Geosynthetic tubes filled with water are considered. The tubes can be used in applications to resist rising floodwaters. They can also be used to form breakwaters and protect shores from erosion. This thesis considers single and stacked tubes resting on a rigid and deformable foundation resisting rising hydrostatic headwater. Experiments were carried out to determine the behavior of a three-tube stacked configuration resting on a sand foundation. This study was a continuation of previous work on unstacked tubes. Many tests were performed to determine the deformation and stability of the system. A geosynthetic drain was placed beneath the tubes to prevent piping. The objective was to cause failure of the system in a sliding manner and formulate a hypothesis according to the placement of the drain beneath the tubes. In order to cause a sliding failure, a strapping system was developed to try and prevent the tubes from rolling. A single tube at rest, filled with water but with no external hydrostatic pressure, was considered for analysis first. The tube rested on a rigid foundation and was assumed to be infinitely long. The friction between the tube and the foundation was neglected, and the bending stiffness of the tube was assumed to be negligible. The tube material was assumed to be inextensible. Mathematica was used to solve the system of equations and compute the unknowns. Excel was used to plot the data and observe the behavior of the tubes. An analysis was also performed on a single tube with an apron attached, resting on a rigid foundation. The apron was attached on the rising headwater side to increase stability. The assumptions for the tube at rest were also applied in this analysis. Two cases were derived and analyzed: a case where the internal hydrostatic pressure remains constant, and a case where the cross-sectional area remains constant. For the second case, the internal pressure changes as the floodwater level rises. The results from this study demonstrated that water-filled tubes, stacked or with an apron attached, can be an effective alternative method to sandbags in resisting floodwaters. / Master of Science

Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) is a promising technology that can be implemented in walls, culverts, rock fall barriers, and bridge abutments. Its use in walls and abutments is similar to Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls (MSEW) reinforced with geosynthetics. Both GRS and MSEW are reinforced soil technologies that use reinforcement to provide tensile capacity within soil masses. However, the soil theories behind each method and the design methodologies associated with GRS and MSEW technologies are quite different. Therefore, a study was undertaken to compare the required tensile strength predicted by these various reinforced soil design methodologies. For the purposes of this study, the required ultimate tensile strength was defined as the ultimate tensile strength needed in the reinforcement after all applicable factors of safety, load factors, and reduction factors were applied. The investigation explored both MSEW and GRS. GRS has been made an FHWA "Every Day Counts" initiative. Due to the push to implement GRS technology, it is critical to understand how GRS design methods differs from classic MSEW design methods, specifically in the prediction of ultimate tensile strength required. A parametric study was performed comparing five different reinforced soil analysis methods. Two are current MSEW design methods and one was a proposed revision to an existing MSEW design method. The final two were GRS design methods. These design methods are among the most current and/or widely used design references in the United States regarding reinforced soil technology. There are significant differences between the methods in the governing soil theory particularly between GRS and MSEW design methods. The goal of the study was to understand which design parameters had the most influence on calculated values of the required ultimate tensile strength and nominal "unfactored" tensile strength. A base case was established and a reasonable set of parameter variations was determined. Two loading conditions were imposed, a roadway loading scenario and a bridge loading scenario. Based on parametric study findings, conclusions were drawn about which design parameters had the most influence for different design methods. Additionally, the difference in overall predicted required tensile strength was assessed between the various methods. Finally, the underlying soil theory and assumptions employed by the different methods and their influence on predicted required tensile strength values was interpreted. / Master of Science

