Im Vergleich zu anderen Retroviren, zeichnen sich Foamyviren durch eine Reihe von Eigenschaften aus, die sie besonders attraktiv für die Vektorentwicklung und somatische Gentherapie machen. Foamyviren exprimieren ihr Pol Prekursorprotein unabhängig von Gag, d.h. von ihrer eigenen gespleisten mRNA. Zwar ist der genaue Pol-Verpackungsmechanismus von Foamyviren noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, frühere Studien zeigten jedoch, dass die prägenomische RNA essentiell für die Pol-Enkapsidierung ist. Zwei Pol-Verpackungssequenzen (PES) wurden identifiziert, welche sich in den cis-aktiven Sequenzen (CAS) der prägenomischen RNA befinden (Heinkelein et al., 1998; Peters et al., 2005). In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob die PESI und PESII Sequenzen alleine ausreichend für die Pol-Verpackung sind. Zusätzich wurde der Einfluss von verschiedenen Teilen der ca. 2000 nt langen CASII Sequenz auf den Vektortransfer ohne Verlust der Pol-Enkapsidierung untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass PESI und PESII alleine nicht ausreichend für die Pol-Verpackung ins foamyvirale Partikel sind. Die Verkürzung des CASII Elements zeigte keinen Effekt auf die Pol-Verpackung und den Vektortransfer. Das Einfügen eines zusätzlichen zentralen Polypurintraktes führte jedoch zur signifikanten Erhöhung der Transduktionseffizienz von FV Vektoren. Diese Ergebnisse führten zur Entwicklung eines neuen foamyviralen Vektors (pTW01), der ca. 850nt kürzer ist als die früher etablierten FV Vektoren, aber immer noch die gleiche Transduktionseffizienz auf Fibroblasten und humanen Stammzellen zeigt. Dieser Vektor mit einer höheren Verpackungskapazität und Sicherheit, eignet sich hervorragend für den Einsatz in gentherapeutischen Studien. Zusätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine heterologe Verpackung zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Foamyviren (PFV und SFVmac) zu einem geringen Prozentsatz stattfindet. Als erster Schritt in der Entwickung eines neues Systems für eine einfache und kostengünstige Vektorvirusproduktion wurde gezeigt, dass die Expression der foamyviralen Gag, Pol und Env Proteine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae stattfinden kann. / Foamy viruses harbor some unique features which make them, compared to other retroviruses, especially attractive for vector development and somatic gene therapy. Foamy viruses express their Pol precursor protein independently of Gag, i.e. from their own spliced mRNA. While the exact mechanism by which Pol is incorporated into the foamy virus particle is still unknown, previous studies have shown that pregenomic RNA is essential for Pol incorporation. Two cis-active sequences (CAS) were identified, within which two essential Pol encapsidation sequences (PES) were mapped (Heinkelein et al., 1998; Peters et al., 2005). Using the prototype foamy virus (PFV) as a model, this work investigated whether the previously identified PESI and PESII sequences in an FV vector are alone sufficient for Pol encapsidation. Additionly, the influence of various parts of the 2000 bp CASII sequence on vector transfer efficiency without the loss of Pol encapsidation was studied. The obtained results indicate that the PESI and PESII alone are not sufficient for Pol incorporation into a foamy virus particle. The truncation of the CASII element has no effect on Pol incorporation and vector transfer. However, if an additional central poly purine tract is generated into a foamy virus vector, it significantly increases the FV vector transduction rate. These results led to a generation of an improved foamy virus vector (pTW01), about 850 bp shorter than the previously established vectors, yet still as effective in transducing fibroblasts and primary human cells. These data add to the packaging limit of the PFV vectors for gene therapy, as well as to the safety of these vectors. In addition to these findings, it was shown that the cross-packaging between two different foamy viruses (PFV and SFVmac) takes place very rarely. Finally, as a first step in finding a new low-cost possibility to produce large amounts of vector viruses, it was shown that an expression of the three foamy virus proteins: Gag, Pol and Env can take place in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.