Die studie is uitgevoer om die fisieke vermoensprofiel van atlete met intellektuele gestremdheid (lG) en Downsindroom (DS) tussen die ouderdom van 10 en 17 jaar te bepaal. Die Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is gebruik om die fisieke vermoens van die atlete te bepaal. Geslagsgebaseerde verskille vir hierdie populasiegroepe is ook ontleed. Die populasie het bestaan uit 75 proefpersone waarvan 66 intellektueel gestremd was en 9 in die Downsindoom subgroep geval het. Dit is duidelik uit hierdie twee gestremde groepe dat Downsindroomkinders, asook kinders met intellektuele gestremdheid, minimaal aan atletiek deelneem. Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die literatuuroorsig van die fisieke vermoens en oefenkapasiteit van die intellektueel gestremde en Downsindroomkinders. Data ingesamel oor die laasgenoemde is gebruik vir die samestelling van die artikels en kan apart gelees word in die verhandeling. In artikels 1 en 2 is data eerstens vir beskrywingsdoeleindes aan die hand van rekenkundige gemiddeldes (x), standaardafwykings (sa) en minimum en maksimum waardes ontleed. 'n Tweerigting variansie analise is gebruik om te bepaal hoeveel van die atlete in watter gesondheidsone val. Verder is van 'n onafhanklike t-toets gebruik gemaak om betekenisvolheid van verskille tussen die geslagte aan te dui. Die resultate dui daarop dat seuns en dogters met IG en DS oor swak aerobiese kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie atlete word aan min fisieke aktiwiteit blootgestel en gesondheidsrisiko's neem toe as gevolg van oorgewig en obesiteit. Atlete met IG beskik oor redelike goeie abdominale spieruithouvermoe en hampese soepelheid. Hierteenoor het hulle oor swakker abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag beskik. Atlete met DS aan die anderkant beskik oor goeie hampese soepelheid, maar swak abdominale spieruithouvermoe, abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag. Wat geslagsgebasseerde verskille bet ref dui die resultate daarop dat dogters by beide IG- en DS-groepe 'n groter persentasie liggaamsvet het as seuns. Verder blyk dit dat seuns met IG oor beter fisieke vermoens beskik as dogters met IG, net soos by normaal ontwikkelde kinders. Seuns met IG beskik oor beter aerobiese kapasiteit asook fisieke vermoens, vera! spierkrag en spieruithouvermoe, as dogters. Dogters met DS het verder meer liggaamsvet en toon beter soepelheid as seuns, a!hoewel dit nie betekenisvol is nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie bevindinge word aanbeveel dat intervensieprogramme in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel word vir kinders met IG en DS om sodoende hul fisieke vermoens te verbeter. / The study was done to determine the fitness abilities profile of the intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome athletes aged 10 to 17 years. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is used to determine the fitness abilities of these athletes. Gender-based differences in both population groups were also investigated. The research group consisted of 75 children of which 66 were intellectually disabled and 9 diagnosed with Down's syndrome (DS). It is clear from these two disabled groups that Down's syndrome children as well as children with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate minimally in athletics. Chapter 2 is based on a literature review of the fitness abilities and training capacity of intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome children. Information gathered on the latter aspects was used in the two articles, which can be read independently in this dissertation. For articles 1 and 2, data was analysed by means of mean values (M), standard deviations as well as minimum and maximum values. The two way table of variances was used to determine the amount of athletes that needs to be placed in each of the healthy fitness zones. Furthermore an independent T-Test is used to prove the gender-based significance of differences. The results indicated that boys and girls with IG and DS had poor aerobic capacity. These athletes are exposed to inadequate physical activity, which exposes them to increased health risk due to their being overweight. Athletes with IG had good abdominal muscle endurance performance and hamstring flexibility, although they also showed poor abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and handgrip strength. Athletes with DS on the other hand showed good hamstring flexibility but poor abdominal muscle endurance performance, abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and hand grip strength. For the gender-based differences results show that boys with IG had better physical performance than girls with IG. Boys with IG consist of a better aerobic capacity as well as physical performance than girls, especially muscle strength and muscle endurance. The girls with DS have more body fat and shows better flexibility than the boys, although not significantly. Given the outcomes of this study it is recommended that intervention programmes be developed for children with IG and DS in South Africa in order to enhance their physical fitness performance profile and their quality of life. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Die studie is uitgevoer om die fisieke vermoensprofiel van atlete met intellektuele gestremdheid (lG) en Downsindroom (DS) tussen die ouderdom van 10 en 17 jaar te bepaal. Die Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is gebruik om die fisieke vermoens van die atlete te bepaal. Geslagsgebaseerde verskille vir hierdie populasiegroepe is ook ontleed. Die populasie het bestaan uit 75 proefpersone waarvan 66 intellektueel gestremd was en 9 in die Downsindoom subgroep geval het. Dit is duidelik uit hierdie twee gestremde groepe dat Downsindroomkinders, asook kinders met intellektuele gestremdheid, minimaal aan atletiek deelneem. Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die literatuuroorsig van die fisieke vermoens en oefenkapasiteit van die intellektueel gestremde en Downsindroomkinders. Data ingesamel oor die laasgenoemde is gebruik vir die samestelling van die artikels en kan apart gelees word in die verhandeling. In artikels 1 en 2 is data eerstens vir beskrywingsdoeleindes aan die hand van rekenkundige gemiddeldes (x), standaardafwykings (sa) en minimum en maksimum waardes ontleed. 