Column-supported embankments (CSE) enable accelerated construction on soft soils, high performance, and protection of adjacent facilities. The foundation columns transfer embankment and service loading to a competent stratum at depth such that loading on the soft soil can be reduced. This has the beneficial effects of reducing settlement and lateral displacement, and improving stability. Selection of column type depends on the design load, cost, constructability, etc., although unreinforced concrete columns are commonly used. A load transfer platform (LTP) is often included at the embankment base. This is a layer of coarse-grained fill that may include one or more layers of geosynthetic reinforcement. The LTP improves vertical load transfer to columns by mobilizing the shear strength of the LTP fill and the membrane effect of the geosynthetic. The geosynthetic reinforcement also responds in tension to lateral spreading. Herein, lateral spreading is defined as the lateral displacements occurring in response to lateral earth pressures in the embankment and foundation. Excessive lateral spreading can lead to bending failure of the concrete columns, tensile failure of the geosynthetic reinforcement, and instability of the system. Design procedures recommend inclusion of geosynthetic reinforcement to mitigate lateral spreading, with assumptions for the lateral thrust distribution, failure mode, and calculation of geosynthetic tensile capacity. The necessity and sufficiency of these assumptions have not been fully validated. In addition, unreinforced concrete columns have low tensile strength and can fail in bending, but recommendations for calculating column bending moments are not available. This research examines the limitations in CSE lateral spreading design with the goal of advancing fundamental understanding of lateral spreading mechanics. The research was performed using three-dimensional finite difference analyses. Limiting conditions for lateral spreading analysis were identified using case history records, and an undrained-dissipated approach was validated for the numerical analysis of limiting conditions (i.e., undrained end-of-construction and long-term excess pore pressure dissipated). The numerical model was calibrated using a well-documented case history. Additional analyses of the case history were performed to examine the lateral earth pressures in the foundation, column bending moments, and geosynthetic contribution to resisting lateral spreading. A parametric study was conducted to examine the lateral thrust distribution in 128 CSE scenarios. A refined substructure model was adopted for analyzing peak geosynthetic tensions and strains. Lastly, failure analyses were performed to examine the effect of different CSE design parameters on embankment failure height, failure mode, and deformations. The research produced qualitative and quantitative information about the following: (1) the percent thrust resistance provided by the geosynthetic as a function of its stiffness; (2) the geosynthetic contribution to ultimate and serviceability limit states; (3) the change in lateral thrust distribution throughout the embankment system before and after dissipation of excess pore water pressures; (4) the column-soil interactions involved in embankment failure; and (5) identification of two failure modes in the undrained condition. Design guidance based on these findings is provided. / Doctor of Philosophy / Column-supported embankments (CSEs) have been designated by the Federal Highway Administration as a critical technology for new highway alignment projects and widening of existing highways. CSEs enable accelerated construction and high performance in weak soils, which are factors critical to project success. In a CSE, columns are installed in the weak soil, followed by rapid construction of the soil embankment that provides the necessary elevation and foundation for the roadway. The columns transfer most of the embankment and traffic loading to a competent soil stratum at depth. Concrete without steel reinforcement is commonly used to construct the columns, although material selection depends on cost, constructability, expected load, etc. Layers of geosynthetic reinforcement can also be included at the embankment base. The geosynthetics help to transfer loads to the columns and resist excessive movement that could lead to instability. The entire embankment system should be designed for safety and economy. This research was motivated by uncertainties in design to mitigate lateral spreading. Lateral spreading refers to lateral displacements occurring in response to lateral earth pressures in the embankment and foundation. Excessive lateral spreading can lead to failure of the columns, geosynthetic reinforcement, and the entire embankment system. This research aims to advance fundamental understanding of lateral spreading in CSEs and to re-evaluate current design assumptions. Corresponding design guidance is provided.

