O consumo e a utilização de produtos naturais, tanto para a alimentação quanto para utilização industrial é cada vez mais frequente. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal extrair um iridoide natural a partir do jenipapo, a genipina, a fim de empregá-la como agente de ativação em suportes de quitosana para imobilização de enzimas. Já que, dentre os agentes conhecidos este é o menos tóxico para este tipo de aplicação. Adicionalmente, foi iniciado um estudo para a construção de uma lactase recombinante visando a sua imobilização e síntese de prebióticos. Inicialmente, o jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), que pode possuir até 3 % de genipina disponível em seu fruto, foi submetido a diferentes condições de extração enzimática em um sistema aquoso bifásico (SAB). Com o intuito de compará-la com seu possível substituinte, o glutaraldeído, géis de quitosana foram produzidos e reticulados tanto com genipina quanto com glutaraldeído para avaliação das suas propriedades texturais e reológicas. Após, duas β-galactosidases modelos, de Kluyveromyces lactis e de Aspergillus oryzae, foram imobilizadas nos suportes de quitosana preparados a fim de avaliar a capacidade catalítica das enzimas imobilizadas O tratamento com a enzima comercial Celluclast à 10 % (v/v), a 36 °C e pH 3,7, promoveu a obtenção de 196 mg de genipina por grama de jenipapo – a maior concentração descrita na literatura. Quanto aos géis de quitosana reticulados, a utilização de 0,5 % de genipina (m/v) resultou em géis com propriedades texturais superiores e propriedades reológicas similares aos géis reticulados com 3 % de glutaraldeído (v/v). No geral, a hidrólise da lactose com a β-galactosidase de K. lactis imobilizada em quitosana ativada com 0,5 % de genipina (m/v) foi superior ao grau de hidrólise alcançada com as β-galactosidases imobilizadas em quitosana ativada com 3 % de glutaraldeído (v/v) (87 % e 9 %, respectivamente). Assim, a genipina extraída mostrou ser uma excelente substituta do glutaraldeído na ativação da quitosana e para utilização na imobilização de enzimas. Por fim, foi realizado o estudo para obtenção de uma β-galactosidase recombinante visando a síntese de galacto-oligossacarídeos (GOS). / The consumption and use of natural products, both for food or for industrial use is increasingly common. Thus, the main objective of this work was to extract a natural iridoid from genipap, genipin, in order to use it as an crosslinking agent in chitosan supports for immobilization of enzymes. Since, among the known agents, it is the least toxic for this type of application. In addition, a study was started for a construction of a recombinant lactase aiming at its immobilization and synthesis of prebiotics. Initially, which may have up to 3% genipin available in its fruit, was submitted to different enzyme-assisted extractions in an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Moreover, in order to compare it with its possible substituent, glutaraldehyde, chitosan gels were prepared and crosslinked with genipin and glutaraldehyde for evaluation of their textural and rheological properties. Lastly, the crosslinked chitosan was used as support for the immobilization of two model β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae, in order to evaluate their catalytic capacities. The treatment carried out with Celluclast 10 % (v/v), at 36 °C and pH 3.7, provided an extraction of 196 mg of genipin per gram of genipap - the highest genipin concentration found in literature until now Chitosan gels crosslinked with genipin 0.5 % (w/v) showed better textural and similar rheological properties when compared to the chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde 3 % (v/v). In general, the percentage of lactose hydrolysis by the β-galactosidases from K. lactis immobilized using genipin as a crosslinker was higher than when glutaraldehyde was used (87 % and 9 %, respectively). Therefore, genipin proves to be an excellent alternative for the use of glutaraldehyde in chitosan crosslinking studies. Finally, a study was carried out to obtain a recombinant β-galactosidase for the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS).

