numbers of women and
numerical decline of men within public relations in Perth,
Western Australia, by considering the development of public
relations and how it has impacted on the composition of the
profession.
2. Examine future trends within the profession for both women
and men and what an imbalance may mean.
Patterns in the data clearly show that women outnumber men by almost 3:1,
with statistics consistent across all groups surveyed. For example, in
government PR practitioners are 71 per cent female, while in private practice
(both nationally and in WA) it is 74 per cent. In WA charities the figure is 75
per cent. At the universities it varies between 72 and 87 per cent. This study
examines the reason for the imbalance and whether an imbalance is good.
Whether the industry (professional bodies, educators, students and
practitioners) is concerned is up to it.
This work provides the first study of the gender composition of the industry
in Australia. As such, it should be a valuable tool in a number of areas. Like
many initial studies, it raises just as many questions as answers, and it
provides pathways for future study. It should lead to a wider examination of
further issues. For example: does the predominance of women in PR in
university courses cause concern among male students, perhaps leading them
to question their continued participation? Do male students wonder whether
the female dominance of PR courses will lessen their chances of
employment. And what do practitioners think of an industry that is feminine?
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Reverse the Question: Does Happiness Raise Economic Output? : Evidence from the European Value Survey, 1981–2009Sisi, Jin January 2013 (has links)
So far, numerous studies have been devoted to investigate the relationship between happiness and income by asking the question whether economic growth has a positive impact on happiness. However, the reversed relationship from happiness to economic output has received much less attention in the literature. This paper attempts to investigate such relationship by using data from the European Value Survey that contains subjective reported well-being (happiness, or life satisfaction) values across 47 European countries from 1981 to 2009. Gender imbalance is used as an instrument for happiness in order to disentangle the causal effect of happiness on income. Based on a derived Solow model, where labor efficiency is assumed to be positively affected by worker happiness, regression analyses suggest that the sense of happiness does have a positive and highly significant impact on GDP per worker. Robustness tests further show that the result also holds for life satisfaction. According to the results, the author recommends governments to use well-being oriented index, along with GDP to measure the overall economy.
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Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah DubihlelaDubihlela, Dorah January 2011 (has links)
This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah DubihlelaDubihlela, Dorah January 2011 (has links)
This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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