Key factors that influence the design of paved and unpaved roads are the strength and stiffness of the pavement layers. Among other factors, the strength of pavements depends on the thickness and quality of the aggregates used in the pavement base layer. In India and many other countries, there is a high demand for good quality aggregates and the availability of aggregate resources is limited. There is a need for the development of sustainable construction methods which can handle aggregate requirements with least available resources and provide good performance. Hence it is imperative to strive for alternatives to achieve improved quality of pavements using supplementary potential materials and methods. The strength of pavement increases with increase in the thickness of the base which has a direct implication on construction cost whereas decreasing the thickness of the base makes it weak which results in low load bearing capacity especially for unpaved roads. The use of different types of geosynthetics like geocell and geogrid are a potential and reliable solution for the lack of availability of aggregates and studies are conducted in this direction. To better understand the performance of any geosynthetically reinforced base layers, it is essential to characterize the pavement material by studying the behavior of these materials under static as well as repeated loading. For unpaved roads, the base layer, made of granular aggregates plays a crucial role in the reduction of permanent deformation of the pavements. The resilient modulus (Mr) of these materials is a key parameter for predicting the structural response of pavements and for characterizing materials in pavement design and evaluation. Usually, during the design of flexible pavements, pavement materials are treated as homogeneous and isotropic. The use of rollers in the field during pavement construction leads to a higher compaction of material in the vertical direction which introduces stress-induced anisotropy in the base material. The effect of stress-induced anisotropy on the properties of the granular material is studied and discussed in the first part of the research by conducting repeated load triaxial tests. Isotropic consolidated and anisotropically consolidated samples were prepared to investigate the behavior of base materials under stress induced anisotropic conditions. An additional axial load was applied on the isotropically consolidated sample to create anisotropically consolidated sample. The axial loading was provided such that the stress ratio (σ1/σ3), during anisotropic consolidation was kept constant for all the tests at different confining pressures. The effect of repeated loading on the permanent deformation and the resilient modulus for both isotropically and anisotropically consolidated samples, at different confining pressure and loading conditions, are discussed. The behavior of both anisotropically and isotropically consolidated samples has been explained using the record of the excess pore pressures generated during the experiments. The experimental studies show that the permanent strains measured in the vertical direction of the anisotropically consolidated samples are less compared to the results obtained for isotropically consolidated samples. The resilient moduli of the anisotropically consolidated samples were also observed to be higher than that of the isotropically consolidated sample. The study conducted on the pore pressure of both the samples explains better performance of the anisotropically consolidated samples. The studies showed that the isotropically consolidated samples showed higher pore pressures compared to the anisotropically consolidated specimens. Another factor which influences the resilient modulus of the pavement materials is the geosynthetic reinforcement. Geocell and geogrid reinforced triaxial samples were prepared to study the effect of reinforcement in the resilient modulus of the base materials. From the literature, it can be seen that most of the research in the triaxial testing equipment were carried out in the non-destructive range of confining pressure and deviatoric stress. Several studies have been conducted by the researchers to visualize the pavement response in the elastic range. However, the studies in the plastic creep range and incremental collapse range were highly limited. In the current study, testing is carried out on the triaxial samples for two different stress ranges. In the first sections, loading was applied in the elastic and elastic shakedown range as per AASTHO T-307. For various loading sequences, a comparative analysis has been done for the resilient modulus of the geogrid and geocell. In the next section, the loading was applied on the sample in the plastic shakedown range and incremental collapse range. The results of the permanent strains and resilient modulus of the sections are compared with the corresponding results of the unreinforced section. In the plastic shakedown and incremental collapse range also the permanent strains of reinforced samples were less than those observed in the unreinforced section. The performance of geosynthetically reinforced pavement layers can be better understood by studying the samples prepared under realistic field conditions. In the case of triaxial experiments the sample size is very less compared to the field conditions and the effect of other pavement layers on the performance of the base layers cannot be studied on triaxial samples. Samples were prepared in the laboratory by modeling the pavement sections in a cuboidal tank, in which different pavement layers are laid one over the other, and a static loading or repeated loading is applied to overcome the bottleneck of small sample size in the triaxial setup. The experiments were conducted on the unreinforced section; geocell reinforced section and geogrid reinforced section placed above strong and weak subgrade. The results of the study are examined regarding the resilient