O consumo e a utilização de produtos naturais, tanto para a alimentação quanto para utilização industrial é cada vez mais frequente. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal extrair um iridoide natural a partir do jenipapo, a genipina, a fim de empregá-la como agente de ativação em suportes de quitosana para imobilização de enzimas. Já que, dentre os agentes conhecidos este é o menos tóxico para este tipo de aplicação. Adicionalmente, foi iniciado um estudo para a construção de uma lactase recombinante visando a sua imobilização e síntese de prebióticos. Inicialmente, o jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), que pode possuir até 3 % de genipina disponível em seu fruto, foi submetido a diferentes condições de extração enzimática em um sistema aquoso bifásico (SAB). Com o intuito de compará-la com seu possível substituinte, o glutaraldeído, géis de quitosana foram produzidos e reticulados tanto com genipina quanto com glutaraldeído para avaliação das suas propriedades texturais e reológicas. Após, duas β-galactosidases modelos, de Kluyveromyces lactis e de Aspergillus oryzae, foram imobilizadas nos suportes de quitosana preparados a fim de avaliar a capacidade catalítica das enzimas imobilizadas O tratamento com a enzima comercial Celluclast à 10 % (v/v), a 36 °C e pH 3,7, promoveu a obtenção de 196 mg de genipina por grama de jenipapo – a maior concentração descrita na literatura. Quanto aos géis de quitosana reticulados, a utilização de 0,5 % de genipina (m/v) resultou em géis com propriedades texturais superiores e propriedades reológicas similares aos géis reticulados com 3 % de glutaraldeído (v/v). No geral, a hidrólise da lactose com a β-galactosidase de K. lactis imobilizada em quitosana ativada com 0,5 % de genipina (m/v) foi superior ao grau de hidrólise alcançada com as β-galactosidases imobilizadas em quitosana ativada com 3 % de glutaraldeído (v/v) (87 % e 9 %, respectivamente). Assim, a genipina extraída mostrou ser uma excelente substituta do glutaraldeído na ativação da quitosana e para utilização na imobilização de enzimas. Por fim, foi realizado o estudo para obtenção de uma β-galactosidase recombinante visando a síntese de galacto-oligossacarídeos (GOS). / The consumption and use of natural products, both for food or for industrial use is increasingly common. Thus, the main objective of this work was to extract a natural iridoid from genipap, genipin, in order to use it as an crosslinking agent in chitosan supports for immobilization of enzymes. Since, among the known agents, it is the least toxic for this type of application. In addition, a study was started for a construction of a recombinant lactase aiming at its immobilization and synthesis of prebiotics. Initially, which may have up to 3% genipin available in its fruit, was submitted to different enzyme-assisted extractions in an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Moreover, in order to compare it with its possible substituent, glutaraldehyde, chitosan gels were prepared and crosslinked with genipin and glutaraldehyde for evaluation of their textural and rheological properties. Lastly, the crosslinked chitosan was used as support for the immobilization of two model β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae, in order to evaluate their catalytic capacities. The treatment carried out with Celluclast 10 % (v/v), at 36 °C and pH 3.7, provided an extraction of 196 mg of genipin per gram of genipap - the highest genipin concentration found in literature until now Chitosan gels crosslinked with genipin 0.5 % (w/v) showed better textural and similar rheological properties when compared to the chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde 3 % (v/v). In general, the percentage of lactose hydrolysis by the β-galactosidases from K. lactis immobilized using genipin as a crosslinker was higher than when glutaraldehyde was used (87 % and 9 %, respectively). Therefore, genipin proves to be an excellent alternative for the use of glutaraldehyde in chitosan crosslinking studies. Finally, a study was carried out to obtain a recombinant β-galactosidase for the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS).