'n Tweerigting variansie analise is gebruik om te bepaal hoeveel van die atlete in watter gesondheidsone val. Verder is van 'n onafhanklike t-toets gebruik gemaak om betekenisvolheid van verskille tussen die geslagte aan te dui. Die resultate dui daarop dat seuns en dogters met IG en DS oor swak aerobiese kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie atlete word aan min fisieke aktiwiteit blootgestel en gesondheidsrisiko's neem toe as gevolg van oorgewig en obesiteit. Atlete met IG beskik oor redelike goeie abdominale spieruithouvermoe en hampese soepelheid. Hierteenoor het hulle oor swakker abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag beskik. Atlete met DS aan die anderkant beskik oor goeie hampese soepelheid, maar swak abdominale spieruithouvermoe, abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag. Wat geslagsgebasseerde verskille bet ref dui die resultate daarop dat dogters by beide IG- en DS-groepe 'n groter persentasie liggaamsvet het as seuns. Verder blyk dit dat seuns met IG oor beter fisieke vermoens beskik as dogters met IG, net soos by normaal ontwikkelde kinders. Seuns met IG beskik oor beter aerobiese kapasiteit asook fisieke vermoens, vera! spierkrag en spieruithouvermoe, as dogters. Dogters met DS het verder meer liggaamsvet en toon beter soepelheid as seuns, a!hoewel dit nie betekenisvol is nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie bevindinge word aanbeveel dat intervensieprogramme in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel word vir kinders met IG en DS om sodoende hul fisieke vermoens te verbeter. / The study was done to determine the fitness abilities profile of the intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome athletes aged 10 to 17 years. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is used to determine the fitness abilities of these athletes. Gender-based differences in both population groups were also investigated. The research group consisted of 75 children of which 66 were intellectually disabled and 9 diagnosed with Down's syndrome (DS). It is clear from these two disabled groups that Down's syndrome children as well as children with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate minimally in athletics. Chapter 2 is based on a literature review of the fitness abilities and training capacity of intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome children. Information gathered on the latter aspects was used in the two articles, which can be read independently in this dissertation. For articles 1 and 2, data was analysed by means of mean values (M), standard deviations as well as minimum and maximum values. The two way table of variances was used to determine the amount of athletes that needs to be placed in each of the healthy fitness zones. Furthermore an independent T-Test is used to prove the gender-based significance of differences. The results indicated that boys and girls with IG and DS had poor aerobic capacity. These athletes are exposed to inadequate physical activity, which exposes them to increased health risk due to their being overweight. Athletes with IG had good abdominal muscle endurance performance and hamstring flexibility, although they also showed poor abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and handgrip strength. Athletes with DS on the other hand showed good hamstring flexibility but poor abdominal muscle endurance performance, abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and hand grip strength. For the gender-based differences results show that boys with IG had better physical performance than girls with IG. Boys with IG consist of a better aerobic capacity as well as physical performance than girls, especially muscle strength and muscle endurance. The girls with DS have more body fat and shows better flexibility than the boys, although not significantly. Given the outcomes of this study it is recommended that intervention programmes be developed for children with IG and DS in South Africa in order to enhance their physical fitness performance profile and their quality of life. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This study aimed to investigate gender-based evaluation differences in situations that occasionally can be perceptualized as sexual harassing situations. Hypothesis stated that when women are presented as victims in an eventual sexual harassing situation, participants would rate the event as more serious in comparisons when the victims are men. The study used survey-based between-group experimental design with story-based gender manipulation of the victim’s character in fictitious stories that may or may not be attributed with low-, moderate- or high grade of seriousness into a ratio scale (0-10). Four groups (N = 120) were included and separated depending on the victims as well as the participants gender. The assumption homogeneity of variance for one-way analysis of variance was violated when Levene's test was performed. Non-parametric equivalent Kruskal Wallis-test indicated a significant difference between the groups. Further findings were presented from multiple Mann Whitney U-tests for six possible comparisons (α = .008). Five significant differences between the groups were found confirming the first hypothesis despite the strict alpha level. Concluding the results as a potential confirmation of the prototype theory.

While researchers have documented elite Indigenous hockey players' experiences when they leave home to play sports in the mainstream context, to date they have not examined how these experiences may vary based on sex and gender. By using Tribal Critical Race Theory, Indigenous feminisms, and reflexive thematic analysis, in this thesis, I examined the challenges and benefits that First Nations elite hockey players experienced when they left home to play in the mainstream context and how these challenges varied based on sex and gender. The 20 participants (10 female, 10 male) all had challenges with language and their new environments. Interestingly, while all the male participants reported experiencing racism, only two of the female participants reported such experiences, and they were of a less overt nature. The benefits that were experienced by both male and female athletes included athletic and personal growth, new experiences, and support from home. While both male and female athletes reported accruing benefits from leaving home, I found that the female athletes had to leave home to pursue hockey due to a lack of opportunities available to them, opportunities that were often available closer to home for male participants. I also found that both males and females reported receiving a great deal of support; this is particularly interesting given male hockey's higher profile. Taken together, these findings add nuance to the existing literature on Indigenous hockey players' experiences in the mainstream context.

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Science University of Zululand, 2003. / This thesis entails a literature survey of the forms of communication required for the successful management of primary schools and high schools by principals and their management teams, followed by an empirical survey of the management team communication practices of 367 principals in the northern section of the eThekwini Region (the area that until 2003 was known as the North Durban Region) in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, on the eastern seaboard of South Africa. In brief, my research shows that female principals predominate in primary schools and male principals in high schools. My research further shows a number of significant differences in the way that female and male principals communicate with parents.