Neste trabalho, estudamos as subvariedades das formas espaciais pseudo-Riemannianas M^n_v(c) com vetor curvatura média de tipo luz, chamadas marginalmente aprisionadas, explorando as relações desta condição (motivada pela Física) com várias outras hipóteses de caráter geométrico, como lambda-isotropia, presença de nulidade relativa e invariância por um certo grupo de transformações de Lorentz. Em particular, apresentamos vários resultados de classificação e rigidez de superfícies marginalmente aprisionadas nos espaços de Lorentz-Minkowski L^4, de Sitter S^4_1 e anti-de Sitter H^4_1 nestes contextos, adaptando e generalizando resultados de alguns artigos. / In this work, we study the submanifolds of pseudo-Riemannian space forms M^n_v(c) with lightlike mean curvature vector, called marginally trapped, exploring the relations of this condition (motivated by Physics) with several other assumptions of geometric character, such as \\lambda-isotropy, presence of relative nullity and invariance by a certain group of Lorentz transformations. In particular, we prove several ridigity and classification results for marginally trapped surfaces in Lorentz-Minkowski space L^4, de Sitter space S^4_1 and anti-de Sitter space H^4_1 in these settings, adapting and generalizing results from several papers.

No description available.

In this thesis we study exact general relativistic space-times generated by a black hole and an additional source of gravity, while restricting to two classes of static and axially symmetric solutions: the Majumdar-Papapetrou solution for a couple (in general, a multiple system) of extremally charged black holes and the "superposition" of a Schwarzschild black hole with the Bach-Weyl thin ring. We follow the effect of the additional source on the geometry of black-hole space-time on the behaviour of important invariants, in particular of the simplest scalars obtained from the Riemann and possibly also Ricci tensor. We have plotted the invariants both outside and inside the black hole; in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole with ring, we found, to this end, an extension of the metric below the horizon. It turns out that the external source may affect the geometry inside the black hole considerably, even in the vicinity of singularity, although the singularity itself remains point-like in both solutions studied here.

Neste trabalho, estudamos as subvariedades das formas espaciais pseudo-Riemannianas M^n_v(c) com vetor curvatura média de tipo luz, chamadas marginalmente aprisionadas, explorando as relações desta condição (motivada pela Física) com várias outras hipóteses de caráter geométrico, como lambda-isotropia, presença de nulidade relativa e invariância por um certo grupo de transformações de Lorentz. Em particular, apresentamos vários resultados de classificação e rigidez de superfícies marginalmente aprisionadas nos espaços de Lorentz-Minkowski L^4, de Sitter S^4_1 e anti-de Sitter H^4_1 nestes contextos, adaptando e generalizando resultados de alguns artigos. / In this work, we study the submanifolds of pseudo-Riemannian space forms M^n_v(c) with lightlike mean curvature vector, called marginally trapped, exploring the relations of this condition (motivated by Physics) with several other assumptions of geometric character, such as \\lambda-isotropy, presence of relative nullity and invariance by a certain group of Lorentz transformations. In particular, we prove several ridigity and classification results for marginally trapped surfaces in Lorentz-Minkowski space L^4, de Sitter space S^4_1 and anti-de Sitter space H^4_1 in these settings, adapting and generalizing results from several papers.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-23T11:33:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Calebe Martes de Andrade Santos - 2018.pdf: 2128372 bytes, checksum: a62b4d3a7f4bde06e5c3597ed5be80a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-23T14:50:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Calebe Martes de Andrade Santos - 2018.pdf: 2128372 bytes, checksum: a62b4d3a7f4bde06e5c3597ed5be80a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T14:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Calebe Martes de Andrade Santos - 2018.pdf: 2128372 bytes, checksum: a62b4d3a7f4bde06e5c3597ed5be80a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / This work has as main objective, besides exposing some techniques of solving differential equations of first and second order, to find solutions to Einstein Field Equation, through these techniques. The work was divided in 3 parts, being them, introduction and two other chapters. In the introduction, we tell a bit about the history of differential equations, as well as covering some important passages in the history of General Theory of Relativity. In the first chapter, in a preliminary way, a study was made on some differential equations of first and second orders. The second chapter refers to the application of second-order differential equations as a solution to Einstein's Field Equation. In this last chapter, we have done a study on the article Invariant solutions for the static vacuum equation and we present some other solutions to Einstein's Field Equation. For the writing of the work, a bibliographical revision was made in relation to the subjects addressed in it, thus relating the ideas and definitions of some authors throughout the text. / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo, além de expôr algumas técnicas de resolução de equações diferenciais de primeira e segunda ordens, encontrar soluções para Equação de Campo de Einstein, através dessas técnicas. O trabalho foi dividido em 3 partes, sendo elas, introdução e mais dois capítulos. Na introdução, contamos um pouco da história das equações diferenciais, além de abordarmos alguns trechos importantes da história da Teoria da relatividade geral. No primeiro capítulo, de forma preliminar, foi feito um estudo sobre algumas equações diferenciais de primeira e segunda ordens. O segundo capítulo, refere-se à aplicação de equações diferenciais de segunda ordem como solução para Equação de Campo de Einstein. Neste último capítulo, fizemos um estudo sobre o artigo Invariant solutions for the static vacuum equation e expomos algumas outras soluções para Equação de Campo de Einstein. Para a escrita do trabalho, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica em relação aos assuntos abordados no mesmo, relacionando assim, as ideias e definições de alguns autores no decorrer do texto.