COLLAGEN IN SITU GROWN CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCAFFOLDS FOR OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF WHARTON&rsquo / S JELLY AND MENSTRUAL BLOOD STEM CELLS Karadas, &Ouml / zge M.Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Vasif Hasirci Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gamze Torun K&ouml / se February 2011, 91 pages The importance of developing new techniques for the treatment of bone and joint diseases is increasing continuosly together with the increase of human population and the average life span. Especially bone fractures as a result of osteoporosis are often seen in humans older than 50 years old. The expenses of bone and joint disease operations are very high and the duration of recovery is long. Because of these reasons World Health Organization, The United Nations and 37 countries announced that the years 2000-2010 is the Bone and Joint Decade. Tissue engineering is an alternative approach to clinically applied methods. In this study collagen scaffolds crosslinked with genipin, to improve the stability of foams in culture media, were prepared by lyophilization. To mimic the natural bone structure calcium phosphate mineral phase in the foam was formed by wet chemical precipitation. Collagen concentration (0.75% and 1%, w/v), freezing temperature (-20 oC and -80 oC) of the collagen solution before lyophilization and immersion duration (2x4 h and 2x48 h) of the foams in calcium and phosphate solutions for wet chemical precipitation were changed as process v parameters of foam production. Pore size distribution and porosity analysis as well as compression test were performed for characterization of the scaffolds. The foam with 1% w/v collagen concentration, frozen at -20 oC before lyophilization and immersed for 2x4 h in calcium and phosphate solution was chosen for in vitro cell culture studies. The defined foam had 70% porosity and pore sizes varying between 50 and 200 &mu / m. The elastic modulus and compressive strength of the foam was calculated as 127.1 kPa and 234.5 kPa, respectively. Stem cells isolated from Wharton&rsquo / s jelly (WJ) and menstrual blood (MB) were seeded to foams to compare their osteogenic differentiation. Both cells are isolated from discarded tissues and used in this study as an alternative to the commonly used cells which are isolated by invasive techniques such as bone marrow stem cells. Cells were seeded to collagen foams with and without calcium phosphate (CaP). It was observed that WJ cells proliferated during 21 days on collagen foams without CaP, but MB cell number decreased after day 14. Collagen foams with CaP supported the alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity compared to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and foams without CaP. Contrarily lower cell numbers achieved on CaP containing collagen foams, possibly because of the calcium and phosphate concentration changes in the medium and as the result of osteogenic differentiation. ALP activity of both cell types increased almost 10 times and specific ALP activity (activity per cell) increased 40 times and 150 times for WJ and MB cells, respectively on the CaP containing foams compared to TCPS. Therefore, in this study it was shown that in situ CaP formed collagen foams induce osteogenic differentiation of WJ and MB cells, and these cells isolated from discarded tissues can be used as alternative cell sources in bone tissue engineering applications.

The aim of thesis is acquaint with possibilities of fixation biological tissues. Choose a suitable tissue and fix it with formaldehyde and another fixator. Last but not least make measurements which determine effects of formaldehyde on the relaxation time of biological tissues. Mice brains were chosen as a suitable for tissues fixation. Measuring effects of formaldehyde and another fixator to relaxation time carried out at the Institute of Scientific Instuments Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the United States. Many of these conditions require the grafting or bypassing of compromised blood vessels. To this effect, biological vascular grafts (autografts and allografts) are the first line of action. However, when the patient lacks vasculature suitable for grafting use, several synthetic grafting options are available. The search for an inert biomaterial for vascular grafts has proven to be unsuccessful. This makes the interaction taking place on the blood-biomaterial interface critical for the success of the grafts. This thesis introduces a new bio-inspired approach to tackle the mechanical and biological challenges of vascular material design. The hypothesis of this research is that recombinant fibronectin protein can be stably incorporated onto elastin-mimetic polymers to increase endothelialization. Recombinant elastin, designed to recreate the mechanical properties of natural elastin as a candidate material for vascular graft fabrication, was used as a model surface. Recombinant fibronectin-functionalized elastin-mimetic polymer displayed significant improvement in cell adhesion. Quantification of surface bound recombinant fibronectin verified the concentration dependence of this cell adhesive behavior. Modified elastin-mimetic polymer also demonstrated an enhanced ability to support endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, the stability of recombinant fibronectin-modified polymers was assessed. These studies provide the foundation for fabricating elastin-mimetic vascular grafts with improved endothelialization and subsequent biological performance.

Výborný, Karel. Vývoj materiálů na bázi extracelulární matrix pro léčbu centrálního nervového systému. [Development of extracellular-matrix scaffolds for CNS repair]. Praha, 2020. 105 stran, 3 přílohy. Dizertační práce (Ph.D.). Univerzita Karlova, 2. lékařská fakulta, Ústav experimentální medicíny, AV ČR v.v.i. Abstract Brain and spinal cord injury are a serious traumata and despite intensive research, there is still no effective treatment for patients. One of the studied approaches is to use various biomaterials to repair the damaged neural tissue. The aim of this thesis is to study the regenerative and neurotrophic effects of injectable extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels prepared by decellularization from porcine tissue (brain, spinal cord, bladder) and human umbilical cord (UC) in reconstruction of damaged neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord in rats. We characterized ECM hydrogels in terms of mechanical and rheological properties, structure and composition, cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. In a model of spinal cord hemisection, we compared the regenerative effect of ECM hydrogels derived from porcine spinal cord and urinary bladder. We found no benefits of tissue specific ECM prepared from the tissue of neural origin in terms of its neurotrophic properties in vitro or in vivo....

