The purpose of this study is to tell two Iranian women’s stories about how they experienced patriarchal violence during their lives, but also to find answers to what common experiences both women share and how their stories differ and what the reason for this might be, as well as to highlight how patriarchal violence can be understood through experience-based narratives. The method used is qualitative and consists of an interview study. The research approach has been “Restorying”. In order to also get answers to the study’s questions, the stories have also been analyzed using thematic analysis. The themes that emerged in the study regarding the women's common experience are; Lack of rights, opportunities and support from family and society; A feeling of loneliness, insecurity and injustice; We know we are not to blame for the abuse; our resistance and own strength which means we don’t give up. The themes that emerged in terms of how the stories differ are; The feeling of shame; Economic opportunities as prerequisites for being able tochange one’s life situation. The themes that emerged regarding how patriarchy can be understood through experience-based narratives are; That various forms of violence are present throughout life; That, as a girl or a woman you must constantly try new ways of relating to violence or the risk for violence; That violence in the family is sanctioned and supported by society; That these women’s sexuality constitutes their material value. The conclusion of this study shows how these women share a sense of injustice towards them as women, but that it is more difficult for them to understand where to place the blame for the violence but also that the women share a feeling of being victims of circumstances to a greater extent than blaming patriarchal structure. These women share a loneliness but also an enormous strength and determination of their own and a strong sense of justice and a desire for a different life free from violence. / <p>2023-06-07</p>

The universe of Marguerite Yourcenar is primarily masculine and the opposition between masculine and female is capital. Men dominate or initiate the action whereas women are supporting characters or negative. The women often appear as a deadly element which makes contemptible whatever they touch, making themselves by rebound conspicuous human beings, whether it is on the level of their intellect, their femininity, maternity or female sexuality, usually assimilated to prostitution. Prostitution thus crystallizes the attraction and the rejection of the female body. Although the feminine tries to get rid of this dirtiness and this opposition, the combat is impossible and the only exit is to dissolve, to disappear or to become masculine. On the contrary, men appear as positive characters. Fathers have filiations which mothers are unable to have, even if this bond is rather a chosen bond, more intellectual than biological. Homosexuality is a sexuality only fallen to men and makes it possible for them to live without women and to avoid a sexuation. Marguerite Yourcenar had nevertheless to develop a new vocabulary to approach this topic that was still a taboo. Homosexuality in the works of Marguerite Yourcenar is however ambiguous and hides a double and transgressive discourse. Because of this sexuality, men will have to find a different manner to perpetuate through transforming, as the feminine had done it. The need for men to perpetuate themselves without sexuation is actually linked to Far-Eastern philosophies at the same time as to the myth of Oedipus and shows that the masculine and feminine only want to create themselves ex nihilo.

This dissertation examines the role of motherhood in the women’s unit at Northeast Jail, a medium-security facility located in the Northeastern United States. Staff and administrators at Northeast Jail identify the facility as unique in the age of “get-tough” policies toward crime and punishment because the jail provides drug rehabilitation programming, educational opportunities, some job training, and a variety of classes and therapeutic groups. Preparation for parenting is an important part of the therapeutic agenda for women inmates at Northeast Jail. Officially, motherhood manifests in jail in the form of parenting classes and visitation, but motherhood is woven throughout other therapeutic groups, daily life and conversation. In these venues, staff promote an ideal form of motherhood that is not available to women in or out of jail. Thus, constructions of ideal motherhood punish women who cannot practice them. Motherhood is also tied to formal mechanisms of punishment that the jail uses to discipline inmates who break institutional rules. Or, motherhood is invoked to encourage women to behave in institutionally prescribed ways. Furthermore, since the purpose of Northeast Jail is to punish and confine, therapeutic endeavors are often superseded by punitive measures. In order to maintain a rhetoric of rehabilitation in the face of traditional punishment, staff and administrators construct inmates in ways that justify incarceration on therapeutic or punitive grounds. In short, motherhood is an integral part of life at Northeast Jail, even though women are practically and ideologically barred from practicing motherhood in their everyday lives. I will argue that this disconnect, and the primacy of motherhood to women’s lives makes motherhood an effective tool of gendered punishment.

