From 2007 up until now, Russia’s period fertility rate (TFR) increased at a relative constant pace. This increase coincided with the implementation and execution of pronatalist measures, mostnotably the maternity capital program. In this study, two distinct time periods (pre- and postpolicy) were compared in order to discover the effect of this program on fertility. This study is based on data from the Russian Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), conducted in 2011. Employing event-history analysis for the transition to a 2nd childbirth, this study assesses whether the maternity capital policy has had an impact on the interval between the 1st and 2nd birth and the overall 2nd birth risk. Moreover in this study I aimed to determine whether the 2nd birth risk was different according to woman’s educational level and ages at the time of 1st birth (entry into the 1st motherhood) in the policy period. The analysis pointed out that the transition to the 2nd birth event did not precipitate due to the introduction of maternity capital. Moreover my research indicated that the introduced policy did not increase the overall risk of having a 2nd child. The analysis of the interaction between the post-policy period and woman’s education or age at the 1st birth also did not reveal any significant difference.

Family is a unit of socialization and transmitter of social, cultural and economic resources. Thus family arrangements may result in unequal future outcomes for the children growing up in them. A case in point is children from single parent households. The aim of this study is to investigate whether children growing up in single parent households in Sweden experience growing disadvantages during the life course, compared to children from two-parent households, and if socioeconomic factors explain this association. Previous literature shows that children from single parent households are disadvantaged but few have investigated the long term effects of childhood household composition in Sweden and whether disadvantages grow over time.  Using Swedish representative, longitudinal data from Generations and Gender Survey round 2 (GGSII), individuals living in Sweden during childhood between ages 20 to 59 were observed during the years 1990 to 2019. With ordered logistic regression for each year, earnings trajectories could be analyzed, with semi-elasticities used for interpretation.  The results showed that respondents from single parent households fare worse in future earnings compared to respondents from two-parent household. This is explained by differences in educational attainment: children from single parent households have lower educational level which produce lower future earnings. The effect is statistically significant during several years after 2010, however, the results show no evidence of growing disadvantages. Socioeconomic background partially alter the association but not entirely. Whether socioeconomic background functions as a confounder or a mediator to the association has not been determined in this study but is an important task for future research in order to establish the causal nature of socioeconomic background in relation to childhood household composition and children’s future outcomes.