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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Global Population Structure of the Dusky Shark and Geographic Sourcing of Shark Fins from Commercial Markets

Gray, Teagen K. 01 July 2014 (has links)
The dusky shark, Carcharinus obscurus, is a globally distributed, coastal-pelagic species subject to an apparent high level of exploitation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists this species as “Vulnerable” globally, and “Endangered” within western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters due to an over 80% decline in this region, with no evidence of population recovery. The extensive exploitation of dusky sharks may partly be attributed to the high market value of its fins, but the contribution of individual dusky shark stocks to the fin markets is unknown. This knowledge would be helpful to detect if specific stocks are experiencing disproportionate levels of exploitation. Due to its susceptibility to overfishing, current dire conservation status and need for additional information on its population dynamics, we analyzed the genetic population structure and genetic diversity of the dusky shark (n = 415) across 8 globally distributed locations utilizing 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. The nuclear marker analyses support and extend previously published mitochondrial marker work, identifying a strong divergence among Atlantic and Indo-Pacific samples. Furthermore, nuclear marker results indicate the presence of six genetically discrete management units for dusky sharks, with significant genetic differentiation between the western North Atlantic, South African, and each of three Australian site collections (N, E and W coasts). Discovery of these nuclear microsatellite-defined, smaller geographic scale management units provides a basis for the assignment of market-derived fins to their population of origin with the use of genetic assignment techniques.
2

Dynamique d'hybridation dans le complexe d'espèces des chênes blancs européens : chênes pédonculés - Quercus robur L., sessiles - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescents - Q. pubescens Willd. et tauzins - Q. pyrenaica Willd / Hybridisation dynamics in the European white oak species complex : pedunculate oak - Quercus robur L., sessile - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescent - Q. pubescens Willd. and pyrenean - Q. pyrenaica Willd

Lepais, Olivier 26 September 2008 (has links)
L’hybridation est un processus aux conséquences diverses sur l’évolution des espèces qui est difficile à étudier lorsque les espèces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rôle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espèces des chênes blancs européen, nous avons utilisé des outils de la génétique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gènes interspécifiques contemporains et étudier le système de reproduction de quatre espèces. Un protocole d'analyse génétique rapide a été développé et des méthodes d’assignations génétiques, permettant de déterminer l’espèce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont été testées par simulations. Cette méthode a été appliquée en populations naturelles révélant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 à 30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espèces. Nous avons montré que les effectifs des espèces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalité de l'introgression. Nous avons étudié le système de reproduction de ces espèces en croisements contrôlées et en forêt pour expliquer le maintien des espèces malgré la présence de flux de gènes interspécifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barrières reproductives contribue à un isolement partiel des espèces qui dépend principalement de barrières pré-reproductives et prézygotiques. Une analyse de paternité pratiquée sur des descendances récoltées en forêt montre que l'hybridation de première génération est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espèces parentales, produisant de nombreux rétrocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observé dans les populations naturelles étudiées. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus à l'œuvre chez les chênes qui contribuent à l'évolution du complexe d'espèces. / Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex.

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