Cerca de 25% do conteúdo energético do universo se encontra sob uma forma de natureza ainda não determinada e é conhecida pelo nome de matéria escura. Desde as primeiras especulações acerca de sua existência (Zwicky ~ 1933), vários modelos foram propostos na tentativa de justificar os dados observacionais encontrados mas, até hoje, nenhum deles foi capaz de cumprir essa tarefa a contento. Nesta dissertação, apresentaremos uma breve discussão desses modelos, além de propor um novo, baseado na idéia de que tanto a matéria escura quanto a energia escura possam ser compostas pelo campo escalar de Born-Infeld. / Nearly twenty five percent of the energetic content of the universe appears in a form that is still unknown and is named dark matter. Since the first speculations about its existence (Zwicky ~1933), many models have been proposed trying to justify all the observed data but, until now, none of them has been able to solve this problem. In this monography, we will present a brief discussion about these models and propose a new one, based on the idea that both dark matter and dark energy could be the Born Infeld scalar field.

Obtivemos famílias de soluções estáticas e esfericamente simétricas para buracos negros numa brana com vácuo, constante cosmológica não nula e imersa num bulk 5-dimensional assintoticamente anti-de Sitter. Para o caso das geometrias assintoticamente de Sitter, o único membro da família obtida foi a geometria Schwarzschild-de Sitter extrema. Para o caso de geometrias assintoticamente anti-de Sitter, obtivemos toda uma família de soluções, onde cada elemento desta família é determinado por uma constante C. Estudamos o comportamento destas soluções próximo e longe do horizonte de eventos. A seguir, analisamos a evolução de um campo escalar não massivo no exterior dos buracos negros obtidos. Verificamos analiticamente e numericamente o comportamento do potencial efetivo em função da coordenada tartaruga próximo ao horizonte de eventos. Para qualquer geometria ou solução desta família observamos que o campo escalar não massivo decai com o tempo, e o tipo de decaimento depende do valor da constante C. Assim, toda a família de soluções obtida mostrou-se estável. / We found classes of static and spherically symmetric black hole solutions on the brane for a vacuum configuration, non-null cosmological constant, embedded into a 5-dimensional asymptotically anti-de Sitter bulk. In the asymptotically de Sitter case, the only solution obtained was the extreme Schwarzschild-de Sitter geometry. In the asymptotically anti-de Sitter case, a class of solutions was obtained where a particular geometry is fixed by a constant, C. We studied the behaviour of these solutions near and far from the horizon. Next, we studied the time evolution of a scalar field outside the black hole. For the effective potential as function of tortoise coordinate, the analytical results near the horizon agree with numerical calculations. The scalar field decays with time and the particular form of decay depends of the value for C. Thus, all solutions in the obtained class are stable.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar a interação dos buracos negros primordiais com as principais espécies físicas exóticas de matéria e energia que foram teorizadas para explicar as observações cosmológicas da última década. A interação com diferentes formas de energia escura a partir de campos escalares, como a energia phantom, e modelos de quartessência, como o gás de Chaplygin, associada a modelos já existentes de interação com espécies físicas mais bem conhecidas, fornece resultados importantes e sugere comportamentos inesperados na trajetória dos buracos negros primordiais desde a sua formação até os dias de hoje. Nossa análise abrange os aspectos dinâmicos e termodinâmicos da acreção e evaporação de buracos negros, explorando os limites de validade da teoria e estudando o comportamento sob as condições extremas que resultam desses novos modelos de matéria e energia. Finalmente, o estudo prossegue na direção de um modelo de evolução a partir diretamente das equações de campo, em um espaço-tempo totalmente dinâmico em que buscamos paralelos com as descrições provenientes das hipóteses simplificadoras sobre que nos baseamos durante os estágios anteriores. Os resultados permitem fazermos uma descrição unificada da evolução dos buracos negros, em que as relações entre todas as componentes são transparentes e suas contribuições individuais são facilmente identificadas. Associando-os à descrição termodinâmica, é possível traçar um quadro completo e abrangente do problema, capaz de acomodar novos modelos e prover uma compreensão profunda da interação dos buracos negros com o meio cosmológico. / We study the interaction between primordial black holes and the exotic dark matter and dark energy components which have been modeled to explain cosmological observations within the last decade. The interaction with different forms of scalar field dark energy, such as phantom energy, and quartessence models as the Chaplygin gas, together with the well-known interaction with the ordinary forms of matter and energy, provides important results and suggests unexpected behaviors on primordial black holes since their formation until the present time. Our analysis encompasses dynamical and thermodynamical aspects of black hole accretion and evaporation exploring the theory validity ranges and studying its behavior under the extreme conditions which arise from these new dark fluid models. Finally, our study progresses towards an evolution model based solely on the field equations, within a fully dynamical space-time in which we seek parallel descriptions with previous models, which use simplifying hypotheses. Our results provide a unified description of black hole evolution, in which the role of all components and their relation to each other are clear and easily identifiable. Along with the thermodynamical description, it is possible to make a comprehensive picture of the problem, capable of accommodating new models and furnish a deep understanding of black hole interaction with the cosmological environment.