deformation, permanent deformation, pressure distribution and strain measurements for different thicknesses of base layers under repeated loading. The initial parts of the study present the results of experiments and analysis of the results to understand the behavior of geocell reinforced granular base during repeated loading. In this study, an attempt is made to understand the various factors which influence the behavior of geocell reinforced granular base under repeated loading by conducting plate load tests. The loads applied on the pavements are much higher than the standard axle loading used for the design of pavements. High pressure was applied on all the test sections to simulate these higher loading conditions in the field. The optimum width and height of the geocell to be provided, to get maximum reduction in permanent deformation is studied in detail. The effect of resilient deformation of reinforced and unreinforced base layers is quantified by calculating the resilient modulus of these layers. The studies showed that the geocell reinforcement was effective in reducing the permanent and resilient deformations of base layer when compared to the unreinforced samples. The resilient modulus calculated was higher for the reinforced sample with half of the thickness of the unreinforced sample. The effect of reinforcement in the stress distribution within the base layer is also studied by measuring the pressures at different depths of the base layer. The results showed that the pressure getting transferred to the subgrade level was much lower in the case of geocell reinforced base layer. The ultimate aim of any pavement design method is to reduce the distress in the subgrade level and thus leading to increased life of pavements. Pressures at the subgrade level for reinforced and unreinforced sections are studied in detail, the main parameter under study being the stress distribution angle, to investigate the distress in the subgrade level. It was observed that the geocell reinforced sample showed higher stress distribution angle when compared to its unreinforced counterpart. Another important factor that has to be studied is the strains at the subgrade level since it is the governing factor of causing rutting in the pavements. From the experiments conducted in the study, it was shown that the reinforcement is very effective in reducing the strains at the top of subgrades. The implications of the current study are brought out in terms of improved pavement performance as the carbon emission reductions. It is important to analyze the performance of reinforced section under realistic field conditions. To do that experiment were conducted on reinforced and unreinforced base layers placed on top of weak subgrade material. The study showed that the reinforcements are effective in reducing the deformations under weak subgrade conditions also but not as effective as it was under strong subgrade case. The experimental results were then validated with the two-dimensional mechanistic-empirical model for geocell reinforced unpaved roads for predicting the performance of pavements under a significant number of cycles. The modified permanent deformation model which incorporates the triaxial test results and strains measured directly from the base sections were used to model and validate. Plate load experiments were also conducted on base layers reinforced with geogrid to understand the behavior of these reinforced samples under repeated loading. Several factors like the width of the geogrid to be provided and the depth of placing the geogrid in the base layer were studied in detail to achieve maximum reduction in deformations. Permanent and resilient deformation studies were carried out for both reinforced and unreinforced sections of varying thicknesses, and a comparison was made to understand the effect of reinforcement. The geogrid reinforcement could effectively reduce the permanent and resilient deformations when compared to the unreinforced sections. A study was also carried out on the resilient modulus, which explained the better performance of the geogrid reinforced samples by showing higher resilient modulus for reinforced samples than the unreinforced specimens. The performance of the geogrid reinforced base layers was further verified by studying the pressure distribution at the subgrade level and by calculating the stress distribution angle corresponding to the reinforced and unreinforced samples. The strains at the subgrade level were also studied and compared with the unreinforced sample which showed a better performance of geogrid reinforced samples. The results from the strain gauges fixed in the geogrid were further used to model and validate the permanent deformation model. Experiments were conducted on geogrid-reinforced base layer placed above weak subgrade conditions. The results showed that the reinforcement was effective in reducing the deformations under weak subgrade conditions also. Apart from conducting the laboratory studies, experimental results were numerically modeled to accurately back-calculate the resilient moduli of the layers used in the study. 3D numerical modeling of the unreinforced and honeycomb shaped geocell reinforced layers were carried out using finite element package of ANSYS. The subgrade layer, geocell material, and infill material were modeled with different material models to match the real case scenario. The modeling was done for both static and repeated load conditions. The material properties were changed in a systematic fashion until the vertical deformations of the loading plate matched with the corresponding values measured during the experiment. The experimental study indicates that the geocell reinforcement distributes the load in the lateral direction to a relatively shallow depth when compared to the unreinforced section. Numerical modeling further strengthened the results of the experimental studies since the modeling results were in sync with the experimental data.

