With the acceptance of Outcomes-based Education (OBE) in South Africa, the emphasis shifted from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred instruction approach. The learner-centred teaching approach of OBE is based on the social constructivistic teaching view. This view is based on the fundamental acceptance that people construe knowledge through interaction between their existing knowledge and beliefs and new ideas or situations within a social environment or milieu. It is thus essential that future Geography education students receive training in a similar manner as that which is expected of them as future practising teachers. Lecturers' and students' beliefs and perceptions of how instruction must take place, in the majority of cases, still support the traditional direct instruction approach where lecturers transfer knowledge to students mainly through formal lectures. The acceptance of the social constructivistic teaching approach for the training of Geography education students implies that the beliefs of lecturers and students as well as their roles in the teaching learning process, must change. This means that the purpose of contact time between lecturer and students must necessarily change. Contact time should not just be used by the lecturer for presenting content. It is the task of the Geography lecturer to create a learning environment where students are actively involved in cooperative learning environments in the learning process. The lecturer acts as facilitator, guide, enabler and fellow-explorer in the learning process. Contact sessions must be used to offer the students the opportunity to report back on the learning assignments and activities or to reflect on what has been learnt. Continuous formative assessment takes place during contact and non-contact times to give quick feedback on learning. The lecturer and students are involved in the assessment process. Clear assessment criteria must be compiled by the lecturer in cooperation with students so that the students will know precisely what is expected of them. Together with the learner-centred teaching approach, certain universities worldwide have been obliged to decrease contact time between lecturer and student. Reasons for this can mainly be ascribed to an increase in student numbers and to effectively vii manage the lecturers' time so that more time can be spent on research. The lecturer is supposed to design and plan a specific module so that the set learning outcomes could be achieved within the reduced time. Different guidelines are identified in the context of reducing contact time so as to ensure the effective achievement of learning outcomes. The lecturer should prepare, plan and manage contact time. Students must also accept larger responsibility for independent learning and attain some of the learning outcomes during non-contact times. To support students during non-contact times and to guide them in the attainment of learning outcomes and completion of assignments, students must make use of resource-based learning. The interactive study guide and work planning, as developed and compiled by the lecturer, is necessary for providing students with assistance and guidance so that students know precisely what is expected of them, what resources to use and when. It is furthermore necessary that the assessment strategies, that are used in the teaching of Geography, support the decrease in contact time. Bigger responsibility is given to students in the assessment process and is included in self and peer group assessment of and feedback to assignments. The Geography education lecturer involved in the development of the different Geography modules must make sure that over-assessment does not take place, but that students are exposed to multiple assessment methods. Decision-making by university management on decreased contact time was probably taken without considering the full implications for learner-centred teaching. This study is an attempt to implement a learner-centred teaching approach in the Geography training of education students within the optimising of contact time between lecturer and students. A concept model for the Geography training of education students was developed to ensure the successful attainment of learning outcomes. The perception and attitudes of the students regarding the concept model in Geography-training within the optimising of contact time was analysed, after which the examination results of the students were compared with results of previous years. From the information required in the literature as well as in the implementation of the concept model in Geography training, criteria and strategies for the effective training of Geography teachers in the optimising of contact time were developed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

With the acceptance of Outcomes-based Education (OBE) in South Africa, the emphasis shifted from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred instruction approach. The learner-centred teaching approach of OBE is based on the social constructivistic teaching view. This view is based on the fundamental acceptance that people construe knowledge through interaction between their existing knowledge and beliefs and new ideas or situations within a social environment or milieu. It is thus essential that future Geography education students receive training in a similar manner as that which is expected of them as future practising teachers. Lecturers' and students' beliefs and perceptions of how instruction must take place, in the majority of cases, still support the traditional direct instruction approach where lecturers transfer knowledge to students mainly through formal lectures. The acceptance of the social constructivistic teaching approach for the training of Geography education students implies that the beliefs of lecturers and students as well as their roles in the teaching learning process, must change. This means that the purpose of contact time between lecturer and students must necessarily change. Contact time should not just be used by the lecturer for presenting content. It is the task of the Geography lecturer to create a learning environment where students are actively involved in cooperative learning environments in the learning process. The lecturer acts as facilitator, guide, enabler and fellow-explorer in the learning process. Contact sessions must be used to offer the students the opportunity to report back on the learning assignments and activities or to reflect on what has been learnt. Continuous formative assessment takes place during contact and non-contact times to give quick feedback on learning. The lecturer and students are involved in the assessment process. Clear assessment criteria must be compiled by the lecturer in cooperation with students so that the students will know precisely what is expected of them. Together with the learner-centred teaching approach, certain universities worldwide have been obliged to decrease contact time between lecturer and student. Reasons for this can mainly be ascribed to an increase in student numbers and to effectively vii manage the lecturers' time so that more time can be spent on research. The lecturer is supposed to design and plan a specific module so that the set learning outcomes could be achieved within the reduced time. Different guidelines are identified in the context of reducing contact time so as to ensure the effective achievement of learning outcomes. The lecturer should prepare, plan and manage contact time. Students must also accept larger responsibility for independent learning and attain some of the learning outcomes during non-contact times. To support students during non-contact times and to