Développer une théorie de la diffusion dépendante du temps pour l'équation de Dirac massive en espace-temps Schwarzschil-Anti-de Sitter puis étudier la théorie des résonances pour ce système. En fonction des difficultés rencontrées, on pourra généraliser au cas de Kerr-Anti-de Sitter. On va essayer également de donner une description mathématique rigoureuse de l'effet Hawking soit dans le cadre de Schwarzschil-Anti-de Sitter, soit dans le cadre de Kerr-Anti-de Sitter / Develop a time dependent scattering theory for the massive Dirac equation on Schwarzshild-Anti-de Sitter spacetime then study resonances for this system. Depending on difficulties encountered, we could generalize this to Kerr-Anti-de Sitter. We'll try to give a precise mathematically rigorous description of the Hawking effect either in the the Schwarzschil-Anti-de Sitter or the Kerr-Anti-de Sitter setting

We study the evolution of binary black hole initial data schemes as alternatives to the standard puncture construction. These alternatives are based on post-Newtonian expansions that contain realistic gravitational waves. The first scheme is based on a second order post-Newtonian expansion in Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner transverse-traceless (ADMTT) gauge that has been re-summed to approach standard puncture data at the black holes. The other schemes are based on asymptotic matching of the 4-metrics of two tidally perturbed Schwarzschild solutions to post-Newtonian expansions at different orders. The alternatives are encouraging and lead to quasi-circular orbits and show gravitational radiation from the onset, as well as a reduction of spurious radiation. Deficiencies compared to punctures include more eccentricity during inspiral and larger constraint violations, since the alternative data sets only approximate solutions of Einstein's equations. / by George C. Reifenberger. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

In this dissertation the dynamics of general relativity is studied via the spin-foam approach to quantum gravity. Spin-foams are a proposal to compute a transition amplitude from a triangulated space-time manifold for the evolution of quantum 3d geometry via path integral. Any path integral formulation of a quantum theory has two important parts, the measure factor and a phase part. The correct measure factor is obtained by careful canonical analysis at the continuum level. The basic variables in the Plebanski-Holst formulation of gravity from which spin-foam is derived are a Lorentz connection and a Lorentz-algebra valued two-form, called the Plebanski two-form. However, in the final spin-foam sum, one usually sums over only spins and intertwiners, which label eigenstates of the Plebanski two-form alone. The spin-foam sum is therefore a discretized version of a Plebanski-Holst path integral in which only the Plebanski two-form appears, and in which the conne ction degrees of freedom have been integrated out. Calculating the measure factor for Plebanksi Holst formulation without the connection degrees of freedom is one of the aims of this dissertation. This analysis is at the continuum level and in order to be implemented in spin-foams one needs to properly discretize and quantize this measure factor. The correct phase is determined by semi-classical behavior. In asymptotic analysis of the Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine spin-foam model, due to the inclusion of more than the usual gravitational sector, more than the usual Regge term appears in the asymptotics of the vertex amplitude. As a consequence, solutions to the classical equations of motion of GR fail to dominate in the semi-classical limit. One solution to this problem has been proposed in which one quantum mechanically imposes restriction to a single gravitational sector, yielding what has been called the “proper” spin-foam model. However, this revised model of quantum gravity, like any proposal for a theory of quantum gravity, must pass certain tests. In the regime of small curvature, one expects a given model of quantum gravity to reproduce the predictions of the linearized theory. As a consistency check we calculate the graviton two-point function predicted by the Lorentzian proper vertex and examine its semiclassical limit. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Neste trabalho investigamos a base matemática de uma nova ténica para relacionar duas métricas em uma dada variedade que propomos chamar de reescalonamento conforme anisotrópico e que tem sido usada na literatura recente para dar uma nova e mais geométrica definição da noção de espaços-tempos assintoticamente planos em Relatividade Geral. / In this thesis, we investigate the mathematical basis of a new technique for relating two metrics on a given manifold that we propose to call anisotropic conformal rescaling and that has been used in the recent literature to give a new and more geometric de?nition of the notion of asymptotically ?at space-times in General Relativity.

Neste trabalho investigamos a base matemática de uma nova ténica para relacionar duas métricas em uma dada variedade que propomos chamar de reescalonamento conforme anisotrópico e que tem sido usada na literatura recente para dar uma nova e mais geométrica definição da noção de espaços-tempos assintoticamente planos em Relatividade Geral. / In this thesis, we investigate the mathematical basis of a new technique for relating two metrics on a given manifold that we propose to call anisotropic conformal rescaling and that has been used in the recent literature to give a new and more geometric de?nition of the notion of asymptotically ?at space-times in General Relativity.

