Darwin's theory of sexual selection explains the existence of sexual dimorphism, or within-species sex differences in shape, color, size, and behavior. In some cases, sexually dimorphic traits, especially extravagant male ornaments, seem maladaptive and thus in opposition to natural selection. The crux of Darwin's theory was that sexual selection arises from individual differences in reproductive success that result from competition for mates. In this dissertation, I investigated several aspects of sexual selection and the evolution of female mating preferences and male ornaments in the great frigatebird (Fregata minor). Frigatebirds as a group (family Fregatidae) are the most ornamented of any seabirds, and are among the most ornamented of any animal group. Their most prominent ornament is a gular (throat) pouch which becomes red in males during the breeding season, and which is inflated and displayed to females during courtship. Male courtship display also includes a warble vocalization and extension and trembling of the wings. I investigated the following issues concerning sexual selection and ornamentation in great frigatebirds: 1) the source of ornamental coloration in male great frigatebird gular pouches. I determined that this was a carotenoid-based color display; 2) the relationship of male mating success to gular pouch size and coloration. I determined that mating success was not related to the size or color of this ornament; 3) the relationship between male vocal display traits and female preferences. Again, I found no relationship between vocal display traits and female preferences, and finally, 4) the role of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus in female mate choice. The MHC is a highly polymorphic multi-gene family associated with immune defense and has been proposed to play a role in mate choice. I found a significant disassortative mating pattern amongst mated pairs compared to random pairings based on MHC genotypes. In summary, I found no evidence for female mating preferences based on visual or auditory display traits associated with male ornamentation. However, I did find evidence for female mating preferences based on genetic dissimilarity at an MHC locus.

La diversité génétique est un paramètre capital pour les populations comme pour les individus. Ainsi, l'hétérozygotie confère généralement un avantage de valeur sélective aux individus dans de nombreux taxa, et il existe divers processus de sélection sexuelle permettant d'optimiser l'hétérozygotie de la descendance. Nous avons testé ces hypothèses chez l'isopode terrestre Armadillidium vulgare. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence un meilleur succès reproducteur des mâles les plus hétérozygotes, qui peut résulter de la compétition intrasexuelle comme du choix de partenaire, ainsi que d'un choix pour un partenaire génétiquement dissimilaire. Ces deux processus ont pour conséquence d'augmenter l'hétérozygotie des descendants. Nous avons aussi décrit pour la première fois un fort taux de paternité multiple dans les populations naturelles comme expérimentales, augmentant la richesse allélique des portées et permettant à la sélection sexuelle post-copulatoire d'avoir lieu. De plus, nous avons pu observer que les animaux les plus hétérozygotes survivent mieux face à une infection bactérienne, probablement via une meilleure tolérance. Les individus les plus hétérozygotes sont également plus gros à âge équivalent, ce qui revêt une importance particulière pour les femelles puisqu'une grande taille leur confère une meilleure fécondité. Ces résultats suggèrent que divers mécanismes sont à l'origine du maintien de la diversité génétique dans les populations d'A. vulgare et confèrent aux individus une meilleure valeur sélective. Ainsi les populations de cet isopode terrestre possèdent vraisemblablement un potentiel adaptatif important permettant leur maintien à long terme. / Genetic diversity is a crucial parameter for both populations and individuals. As such, heterozygosity often confers a selective advantage to individuals in numerous taxa, and sexual selection processes can result in an optimisation of offspring heterozygosity. We tested these hypotheses in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. In this work, we highlighted a higher reproductive success for more heterozygous males, which could result from both intrasexual competition and mate choice, as well as a choice for a genetically dissimilar partner. These two processes result in an increase in offspring heterozygosity. Moreover, we described for the first time a high rate of multiple paternity in natural as well as in experimental populations, increasing brood allelic richness and allowing post-copulatory sexual selection processes. Besides, we showed that more heterozygous individuals survive better when confronted to a bacterial infection, probably through a better tolerance. More heterozygous individuals are also bigger at the same age, which is particularly important in females because a big size leads to a higher fecundity. These results suggest that various mechanisms result in genetic diversity maintenance in A. vulgare populations and confer a better fitness to individuals. Thereby, it is likely that populations of this terrestrial isopod possess a high adaptive potential enabling their long-term maintenance.