This dissertation evaluates the behavior of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil (GRS) retaining structures under various soil stress states, with specific interest in the development and distribution of soil and reinforcement stresses within these structures. The stress distribution within the GRS structures is the basis of much of the industry’s current design. Unfortunately, the stress information is often not directly accessible through most of current physical testing and full-scale monitoring methods. Numerical simulations like the finite element method have provided good predictions of conservatively designed GRS structures under working stress conditions. They have provided little insight, however, into the stress information under large soil strain conditions. This is because in most soil constitutive models the post-peak behavior of soils is not well represented. Also, appropriate numerical procedures are not generally available in finite element codes, the codes used in geotechnical applications. Such procedures are crucial to properly evaluating comparatively flexible structures like GRS structures. Consequently, this study tries to integrate newly developed numerical procedures to improve the prediction of performance of GRS structures under large soil strain conditions. There are three specific objectives: 1) to develop a new softening soil model for modeling the soil’s post-peak behavior; 2) to implement a stress integration algorithm, modified forward Euler method with error control, for obtaining better stress integration results; and 3) to implement a nonlinear reinforcement model for representing the nonlinear behavior of reinforcements under large strains. The numerical implementations were made into a finite element research code, named Nonlinear Analysis of Geotechnical Problems (ANLOG). The updated finite element model was validated against actual measurement data from centrifuge testing on GRS slopes (under both working stress and failure conditions). Examined here is the soil and reinforcement stress information. This information was obtained from validated finite element simulations under various stress conditions. An understanding of the actual developed soil and reinforcement stresses offers important insights into the basis of design (e.g., examining in current design guidelines the design methods of internal stability). Such understanding also clarifies some controversial issues in current design. This dissertation specifically addresses the following issues: 1) the evolution of stresses and strains along failure surface; 2) soil strength properties (e.g., peak or residual shear strength) that govern the stability of GRS structures; 3) the mobilization of reinforcement tensions. The numerical result describes the stress response by evaluating the development of soil stress level S. This level is defined as the ratio of the current mobilized soil shear strength to the peak soil shear strength. As loading increases, areas of high stress levels are developed and propagated along the potential failure surface. After the stress levels reach unity (i.e., soil reaches its peak strength), the beginning of softening of soil strength is observed at both the top and toe of the slope. Afterward, the zones undergoing soil softening are linked, forming a band through the entire structure (i.e., a fully developed failure surface). Once the band has formed and there are a few loading increments, the system soon reaches, depending on the tensile strength of the reinforcements, instability. The numerical results also show that the failure surface corresponds to the locus of intense soil strains and the peak reinforcement strain at each reinforcement layer. What dominates the stability of GRS structures is the soil peak strength before the completed linkage of soil-softening regions. Afterward, the stability of GRS structures is mainly sustained by the soil shear strength in the post-peak region and the tensile strength of reinforcements. It was also observed that the mobilization of reinforcement tensions is disproportional to the mobilization of soil strength. Tension in the reinforcements is barely mobilized before soil along the failure surface first reaches its peak shear strength. When the average mobilization of soil shear strength along the potential failure surface exceeds approximately 95% of its peak strength, the reinforcement tensions start to be rapidly mobilized. Even so, when the average mobilization of soil strength reaches 100% of its peak shear strength, still over 30% of average reinforcement strength has not yet been mobilized. The results were used to explain important aspects of the current design methods (i.e., earth pressure method and limit equilibrium analysis) that result in conservatively designed GRS structures. / text