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of disability in adults in America. It is a progressive and degenerative disease where the articular cartilage is broken down and lost from the surfaces of bones causing chronic pain and swelling in the joints, and currently has no cure. The most commonly osteoarthritis starts from a focal lesion on the cartilage surface, which will expand on the surface and downwards through the thickness of the tissue. The current gold standard for correcting cartilage focal lesions is the osteochondral autograft/allograft transplantation (OAT), which replaces the defect with a fresh osteochondral graft. The main limiting factor for using the OAT comes from the limited number of autograft and allografts that are available for implantation. To address the concern of graft availability, this study will look at the development of a porcine osteochondral xenograft (OCXG). The first aim of this research is to establish a decellularization protocol that will remove the antigens and cellular debris, which are the leading causes of graft rejection when implanting animal tissue in humans. The second aim of this study is restoring the mechanical strength of the OCXG that was lost during the decellularization process through crosslinking the tissue using genipin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The third aim is comparing the performance of the complete crosslinked OCXG at different degrees of crosslinking in a long-term goat animal model. The final aim is an alternative way to correct focal lesions through the development of an injectable collagen stabilizing treatment with genipin and punicalagin that will slow or stop the growth of a lesion and prevent osteoarthritis.

Det slängs bröd i svenska matvarubutiker i Sverige samtidigt som läderproduktion är miljöförstörande. För att mildra miljöpåverkan av konventionell lädertillverkning och matsvinn i matvarubutiker odlades filamentös svamp på brödrester för att användas som ett miljövänligt alternativ till animaliskt läder. Detta arbete undersöker ifall en ny typ av läder-liknande material kan förbättras genom att tillsätta växt-tanniner och andra naturliga ämnen till filamentös svampbiomassa vid olika steg i tillverkningsprocessen. Den filamentösa svampen Rhizopus delemar odlades med hydrolyserade brödrester från matvarubutiker som substrat, och fyra olika växt-tanniner tillsattes odlingsmediumen (Tara, Myrobalan, Quebracho, Kastanje). Av de tannin-behandlade biomassorna uppvisade material som behandlats med tara tannin efter skörd av biomassan mest läderliknande mekaniska egenskaper (dragstyrka och förlängning) medan ren, obehandlad biomassa uppvisade högst dragstyrka av alla testade material. Additionen av tanniner ökade töjningsförmågan samtidigt som dragstyrkan minskade hos de resulterande materialen. Behandling med den naturliga tvärbindaren genipin resulterade i ökad dragstyrka och förlängning för flera av materialen. Resultat från HPLC analys av odlingsmediet med tara tannin indikerade även att Rhizopus delemar använde tanninet som substrat. / Bread is thrown away in Swedish grocery stores in Sweden at the same time as leather production is environmentally destructive. In order to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional leather making and to reduce food waste, fungal mycelium was grown on bread waste to be utilized as an eco-friendly leather substitute. This work investigates whether this new type of leather-like material can be improved by adding vegetable tannins and other natural compounds to filamentous fungal biomass at different stages of the production process. The filamentous fungus Rhizopus delemar was grown in shake flasks with hydrolyzed bread as substrate and four different plant tannins were added to the growth mediums. (Tara, Myrobalan, Quebracho, Chestnut). Tara and myrobalan were not inhibitory for growth during the shake flask cultivation, so they were further used in a scaled-up cultivation using 4 L bubble column reactors. However, myrobalan tannin was inhibitory when cultivating in 4 L bubble column reactors. Out of the tannin-treated biomasses, materials treated with tara tannin post cultivation exhibited the highest mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), while pure, untreated biomass exhibited the highest tensile strength of all materials tested. Overall, the addition of tannins to the biomasses increased the elongational capacities while lowering the tensile strengths. Treatment with the natural crosslinking-agent genipin resulted in increased average tensile strength and elongation at break for several of the materials tested. Furthermore, HPLC analysis of culture medium containing tara tannin indicated that Rhizopus delemar was able to metabolize the tannin and use it as a substrate.

No description available.