Exact solutions to the Einstein field equations are notoriously difficult to find. Most known solutions describe systems with unrealistically high degrees of symmetry. A notable example is the FLRW metric underlying modern cosmology: the universe is assumed to be perfectly homogeneous and isotropic, but in the late universe, this is only true on average and only at large scales. Where an exact solution is not available, discrete gravitational approaches can approximate the system instead. This thesis investigates several cosmological systems using two distinct discrete approaches. Closed, flat, and open ‘lattice universes’ are first considered where matter is distributed as a regular lattice of identical point masses in constant-time hypersurfaces. Lindquist and Wheeler’s Schwarzschild–cell method is applied where the lattice cell around each mass is approximated by a perfectly spherical cell with Schwarzschild space–time inside. The resulting dynamics and cosmological redshifts closely resemble those of the dust-filled FLRW universes, but with certain differences in redshift behaviour attributable to the lattice universe’s lumpiness. The application of Regge calculus to cosmology is considered next. We focus exclusively on the closed models developed by Collins, Williams, and Brewin. Their approach is first applied to a universe where an exact solution is already well-established, the vacuum Λ-FLRW model. The resulting models are found to closely reproduce the dynamics of the continuum model being approximated, though certain constraints on the applicability of the approach are also uncovered. Then using this knowledge, we next model the closed lattice universe. The resulting evolution closely resembles that of the closed dust-filled FLRW universe. Constraints on the placement of the masses in the Regge skeleton are also uncovered. Finally, a ‘lattice universe’ with one perturbed mass is modelled. The evolution is still stable and similar to that of the unperturbed model. The thesis concludes by discussing possible extensions of our work.

Orientadores: Ricardo Antonio Mosna, Márcio José Menon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T03:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QuispeAruquipa_David_M.pdf: 2372918 bytes, checksum: bb030f9f8aecc210d608f2f9005a7a49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: Os modelos análogos são uma ferramenta muito útil quando se quer entender ou testar fenômenos em um sistema físico em termos e conceitos de outro, esses sistemas podem ser mais familiares ou mais facilmente reproduzíveis por experimentos. Este trabalho explora esta questão no contexto de modelos análogos à gravitação baseados na mecânica dos fluidos. Particularmente, estamos interessados em fornecer um modelo análogo para um fluxo radial com uma fonte/sorvedouro na origem. Começamos por considerar o caso em que a velocidade do fluxo (radial) é constante. O modelo análogo resultante é então o espaço-tempo Anti-de Sitter (ou AdS) que é conhecido por ser não-globalmente hiperbólico. Como resultado, a dinâmica dos campos neste contexto não está bem definida até que sejam estabelecidas condições adicionais na fronteira no infinito espacial do espaço-tempo AdS. A contrapartida destas condições de fronteira extra na mecânica dos fluidos proporciona uma descrição efetiva da fonte/sorvedouro que está na origem. Depois disso, nós consideramos regularizações para o modelo análogo perto da fonte/sorvedouro na origem. Logo, impomos condições sobre eles, a fim de que a dinâmica seja bem definida de modo que não são mais necessárias as condições na fronteira. Calculamos como as quantidades físicas, como a diferença de fase entre as ondas que entram e saem, são afetadas pelas regularizações. Estes resultados são então comparados com o caso AdS para compreender as principais implicações do processo de regularização, que tem o efeito de deformar a região perto do infinito espacial do AdS. Mostramos também que, sob certas condições, a diferença de fase obtida para esses espaços deformados do AdS coincide com a obtida no caso do espaço-tempo AdS / Abstract: Analogue models are a useful tool when one wants to understand or probe phenomena in one physical system in terms of concepts from another, which may be more familiar or more easily accessed by experiments. This work explores this framework in the context of analogue models of gravity based on fluid dynamics. Particularly, we are interested in providing an analogue model for a radial fluid flow with a point source/sink at the origin. We start by considering the case where the (radial) flow velocity is constant. The resulting analogue model is then the Anti-de Sitter spacetime (AdS) which is known to be non-globally hyperbolic. As a result, the dynamics of fields in this background is not well defined until extra boundary conditions at its spatial boundary are prescribed. The fluid dynamics counterpart of these extra boundary conditions provide an effective description of the point source/sink at the origin. After that, we consider regularizations of this model near the source/sink at the origin. We then impose conditions on them in order that the dynamics is well defined so that no extra boundary conditions are required. We calculate how physical quantities, like the phase difference between ingoing and outgoing scattered waves are affected by the regularizations. These results are then compared with the AdS case to understand the main implications of the regularization, which has the effect of deforming the AdS space near its spatial infinity. We also show that, under certain conditions, the phase difference obtained for these deformed AdS spaces agrees with that obtained in the AdS case / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1490213/2015 / CAPES