Desenvolvemos aqui um estudo das formulações alternativas-equivalentes da Relatividade Geral, baseada no formalismo de conexões de Ashtekar. Iniciamos discutindo a estrutura matemática necessária de fibrados e conexões, e a teoria de sistemas Hamiltonianos vinculados. Em seguida, damos uma breve introdução ao formalismo métrico de Einstein e então passamos ao formalismo geometrodinâmico canônico (formalismo ADM). Introduzimos as transformações no espaço de fase que geram as formulações alternativas, de forma generalizada tal que possamos obter ambas as variáveis complexas de Ashtekar ou as variáveis reais de Barbero, ou mesmo qualquer forma intermediária por meio do parâmetro de Immirzzi. / We develop here a study of the alternative-equivalent formulations of General Relativity, based on Ashtekars connexion formalism. We begin discussing the mathematical structure needed of fibre bundles and connexions, and the theory of constrained Hamiltonian systems. Next, we give a brief introduction for Einsteins metric formalism and then we pass to the canonical geometrodynamic formalism (ADM formalism). We introduce the transformations of the phase space which generate the alternative formulations, in a generalized form such that we can obtain both Ashtekars complex variables or Barberos real variables, or even any intermediary form by using the Immirzzi parameter.

General relativity, one of the pillars of our understanding of the universe, has been a remarkably successful theory. It has stood the test of time for more than 100 years and has passed all experimental tests so far. Most recently, the LIGO collaboration made the first-ever direct detection of gravitational waves, confirming a long-standing prediction of general relativity. Despite this, several fundamental mathematical questions remain unanswered, many of which relate to the global existence and the stability of solutions to Einstein's equations. This thesis presents our efforts to use numerical relativity to investigate some of these questions. We present a complete picture of the end points of black ring instabilities in five dimensions. Fat rings collapse to Myers-Perry black holes. For intermediate rings, we discover a previously unknown instability that stretches the ring without changing its thickness and causes it to collapse to a Myers-Perry black hole. Most importantly, however, we find that for very thin rings, the Gregory-Laflamme instability dominates and causes the ring to break. This provides the first concrete evidence that in higher dimensions, the weak cosmic censorship conjecture may be violated even in asymptotically flat spacetimes. For Myers-Perry black holes, we investigate instabilities in five and six dimensions. In six dimensions, we demonstrate that both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric instabilities can cause the black hole to pinch off, and we study the approach to the naked singularity in detail. Another question that has attracted intense interest recently is the instability of anti-de Sitter space. In this thesis, we explore how breaking spherical symmetry in gravitational collapse in anti-de Sitter space affects black hole formation. These findings were made possible by our new open source general relativity code, GRChombo, whose adaptive mesh capabilities allow accurate simulations of phenomena in which new length scales are produced dynamically. In this thesis, we describe GRChombo in detail, and analyse its performance on the latest supercomputers. Furthermore, we outline numerical advances that were necessary for simulating higher dimensional black holes stably and efficiently.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock est un physicien largement reconnu par la communauté scientifique pour ses contributions de premier plan aux théories de la mécanique quantique et de la relativité générale. Il est aussi un acteur majeur du débat sur l'interprétation de ces deux théories du XXe siècle, selon une approche qui se revendique clairement du matérialisme dialectique, une idéologie alors largement imposée par les autorités soviétiques en URSS. Notre étude porte principalement sur cet aspect de sa carrière, exploré jusqu'alors de façon trop partielle en histoire des sciences. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous penchons sur les racines scientifiques et philosophiques des interprétations non-orthodoxes des théories de la mécanique quantique et de la relativité générale que développe Fock. En reconstruisant son approche épistémologique nous mettons en évidence que le physicien est guidé par une vision antiréductionniste et réaliste scientifique de sa discipline. Cette base nous donne alors l'assise pour discuter des raisons pour lesquelles le matérialisme dialectique est une véritable influence pour la pensée du physicien soviétique. Par la suite, partant du constat de la sincère adoption par Fock de cette idéologie, nous replaçons la question de l'interprétation des théories de la physique moderne dans son contexte socio-culturel. Il est y notamment question d'observer le parcours du physicien en tant que défenseur des théories de la mécanique quantique et de la relativité face aux différentes attaques politiques et idéologiques qu'elles peuvent subir en Union soviétique, mais aussi d'étudier l'influence du contexte sur la formulation à proprement parler de leurs interprétations et dans un dernier temps de développer les questions relatives à la diffusion des idées de Fock dans la communauté locale et internationale des physiciens. En somme, cette thèse permet de reconsidérer l'intérêt que présente la pensée de Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock dans l'histoire des théories de la physique moderne / Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock is a physicist well-known by the scientific community for his important contributions to the theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. He is also a major actor in the debate on the interpretation of these two major theories of the XXth century, following an approach that clearly claims dialectical materialism ñ an ideology then largely imposed by the Soviet authorities in the USSR - as fundamental. Our work mostly focuses on this aspect of Fock's career, explored too partially in the history of science. More specifically, we reconsider the scientific and philosophical roots of the non-orthodox interpretations of quantum mechanics and general relativity developed by Fock. By reconstructing his epistemological approach we put forward that the physicist was guided by an antireductionist and a scientific realist conception of his discipline. This basis gives us the possibility to discuss the reasons why dialectical materialism was a real influence on the scientist thought. Thus, by following the observation of the sincere adoption by Fock of the Soviet ideology, we put back the question of the interpretation of the theories of modern physics in its socio-cultural context. We observe Fock's trajectory as a defender of quantum mechanics and relativity theory against the different ideological and political attacks they may undergo in Soviet Union. We also study the influence of context on the actual wording of their interpretations and finally we develop the issues related to their diffusion in the local and worldwide community of physicists. To summarize, this thesis helps to reconsider the interest of Fock's thought in the history of modern physics

From Birkoff's theorem, the geometry in four spacetime dimensions outside a spherically symmetric and static, gravitating source must be given by the Schwarzschild metric. This metric therefore satisfies the Einstein vacuum equations. If the mass which gives rise to the Schwarzschild spacetime geometry is concentrated within a radius of r=2M, a black hole will form. Non-accelerating particles (freely falling) traveling through this geometry will do so along parametrized curves called geodesics, which are curved space generalizations of straight paths. These geodesics can be found by solving the geodesic equation. In this thesis, the geodesic structure in the Schwarzschild geometry is investigated with an attempt to generalize the solution to higher dimensions.

Abstract not available