Isolated populations have potential to become new species that should have less genetic variation than their ancestors. Small populations are more likely to lose genetic variation, which is, thus, expected to be greater in ancestors. Aliciella caespitosa and A. tenuis, two endemic species, may be derived from small populations of A. subnuda, a widespread species. Chloroplast DNA sequences were used to test this hypothesis. Allozyme data were used to compare genetic variation and numbers of alleles. Chloroplast data do not support the proposed relationships between A. subnuda and the other two species. Allozyme data were not more variable in A. subnuda. The data suggest that A. tenuis is derived from A. caespitosa, although the former did not show lower allozyme diversity. I detected fewer alleles in A. tenuis. These data suggest that the original population of A. tenuis was not small enough to lose genetic variation relative to its progenitor.

Blumeria graiminis f. sp. hordei (powdery mildew) is an obligate biotroph infecting hordeum vulgare (barley). It is one of the most devastating pathogens of barley, decreasing barley yield in great extent. In order to decrease barley loss, numerous studies are being conducted for overcoming the disease from the sides of both pathogen and host. However the pathogen is evolving very rapidly preventing the effective use of pesticides such as fungisides or development of resistant barley varieties by crossing race-specific resistance varieties, varieties having R genes, with susceptible but high yield producing varieties. In order to understand the mechanism of pathogen-host interactions, and producing enduring solutions for the problem of yield loss in barley molecular tools need to be used. In this thesis study, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) molecular marker method is used in order to reveal the molecular characterization of Turkish Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei varieties collected from &Ccedil / ukurova region in Turkey. Thirty-nine samples were analyzed with eigth universal races, of which virulence genes are studied. AFLP studies were conducted on LI-COR 4300 DNA Analyzer system. Bioinformatics analysis was performed with NTSYS program. By the help of this Numerical Taxonomic System, similarity, dissimilarity, clustering, dendograms, two-dimensional scatter plots, and three-dimensional perspective plots were obtained. By the light of these analyses Turkish Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei varieties together with universal races are grouped into three clusteres. In conclusion, studying Turkish Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei isolates and comparing them with universal races is a unique study in terms of characterizing the Turkish Bgh isolates for the first time, and can be used as a frontier study for studying Resistance genes, by reverse genetic tools.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-04T13:05:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarinaML_TESE.pdf: 1476302 bytes, checksum: d8ce6c34270ba40b6a6e97b30bf6d975 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:44:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarinaML_TESE.pdf: 1476302 bytes, checksum: d8ce6c34270ba40b6a6e97b30bf6d975 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarinaML_TESE.pdf: 1476302 bytes, checksum: d8ce6c34270ba40b6a6e97b30bf6d975 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tall coconut palm is about 70% of the coconut farm in Brazil. Nonetheless the information about the genetic variability existing in Brazilian populations and their genetic relationships are still incipient. Microsatellite markers or SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) and morphological markers are the techniques most suitable for studies of genetic diversity. Thus, knowledge of the variability and genetic structure in the giant coconut palm, it is necessary to direct the activities of conservation and use of germplasm in breeding programs of this species. The objectives of this study were: 1) to analyze the distribution of the genetic variability of the original population of Tall-Brazil-Praia-Forte ( GBrPF - PO), located on the north coast of Bahia, and four coming accesses