The enclosure of common resources in Kenya's rangelands became more pronounced after Kenya's independence because of adverse land reform policies, which proved ineffective in addressing the prior injustices of the forceful dispossession of Maasai pastoralists by the British colonial authority. The ongoing enclosure of common resources by both state and private capital for economic gain has left the herder community exposed to the adverse effects of climate change. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the adaptive capacity of Maasai to the intersecting stresses of climate change and resource enclosure. It examines the implications of common-resource enclosures for the Maasai livestock economy and the coping mechanisms they have undertaken to build adaptive capacity to changing climate conditions. The analysis employs an ethnographic approach using interviews and participant observation to collect data from field research in Ildamat-Oloyiankalani, Kajiado County, Kenya. The study is embedded in the daily herding and resource foraging practices of Maasai that took place during the prolonged drought period of 2017 and 2018 and in their ongoing experience of the intersecting stresses of climate change and common-resource enclosures. The study unveiled three major insights. First, that a tightening grip over common resources by private property growth has undermined the consensus-based democratic governance of resources, disrupted herders' access rights and exposed them to climate risks. Second, that pastoralists developed collective grazing arrangements and acquired exclusive grazing rights as mechanisms to improve herd mobility and resource access to cope with the intersecting stresses of climate change and the enclosure of grazing commons. Lastly, the study found that the implications of growing resource pressure and climate risk have driven pastoralists to actively assemble to disrupt further enclosure of their commons and to protect their rights. These insights confirm the importance of pastoralists' access rights to rangeland resources. In conclusion, the thesis broadly argues that facilitating extractive capitalism by disrupting pastoralists' access rights through common-resource enclosures adversely affects their ability to cope with the intersecting stresses of climate and environmental change. Therefore, it is critical that resource governing policies facilitate the democratisation of grazing and water resources to protect the commons from further enclosure and to ensure equitable access. This would restore the commons approach and protect the remaining herders' access rights, lowering their vulnerability to the intersecting stresses of climate and environmental change.

The purpose of the essay has been to implement a comparative study about how maternal ideals are represented in the magazines Husmodern 1936 and Mama 2022, as well as how they have changed over time. The essay is based on Yvonne Hirdmans theory of genussystemet. Over time mothers' place has changed, from being housewives in the 1930`s to working mothers´ 2022, and therefore the maternal ideals. The essay used a thematic analysis based on Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarkes model on thematic analysis, with influence from Stuart Hall's theory on representation. Three themes emerged during the analysis. The first theme was beauty as a tool for ideal motherhood, which meant that mothers were expected to care about their appearance, because it reflected their motherhood. This appeared in both magazines as advertisement and articles. The second theme was ideal motherhood based on the mother's performance, which means that it is the mothers´ achievements that defines her ability as a mother, either through setting the table, taking care of the home or existing as a mother in general. The third theme was ideal motherhood through the children, which meant that the children's appearance and behavior reflected the mothers' motherhood. Besides resemblance in the maternal ideal through the magazines, it has occurred a renegotiation of the genussystemet. In Husmodern the mother´s place was in the home and her feelings and experiences were absent. This is a contrast to Mama where the mother´s feelings and experiences are emphasized to a large extent. An interesting resemblance between the two magazines was that both wanted to support mothers´ in their everyday life, however from different perspectives. For future research it would be interesting to study the ideals for fathers and how they are different from maternal ideals. Because the fathers ideals are absent in both magazines. 1

Incels thoughts about feminism – A qualitative analysis of an online forum for incels The field of research on incels and their ideology is constantly expanding. While incels online may be a modern phenomenon, it is actively studied by today's researchers. Previous research has primarily focused on incels with links to terrorism, misogyny, and their online activity. Through a thematic analysis, posts created by incels on the website incels.is are studied. The purpose of the study is to examine the thoughts and opinions expressed by forum users regarding feminism and feminists. It also aims to investigate how they justify their criticism of the feminist worldview. The study employs two research questions that guide the research process: How is feminism and feminists described on the online incels forum? and what arguments are used to criticize a feminist worldview? The results of the study indicate that forum users believe feminism and feminists have an end goal of attaining ultimate power in society and, through this, excluding men. The results revealed various ideas about the methods used by feminism to achieve this goal. It is through these ideas that incels justify a negative view of feminism.

In the tradition of western film sector, the mirror has played different roles, from displayingrepresentations of the female body that subsumes into the satisfaction of the male eye toprojecting gendered standards that have taken part in the construction of Western socialimaginaries. Since the motion picture sector is a form of public discourse that influences andshapes beliefs, imagery and cultural practices of a given society, this thesis puts underscrutiny the relation to the mirror in both symbolic and material perspectives through the casestudy of the main mirror scenes of Good Luck to You, Leo Grande (2022). By combininggender sensitive analysis and compositional interpretation methodologies, this thesis showsthe potential of the mirror as an instrument of change and empowerment in relation to genderand ageism. It demonstrates that employing the mirror through a feminist lens enables the denormalisation of negative stereotypes of bodily appearance that are scarcely representedonscreen, as it is the case of aged female bodies. Simultaneously, it renegotiates therelationship between youth and adulthood and disrupts hegemonic representations ofmasculinity. This master’s thesis offers a new feminist perspective of non-normative bodilyappearances using the mirror as the main source of analysis.

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