O uso de reforços geossintéticos tem se apresentado como uma solução eficiente que permite reduzir os custos de implantação de estruturas de contenção. Seu comportamento pode ser estudado com a utilização de softwares de elementos finitos na intenção de obter configurações ainda mais econômicas. Neste trabalho foram simulados muros de solo reforçados com geossintéticos (MSRG) pelo método dos elementos finitos (software Plaxis 8.2), analisando-se como parâmetro o deslocamento máximo da face dos muros e a máxima força mobilizada no reforço. Inicialmente, desenvolveu-se e calibrou-se um modelo numérico a partir de um modelo físico construído e monitorado encontrado na literatura. Em seguida construiu-se um modelo numérico de MSRG hipotético e realizaram-se estudos paramétricos com as variáveis: tipo de solo, priorizando-se solos finos tropicais; rigidez e espaçamento do reforço; e inclinação e altura do muro. Os resultados corroboraram a bem sucedida prática nacional de construção de muros reforçados com solos finos tropicais, sendo que a coesão se mostrou um parâmetro importante no comportamento de MSRG construídos com solos finos. / The use of geosynthetic reinforcements is an efficient solution that reduces the costs of implantation of containment structures. Their behavior can be studied by the use of finite element software, with the goal to obtain more economical configurations. In this study, geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls (MSRG) were simulated by the finite element method (software Plaxis 8.2), analyzing as a parameter the maximum face displacement and the maximum force mobilized in the reinforcement. Initially, a numeric model was developed and calibrated from a constructed and monitored physical model of the literature. After, a numerical model of hypothetical MSRG was constructed and parametric studies were done with the following variables: soil type, prioritizing tropical fine soils; reinforcement stiffness and spacing, and slope and height of the wall. The results corroborated the successful brazilian practice at the building reinforced MSRG with tropical fine soils, due cohesion being an important parameter in the behavior of MSRGs constructed with fine soils.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver, montar e testar um equipamento de grandes dimensões (largura de 1,5 x 1,5 m e altura de 1,2 m) para o ensaio em laboratório de estruturas de pavimentos com materiais, espessuras de camadas e condições de carregamento similares às de campo. Ainda nesta pesquisa analisou-se o emprego de geossintético como reforço da camada de base de novos pavimentos sobre o efeito da variação da umidade do subleito. O carregamento cíclico é gerado a partir de um cilindro pneumático. A instrumentação é constituída de LVDTs, células de carga e de tensão total que permitem o monitoramento das cargas aplicadas, das tensões no interior das camadas, e deformações elásticas e permanentes na superfície do pavimento. O carregamento cíclico, com frequência de 1 Hz, foi aplicado sobre placas rígidas com diâmetros de 300 mm e 216 mm e magnitudes de 40 kN e 20 kN, respectivamente. A partir das bacias de deflexões obtidas, foi possível, por meio de retro-análise, a determinação dos módulos de resiliência dos materiais e a partir das curvas de recalque obter uma equação da deformação plástica em função do número de ciclos de carga. O equipamento apresentou bom funcionamento, atendeu às expectativas e os transdutores forneceram medidas com a precisão exigida. E a utilização de geogrelha como reforço de camada de base mostrou eficaz tanto na redução das deformações permanentes como elásticas. / This research aims at develop, assembly and test of application of large-scale equipment (width of 1.5 x 1.5 m and height of 1.2 m) for the testing in pavement structures laboratory, with materials, thicknesses of layers and loading conditions similar to the field ones. The research still studied the application of geosynthetics as base layer reinforcement to news pavements by effect of variation in subgrade layer moisture. The loading is cyclic and generated from a pneumatic actuator. The instrumentation is constituted of LVDTs, load-cells and soil pressure transducers that permit monitoring the applied loads and the stress distribution in the interior of the layers, as well as plastic and elastic deformations. The cyclic-loading (frequency of 1 Hz) was applied on a 30-mm-diameter and a 26-mm-diameter rigid plate with force of 40 kN and 20 kN, respectively. From the deflection basin obtained, it is possible, by means of back calculation, the determination of the resilient modulus of the materials and from the deformation basin obtained the equation of permanent deformation in function of the cycle number. The equipment showed a good operation, attended to the expectations and the transducers supplied measures with the precision required.