The aim of this study was to obtain an understanding of the basis to female mating decisions in the Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus). Bitterling have a resource-based mating system that involves the female laying her eggs inside the gills of a freshwater mussel. Male bitterling perform elaborate courtship behaviour and are territorial and aggressively guard mussels in their territory from other territory holders and non-territorial males. Using a series of laboratory experiments it was shown in this study that females were choosy over the males they mated with, but females were not congruent in their preferences. Female mate preferences correlated positively with offspring growth rates and survival during early development. Female mate choice did not correspond with male dominance, and there may be an intersexual conflict between female mate preferences and male dominance as a result. Females tended to prefer males with functionally dissimilar MHC alleles. MHC alleles may influence male odour cues, and females showed a preference for mussels in which the sperm of multiple males had been released, possibly indicating that females use odour cues associated with sperm release in mating decisions. Bitterling show an innate preference for the colour red in a foraging context and there may be a receiver bias for red nuptial colouration in female mating preferences. Despite a significant role for mate preferences, direct (oviposition) mating preferences were shown to be more important in the mating system. Choice of oviposition sites has both immediate (survival) consequences for offspring, as well as longer-term fitness effects.

L’haplodiploïdie chez les hyménoptères leur confère une meilleure résistance aux effets délétères de la dépression de consanguinité. Cependant, certains hyménoptères ont un déterminisme du sexe particulier qui les rend sensibles à cette dépression. Chez ces espèces, le genre des individus dépend de la complémentarité des allèles à un locus donné, le single-locus Complementary Sex Determination (sl-CSD). Les oeufs non fécondés se développent en mâles haploïdes alors hémizygotes au locus de CSD. En revanche les oeufs fécondés donnent des femelles diploïdes s’ils sont hétérozygotes au locus du CSD mais deviennent des mâles diploïdes s’ils sont homozygotes pour ce même locus. Ces derniers sont d’autant plus fréquents dans les populations consanguines où le taux d’homozygotes est élevé. Or, les mâles diploïdes sont dans la majorité des cas non viables ou stériles. La production de tels mâles est de ce fait coûteuse pour les femelles. La faible viabilité des mâles diploïdes s’apparente alors à de la dépression de consanguinité. Par des approches liées à l’écologie comportementale et à l’écologie chimique le projet de thèse se concentre sur l’étude des coûts individuels générés par la production de mâles diploïdes et à l’évolution des comportements sélectionnés en réponse à ces coûts. Dans un premier temps, je me suis intéressée à la fitness des mâles diploïdes et aux répercussions de leur production sur les femelles de la population. Dans un second temps, j’ai étudié les comportements permettant de réduire les coûts de la production des mâles diploïdes. Les individus apparentés représentent les partenaires sexuels où le risque de produire des fils diploïdes est le plus élevé. De ce fait, les comportements d’évitement de la consanguinité devraient être sélectionnés dans ces populations / Haplodiploidy in hymenopterans offers a great resistance to the deleterious effect of inbreeding depression. However, some hymenopterans have a specific sex determination which drives them to this depression. Among those species, the sex of individuals depends on allele complementary at a particular locus; the single-locus Complementary Sex Determinatation (sl-CSD). Unfertilized eggs give birth to haploid males which are hemizygotes at the CSD locus. Conversely, fertilized eggs develop into females when heterozygote at the CSD locus but become diploid males when homozygote at the same locus. Diploid males are especially frequent in inbred populations with a high inbreeding rate. Yet diploid males are generally unviable or sterile. Production of such males is therefore costly for females. Reduced viability of diploid males is then similar to inbreeding depression. Linked with behavioural ecology and chemical ecology approaches, the PhD project starts by focusing on individual costs due to production of diploid males, and then on behaviours that have evolved in response to these costs. As a first step, the fitness of diploid males and its impact on females of the population have been measured. If they are unviable, their production is akin to female mortality. As a second step, we studied behaviours that reduce the cost of diploid male production. Related individuals are sexual partners that are most likely to father diploid sons. Therefore, behavioural inbreeding avoidance may be selected in such populations