this population; 2) levels of diversity and genetic relationships between two accesses tall coconut palm collected in Brazil and introduced seven accessions of different geographical regions, conserved in Banco Internacional de Coco for Latin America and the Caribbean (ICG - LAC). The accessions were analyzed using 25 SSR primers specific morphological descriptors and 16 of the list of IPGRI, 1995. Accesses tall- Brazil-Praia-Forte (GBrPF) are conserved in physical bases in Ceará (GBrPF-CE), Pará (GBrPF-PA ) and ICG - LAC, the latter two physical bases in Sergipe: one in the experimental field of the Betume in the city of Neópolis (GBrPF-CEB) and the other in the experimental field Itaporanga in the municipality of Itaporanga d'Ajuda (GBrPF-CEI) . The other accesses greens: tall-do-Brazil-Merepe (GBrMe), collected in the coastal Northeast, tall-Malaysia (GML), tall-Vanuatu (GVT), tall-West African (GOA), tall-Polynesia (GPY), tall-Rennel (GRL), tall-Tonga (GTG) and tall-Rotuma (GRT) introduced in different geographic regions of the world, too are conserved in the ICG - LAC in the experimental field of the Betume. Three studies from this research project will be presented. In the first study, we found 18 polymorphic primers, 91 alelos, with a mean of 5.05 alleles/locus. Genotypic indices indicate greater genetic variability of access GBrPF-PA, GBrPF-CE and GBrPF-CEB, the analysis of gene structure identified an allele sharing and access of the population, suggesting that accesses listed represent the genetic structure of the original population. The grouping (UPGMA) showed the formation of 14 groups, with the GBrPF-CEB and GBrPF-PA showed greater similarity to the original population accesses. In the second study, for the study of genetic relationships among accessions of tall coconut palm, 19 primers were polymorphic, detecting 125 alleles, with an average of 6.57 alleles/locus. Genotypic indices indicate greater genetic variability among accessions of coconut - derived giant introduced the Pacific region. The analysis of gene structure led to the formation of five groups and accessions collected in Brazil showed genetic relationship with the African access and the emergence of ecotypes giant coconut palm in Brazil. Cluster analysis by the Nearest Neighbor method formed two main groups. In group I, the accessions were grouped into three subgroups: Ia (GTG, GRT and GPY), Ib (GRL and GVT) and Ic (GML). In group II, the accessions were separated into two subgroups: IIa (GOA) and IIb (GBrMe, GBrPF),indicating that the genetic relationships of the accessions are based on ecogeographic regions. In the third work, the study of genetic diversity through morphological markers using techniques of univariate and multivariate genetic variability was observed among genotypes. The results of principal component analysis, obtained from 16 morphological characters shows that three components were needed, that the variance explained by them reached a minimum of 80% and the selection of six characters with the highest contribution to the study of diversity. UPGMA was formed by five groups. Group I meets the GVT and GML access; group II with GPY, GTG and GBrPF; group III and IV each with one access, GRT and GOA, respectively, while group V with GBrMe and GRL. Groups showed an inconsistency with respect to the origins of the accessions, probably due to the quantitative nature of those characteristics that are controlled by many genes, being affected by environmental factors. Diversity and genetic structure evaluations demonstrate the variability and genetic relations in giant coconut palm. These results will guide decisions about the activities of conservation and use of coconut germplasm in the country / O coqueiro-gigante representa cerca de 70% da exploração do coqueiro no Brasil. Apesar disso, as informações sobre a variabilidade genética existente nas populações brasileiras e suas relações genéticas ainda são incipientes. Os marcadores microssatélites ou SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats), e os marcadores morfológicos, são as técnicas mais indicadas para os estudos de diversidade genética. Assim, o conhecimento da variabilidade e da estruturação genética em coqueiro-gigante, torna-se necessário para direcionar as atividades de conservação e utilização do germoplasma nos programas de melhoramento da espécie. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) analisar a distribuição da variabilidade genética da população original de gigante-do-Brasil-da-Praia-do-Forte (GBrPF-PO), localizada do litoral norte do Estado da Bahia, e de quatro acessos procedentes dessa população; 2) os níveis de diversidade e as relações genéticas entre dois acessos de coqueiro-gigante coletados no Brasil e sete acessos introduzidos de diferentes regiões geográficas do mundo, conservados no Banco Internacional de Coco para a América Latina e Caribe (ICG- LAC).Os acessos foram analisados por meio de 25 primers SSR específicos e 16 descritores morfoagronômicos da lista do IPGRI, 1995.Os acessos de gigante-do-Brasil-da-Praia-Forte (GBrPF) são conservados em bases físicas no Ceará (GBrPF-CE), Pará (GBrPF-PA) e no ICG-LAC, este último em duas bases físicas em Sergipe: uma no campo experimental do Betume, no município de Neopólis (GBrPF-CEB) e a outra no campo experimental de Itaporanga, no município de Itaporanga d’Ajuda (GBrPF-CEI). Os demais acessos de coqueiro: gigante-do-Brasil-de-Merepe (GBrMe), coletado no litoral do Nordeste do país, gigante-da-Malásia (GML), gigante-de-Vanuatu (GVT), gigante-do-Oeste-Africano (GOA), gigante-da-Polinésia (GPY), gigante-de-Rennel (GRL), gigante-de-Tonga (GTG) e gigante-de-Rotuma (GRT) introduzidos de diferentes regiões geográficas do mundo, também estão conservados no ICG-LAC no campo experimental do Betume. Três trabalhos oriundos deste projeto de pesquisa serão apresentados. No primeiro trabalho, constatou-se 18 primers polimórficos, 91alelos, com media de 5,05 alelos/loco. Os índices genotípicos indicam maior variabilidade genética dos acessos GBrPF-PA, GBrPF-CE e GBrPF-CEB, a análise da estrutura gênica identificou um compartilhamento de alelos da população e dos acessos, sugerindo que os acessos coletados, representam a estruturação genética da população original. O agrupamento (UPGMA), evidenciou a formação de 14 grupos, tendo os acessos GBrPF-CEB e GBrPF-PA mostrado maior similaridade com a população original. No segundo trabalho, para o estudo das relações genéticas entre acessos de coqueiro-gigante, 19 primers foram polimórficos, detectando 125 alelos, com média de 6,57 alelos/loco. Os índices genotípicos indicam uma maior variabilidade genética entre os acessos de coqueiros-gigantes introduzidos oriundos da região do Pacífico. A análise da estrutura gênica levou a formação de cinco grupos e os acessos coletados no Brasil apresentaram relação genética com o acesso Africano e o surgimento de ecótipos de coqueiro-gigante no Brasil. A análise de agrupamento pelo método do Vizinho mais Próximo formou dois grupos principais. No grupo I, os acessos foram agrupados em três subgrupos: Ia (GTG, GRT e GPY), Ib (GRL e GVT) e Ic (GML). No grupo II, os acessos foram separados em dois subgrupos : IIa (GOA) e IIb (GBrMe, GBrPF). Indicando que as relações genéticas dos acessos são fundamentadas nas regiões ecogeográficas. O terceiro trabalho,o estudo da diversidade genética, por meio de marcadores morfoagronômicos utilizando técnicas de análises uni e multivariadas, foi observada variabilidade genética entre os acessos. Os resultados da análise dos componentes principais, obtidos a partir de 16 caracteres morfoagronômicos mostra que foram necessários três componentes, para que a variância por eles explicada atingisse um mínimo de 80% e a seleção de seis caracteres de maior contribuição para o estudo da diversidade. Pelo método UPGMA formou-se cinco grupos. O grupo I reúne os acessos GVT e GML; o grupo II com o GPY, GTG e GBrPF; o grupo III e IV com apenas um acesso cada, GRT e o GOA, respectivamente e o grupo V com o GBrMe e GRL. Os grupos apresentaram uma incoerência com relação às origens dos acessos, provavelmente devido à natureza quantitativa das características avaliadas, que são controladas por muitos genes, sendo afetadas por fatores ambientais. As avaliações da diversidade e da estruturação genética evidenciam a variabilidade e as relações genéticas existentes em coqueiro-gigante. Esses resultados permitirão orientar as decisões sobre as atividades de conservação e uso do germoplasma do coqueiro no país / 2017-01-04