Le sous-sol français est traversé par un nombre considérable de cavités souterraines naturelles ou anthropiques : après mine, carrières, karsts, tunnels et ouvrages civils abandonnés, etc. Ces cavités sont à l’origine de différents risques de mouvements de terrains tels que les effondrements localisés (fontis) et les affaissements qui peuvent être graves de conséquence pour les biens et les personnes. Pour réduire ce risque, un renforcement par géosynthétique des remblais sur cavités potentielles peut être mis en œuvre. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit cette thèse menée au sein de l’INERIS (projet de recherche EREVAN - Evaluation et Réduction de la Vulnérabilité des biens exposés aux Aléas Naturels et miniers), en partenariat avec le laboratoire 3SR. L’un des objectifs de ces travaux est notamment de mieux appréhender, suite à l’ouverture d’une cavité sous-jacente, le comportement et les mécanismes d’effondrement des remblais renforcés par géosynthétique, en particulier cohésifs, afin d’en optimiser le dimensionnement.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, différentes expérimentations sur des modèles physiques de laboratoire et en vraie grandeur ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus en laboratoire ont permis de préciser le rôle mécanique des renforcements géosynthétiques dans le cas d’effondrement localisé sous un remblai granulaire ou/et cohésif, une importante base de données expérimentales a ainsi été constituée. Une expérimentation en vraie grandeur a permis de valider l’intérêt au plan technique, économique et environnemental de la technique de renforcement par géosynthétique des zones sujettes à des risques fontis.La contribution particulière de ce travail réside dans l’utilisation de modèles physiques et de techniques de mesures originales développés pour simuler l’apparition d’une cavité et suivre de manière quantitative les mécanismes induits notamment dans le cas des remblais cohésifs. En particulier, une évaluation précise des mécanismes de transferts de charge et de l’interaction sol – renforcement géosynthétique due à un effondrement localisé a été rendue possible par le développement et la validation d’une technique de traitements des résultats par photogrammétrie. L’intensité de la charge transmise par le sol sur le renforcement géosynthétique, la géométrie de sa répartition, ainsi que son évolution sous l’effet d’une surcharge éventuelle en surface ont ainsi été plus spécifiquement étudiées.Les résultats expérimentaux ont été comparés avec des formulations analytiques issues de méthodes de dimensionnement existant dans la littérature. Cette comparaison nous a permis de mieux cerner les domaines de validité des méthodes de dimensionnement analytiques actuelles du renforcement géosynthétique que ce soit pour le cas d’un remblai granulaire ou cohésif et dans certains cas de formuler certaines recommandations. / The French underground is occupied by a considerable number of natural or anthropogenic underground cavities: former mining areas, quarries, karsts, tunnels and abandoned civil structures, etc. These cavities are the source of various risks of ground movements such as sinkholes and subsidence which can have a large impact on the safety people and structures or infrastructures. In order to reduce this risk, a reinforcement of the embankments by geosynthetic in the zones of potential cavities can be implemented. In this context, the thesis has been funded and managed by INERIS (research project EREVAN - Evaluation and Reduction of the Vulnerability of the properties exposed to the natural and mining Hazards), in partnership with 3SR laboratory. One of the objectives of this research is in particular to better understand, further to the opening of an underlying cavity, the behavior and the mechanisms of collapse of reinforced embankment, especially in the case of cohesive soil, in order to optimize its design.As a part of this work, various experiments on physical models in laboratory and on site have been realized. The results obtained in laboratory allowed to determine the behavior of the geosynthetic reinforcement following the collapse of a granular or/and cohesive embankment over a cavity, an important experimental database has thus been established. Full scale experiment allowed to validate the technical, economic and environmental benefits of geosynthetic reinforcement of zones subject to sinkhole.The particular contribution of this work is in the use of original physical models and measurement techniques used to simulate the occurrence of a sinkhole and follow in an accurate quantitative way the involved mechanisms, notably in the case of a cohesive backfill. In particular, a specific evaluation of load transfer mechanisms and soil - geosynthetic reinforcement interaction due to sinkhole has been enabled by the development and the validation of an image processing technique. The intensity of the load transmitted by the ground onto the geosynthetic reinforcement, the geometry of its distribution, as well as its evolution due to possible overburden load have been specifically investigated.Experimental results have been compared with analytical formulations resulting from existing design methods in the literature. This comparison allowed us to better define the domains of validity of the current analytical methods for design of geosynthetic reinforcement whether for granular or cohesive backfill, and in certain cases to formulate some recommendations.