guide them in the attainment of learning outcomes and completion of assignments, students must make use of resource-based learning. The interactive study guide and work planning, as developed and compiled by the lecturer, is necessary for providing students with assistance and guidance so that students know precisely what is expected of them, what resources to use and when. It is furthermore necessary that the assessment strategies, that are used in the teaching of Geography, support the decrease in contact time. Bigger responsibility is given to students in the assessment process and is included in self and peer group assessment of and feedback to assignments. The Geography education lecturer involved in the development of the different Geography modules must make sure that over-assessment does not take place, but that students are exposed to multiple assessment methods. Decision-making by university management on decreased contact time was probably taken without considering the full implications for learner-centred teaching. This study is an attempt to implement a learner-centred teaching approach in the Geography training of education students within the optimising of contact time between lecturer and students. A concept model for the Geography training of education students was developed to ensure the successful attainment of learning outcomes. The perception and attitudes of the students regarding the concept model in Geography-training within the optimising of contact time was analysed, after which the examination results of the students were compared with results of previous years. From the information required in the literature as well as in the implementation of the concept model in Geography training, criteria and strategies for the effective training of Geography teachers in the optimising of contact time were developed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-20T16:11:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudia do Carmo Rosa - 2014.pdf: 1173009 bytes, checksum: 111454fddf7e3db6feb12acc5b4f281a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-20T16:11:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudia do Carmo Rosa - 2014.pdf: 1173009 bytes, checksum: 111454fddf7e3db6feb12acc5b4f281a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-20T16:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudia do Carmo Rosa - 2014.pdf: 1173009 bytes, checksum: 111454fddf7e3db6feb12acc5b4f281a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research has as an object of study the Supervised Curricular Stage in the graduation of the geography teacher, because this time of the progress is considered difficult due to lack of approach between institutions of higher education with field schools and vice versa. Its objective is understanding the stage when testing the formation process of the Geography teacher, having as a guide element the relation college – school. Through the activities of the internship in the Bachelor's Degree in Geography from the Universidade Estadual de Goiás – Porangatu Unit University , looks into the trainee insertion in the field school, the motivation for performing the stage, the difficulties faced in, the overcoming of such difficulties, the contributions of the stage to vocational training, the seriousness of the relation between college and school and interfaces between academic disciplines and geographic content on the school Geography building. In this sense, it is considered the stage as a potentiating curricular component from relation between mentioned educational institutions, even considering the gaps for effective interinstitutional approach. The study took a qualitative approach to the research participant type, in which data collect was accomplished by monitoring a Supervised Stage Course of Geography class in 2012 and 2013. Monitoring of research subjects, was used the narratives production as the main instrument to collect data and information. Other instruments were field diaries, documentary analysis and direct observation in the investigative field. The survey obtained twenty-two trainees participation, that produced five narratives with themes related to the activities performed on stage. The statements enabled to point the limits to be faced and the progress already achieved in the relationship between college and school, which is still far from ideal, since it is necessary the stage leaves to be seen only as required and be perceived as bureaucratic and essential part of teacher training. These research findings and the theoretical and methodological frameworks used allowed up proposals for referrals to university and school approach in building the school Geography, based, among others, in education planning, the role stage teacher-mentors and teacherssupervisors, and the geographic content role. The referrals proposed are certainly elements that become effective the approximation between college and school, and perhaps, be useful as a direction for further researches. / Esta investigação tem como objeto de estudo o Estágio Curricular Supervisionado na formação do professor de Geografia, por ser este momento do curso considerado difícil, devido à carência de aproximação entre as instituições de ensino superior com as escolas-campo e vice-versa. Seu objetivo é compreender o estágio no processo de formação do professor de Geografia, tendo como elemento norteador a relação universidade e escola. Por meio das atividades do estágio no curso de Licenciatura em Geografia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás – Unidade Universitária de Porangatu, investigam-se a inserção do estagiário na escola-campo, a motivação para a realização do estágio, as dificuldades enfrentadas, a superação de tais dificuldades, as contribuições do estágio para a formação profissional, a importância do estágio na relação universidade e escola e as interfaces entre as disciplinas acadêmicas e os conteúdos geográficos na construção da Geografia escolar. Nesse sentido, considerase o estágio um componente curricular potencializador da relação entre as instituições de ensino citadas, mesmo ponderando as lacunas existentes para uma efetiva aproximação interinstitucional. A investigação realizou-se numa abordagem qualitativa do tipo pesquisa participante, em que a coleta de dados foi efetivada mediante o acompanhamento de uma turma do Estágio Supervisionado do curso de Geografia nos anos de 2012 e 2013. No acompanhamento dos sujeitos da pesquisa, utilizou-se como principal instrumento de coleta de dados e informações a produção de narrativas. Outros instrumentos foram os diários de campo, a análise documental e a observação direta no campo investigativo. A pesquisa obteve a participação de vinte e dois estagiários, que produziram cinco narrativas com temáticas relativas às atividades realizadas no estágio. Os depoimentos possibilitaram evidenciar os limites a serem enfrentados e os avanços já conquistados na relação universidade e escola, que ainda está longe de ser a ideal, pois há a necessidade de o estágio deixar de ser visto apenas como obrigatório e burocrático e ser entendido como momento essencial da formação docente. As constatações desta investigação e os referenciais teóricometodológicos utilizados permitiram levantar propostas de encaminhamentos para a aproximação universidade e escola na construção da Geografia escolar, fundamentadas, entre outros, no planejamento de ensino, no papel dos professores orientadores e dos professores supervisores de estágio e no papel dos conteúdos geográficos. Os encaminhamentos propostos certamente são elementos condicionantes para que se efetive a aproximação universidade e escola e, quiçá, sirvam de direcionamento para outras pesquisas.