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Understanding the evolution of charter school legislation and the expectations of legislators adopting this legislation is important to school boards and school administrators in Virginia. The purpose of this research project was to delineate the historical development of charter school legislation in Virginia. A non-emergent research design was used with two steps of data collection. The first step was a review of all charter school legislation, which covered the General Assembly Sessions 1994-2000, and the second step was a series of open-ended interviews with legislators and others who participated in the charter school legislative development. This study addressed the following research questions: 1. What changes did charter school legislation undergo before members of the Virginia General Assembly finally approved it for implementation? 2. What were the expectations of the legislators who sponsored charter school legislation? 3. What, if anything, either internal or external to the Virginia General Assembly, influenced the presenters of charter school legislation? 4. Did the enacted legislation that was adopted meet the expectations of the legislator who initiated charter school legislation? 5. Are legislators and others satisfied with the current status of charter school development in Virginia? Charter school legislative bills and related amendments from 1994 to 2000 were analyzed. Purposive and snowball sampling identified certain legislators as primary respondents, who were interviewed. After the interviews, the data were transcribed and analyzed using QSR NUD·IST. A total of eight interviews were conducted, and all respondents gave permission to record the interviews. Six themes emerged from the interviews. These themes are 1) Partisan Politics, 2) Local Autonomy, 3) Accountability, 4) Choice, 5) Funding, and 6) Opposition. Charter school legislation is unique to each state. Also, one delegate individually championed charter school legislation in Virginia. There were some external influences (outside the Virginia General Assembly) opposing charter school legislation; primarily the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Virginia School Boards Association (VSBA), and the Virginia Education Association (VEA). Equally important, partisan politics and the opposition of the Black Caucus in the General Assembly were the two strongest internal factors in defeating early attempts at charter school passage. All interviewees reported being satisfied with the outcome of charter school legislation; however, several legislators indicated dissatisfaction with the apparent slow pace of school boards in each locality of holding public hearings to determine whether they will accept charter school applications. Additionally, accountability based upon student results, an alternative schooling opportunity for public school students, and a lottery method for student selection were important charter school characteristics for adoption. / Ed. D.

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Abuse of majority and minority votes within the corporate enterprises This thesis analyzes the possible abuse of majority and minority votes within the corporate enterprises in light of a fundamental changes of civil legislation brought by the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code of the Czech Republic, as amended, and the Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on business companies and societies (Czech Business Corporations Act) as amended. This examination provides a baseline comparison of new legal rules with the existing legislation and highlights the most important changes that were adopted in the form of the new regulation. On the basis of the analysis, the author evaluates the advantages of the new law and attempts to identify problems that may occur when the law comes into force. The applicability of the existing case law to the new legislation was one of the objectives of the paper. The author came to the conclusion that the applicability of the law is limited to the fundamental legal principles and rules only. The reasoning is that the abuse of majority and minority votes in the corporate enterprises is of such a special nature that it would not be desirable to create any definite rules of interpretation for all the cases or the so-called typical cases. On the contrary, the court should be very careful...

Essa tese explora o efeito do comercio internacional sobre a proximidade dos países na Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas. Utilizando a abordagem de variáveis instrumentais, para um banco de dados que vai de 1946 até 2012, mostramos que o aumento na interdependência comercial estaria associado à diminuição no alinhamento entre países na Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas. Esses resultados são contra-intuitivos, pois a maior parte dos trabalhos em Economia Política Internacional demonstra que comércio está mais relacionado à cooperação que a conflito. O trabalho mostra que os resultados são robustos à diversas especificações e que eles tornam-se claros quando controlamos a possível causalidade reversa entre comércio e votações. Por fim, a discussão dos resultados enfatiza que os ganhos advindos do comércio fortalecem países na arena internacional. / This thesis explore the effect of trade interdependence over the countries alignments in the United Nations General Assembly. Using the instrumental variables approach, for a data set ranging from 1946 to 2012, we show that the more trade interdependence in time t the lower the countries alignment in t + 1. These results are counter intuitive, as most of the International Political Economy literature relates trade interdependence and cooperation positively. This work shows that this negative relation is robust to diverse specifications and becomes more consistent when the reverse causality is controlled. Finally, the discussion emphasizes that trade gains empower countries in the international arenas

The relationship between the media and politicians is uncertain at best. This study examined the attitudes of Indiana state senators and representatives with regard to the way they are treated by their local media. It is based on a study conducted in 1990 by Dr. Daniel Riffe, that sought similar opinions from Alabama state lawmakers.The hypothesis assumed that legislators who indicated they found the media useful would not view them as adversarial. A 39% response rate was achieved, which while not high enough to statistically validate findings did indicate a rejection of the hypothesis, as well as reveal other interesting observations. / Department of Journalism

The accompanying thesis forms a study of the General Assembly as an influence not only upon Scottish Politics but upon Scottish Representative Institutions. The majority of writers upon the history of the Scottish Church stress the private influence of individuals, which while interesting in itself was in many cases extraneous to the general movements both in the Kirk and in the development of the representative principle both as applied to Kirk institutions and to Parliament and Conventions. Several writers have seen in the General Assembly a thoroughly democratic institution, which represented all classes of social life and which prepared the way for the ideal of a universal franchise. I have endeavoured to show that the General Assembly for the greater part of its development had little of this universal character and was rather the expression of an "Opposition" which was no more democratic in actual composition than the Parliament itself. The period 1560-1618 represents only part of the period upon which I originally began investigation. To cope with the century 1560-1660 I found that it would have been necessary to omit much manuscript material which was valuable for purposes of detail. I therefore limited the present thesis to the 58 years after the Reformation which saw the rise of the Assembly to full power 1592-96 and its subsequent decline, both as a political force and as a representative institution.

The aim of the paper is to further discussion on legitimation in international fora, and to contribute to the scholarly debate on the role of the interpretation of the past in state actors’ legitimation. This is pursued by conducting a descriptive qualitative study of Israel’s justification of political claims by remembrance of the past in the General Debate of the United Nations General Assembly, between 2009-2017. In a theoretic framework that bridges legitimation theory and the theory of public memory, it is hypothesised that legitimation aid state actors to define national interests, identify threats, mobilize publics and perceive options. The results demonstrate that legitimation through referring to the past is employed by Israel for a wide variety of contemporary political issues, and that different aspects of the past are recalled for different issues. The conclusion is that legitimation through the remembered past seems to support the hypotheses of legitimation, and that Israel’s political leaders during the studied timespan appear to promote some parts of the past over others for justifying political stances.