O uso de reforços geossintéticos tem se apresentado como uma solução eficiente que permite reduzir os custos de implantação de estruturas de contenção. Seu comportamento pode ser estudado com a utilização de softwares de elementos finitos na intenção de obter configurações ainda mais econômicas. Neste trabalho foram simulados muros de solo reforçados com geossintéticos (MSRG) pelo método dos elementos finitos (software Plaxis 8.2), analisando-se como parâmetro o deslocamento máximo da face dos muros e a máxima força mobilizada no reforço. Inicialmente, desenvolveu-se e calibrou-se um modelo numérico a partir de um modelo físico construído e monitorado encontrado na literatura. Em seguida construiu-se um modelo numérico de MSRG hipotético e realizaram-se estudos paramétricos com as variáveis: tipo de solo, priorizando-se solos finos tropicais; rigidez e espaçamento do reforço; e inclinação e altura do muro. Os resultados corroboraram a bem sucedida prática nacional de construção de muros reforçados com solos finos tropicais, sendo que a coesão se mostrou um parâmetro importante no comportamento de MSRG construídos com solos finos. / The use of geosynthetic reinforcements is an efficient solution that reduces the costs of implantation of containment structures. Their behavior can be studied by the use of finite element software, with the goal to obtain more economical configurations. In this study, geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls (MSRG) were simulated by the finite element method (software Plaxis 8.2), analyzing as a parameter the maximum face displacement and the maximum force mobilized in the reinforcement. Initially, a numeric model was developed and calibrated from a constructed and monitored physical model of the literature. After, a numerical model of hypothetical MSRG was constructed and parametric studies were done with the following variables: soil type, prioritizing tropical fine soils; reinforcement stiffness and spacing, and slope and height of the wall. The results corroborated the successful brazilian practice at the building reinforced MSRG with tropical fine soils, due cohesion being an important parameter in the behavior of MSRGs constructed with fine soils.

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the effects of temperature and moisture on the shear strength of textured geomembrane (T-GM) and geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) interface. Several landfill slope failures involving geosynthetics have occurred within the past three decades. Interface shear strength of T-GM/GCL is well documented for testing conducted at laboratory temperatures and at moisture contents associated with GCLs in submerged conditions. However, in-service conditions for landfill liner systems include a wide range of temperatures (extending from below 0 °C to above 40 °C) and a wide range of moisture conditions. Large-scale interface direct shear tests were performed at normal stresses of cover liners (10, 20, and 30 kPa) and bottom liners (100, 200, and 300 kPa). Cover liner specimens were subjected to temperatures of 2, 20 and 40 °C; and bottom liner specimens were subjected to temperatures of 20 and 40 °C. Both cover and bottom liner specimens were prepared at moisture contents of as-received (approx. 18-19%), 50%, and 100%. Cover liner specimens exhibited decreased peak interface shear strength (tp) with increasing temperature. Specimens sheared at 2 °C exhibited greater tp than those sheared at 20 °C by as much as 27%. Specimens sheared at 20 °C exhibited greater tp than those sheared at 40 °C by as much as 16%. Large-displacement interface shear strength (tld) generally exhibited a bell-shaped relationship with increasing temperature with the greatest tld at 20 °C. A bell-shaped relationship was exhibited between temperature and peak and large-displacement interface friction angle (dp and dld). dp ranged from 17.4 to 26.3°, 23.8 to 29°, and 20.4 to 22.2° for 2, 20, and 40 °C, respectively. dld ranged from 12.7 to 18.2°, 18.2 to 20.6°, and 15.9 to 16.7° for 2, 20, and 40 °C, respectively. Decreased d at 2 and 40 °C were largely attributed to increased geosynthetic damage. Bottom liner specimens exhibited decreased tp and tld with increasing temperature by up to 12% and 16%, respectively. Bottom liner specimens exhibited decreased tp and tld with increasing moisture content by up to 14% and 36%, respectively. For bottom liner specimens, a trend of decreased dp with increased temperatures was exhibited. dp ranged from 20 to 24.7° and 19.5 to 22.2° for 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively. dld ranged from 10.4 to 15.6° and 8.9 to 13.9° for 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Decreased d at 40 °C was largely attributed to increased geosynthetic damage and increased bentonite extrusion. Increased moisture content resulted in decreased dp and dld by up to 4.7 and 5.1°, respectively. Results of this testing program indicated that T-GM/GCL interface shear strengths are influenced by temperature and moisture content within ranges representative of field conditions. Interpolation factors and reduction factors were developed for use to avoid overestimation of d when determined at standard laboratory temperatures. For cover liners, reduction factors of 0.8 and 0.85 are recommended for dp and dld, respectively. For bottom liners, reduction factors of 0.9 and 0.85 are recommended for dp and dld, respectively.