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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Risks, rewards and rationality

Leuker, Christina 30 November 2018 (has links)
“Wer nicht wagt, der nicht gewinnt!” —hohe Gewinne sind oft unwahrscheinlich. Theorien der “Adaptiven Kognition” sagen voraus, dass ein solcher statistischer Zusammenhang aus der Welt kognitive Prozesse systematisch beeinflussen kann (u.A. Anderson, 1991; Brunswik, 1944; Gibson, 1979). Im 1. Kapitel gebe ich einen breit gefächerten Überblick warum dies der Fall sein kann. Im 2. Kapitel zeige ich experimentell, dass eine Korrelation zwischen Gewinnhöhe und Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit (keine Gewinnwahrschenlichkeit gegeben) beeinflusst. Versuchspersonen schätzten die Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit gemäß der Gewinnhöhe ein. Im 3. Kapitel zeige ich experimentell, dass Versuchspersonen durch die Korrelation zwischen Gewinnhöhe und Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit Erwartungen aufbauten: War eine Option “überraschend”, z.B. da sie einen hohen Gewinn mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit verspricht, wurde eine solch überraschend gute Optionen länger evaluiert. Im 4. Kapitel beschäftige ich mich mit Entscheidungen unter Risiko. Mithilfe eines kognitiven Modells zeige ich, dass eine Struktur, in der hohe Gewinne sich als unwahrscheinlich erweisen, zu einer schnelleren, einfacheren Entscheidungsstrategie führen, als eine unkorrelierte Struktur. Im 5. Kapitel zeige ich, wie das von vielen Menschen angenommene “No free Lunch” Prinzip sich auf die Beurteilung von Risiken im Bereich klinischer Studien auswirkt: Hohe Vergütungen für klinische Studien können dazu führen, dass die Studie als riskanter und schlussendlich unethischer wahrgenommen wird. Zusammengefasst ergänzt die Arbeit ergänzt vorherige Forschung, indem sie zeigt, dass Gewinne und Wahrscheinlichkeiten nicht nur in der Welt systematisch miteinander verbunden sind, sondern auch in der menschlichen Kognition. Dies wirft ein neues Licht auf eine alte Frage: Wer entscheidet wann “rational”, und warum? / The large rewards that people desire are typically unlikely. Theories of adaptive cognition predict that such a regularity can systematically affect how the mind operates (e.g. Anderson, 1991; Brunswik, 1944; Gibson, 1979). In this dissertation, I theoretically and empirically examined how the link between risks and rewards affects judgments and decisions. In Chapter 1, I provide a broad theoretical overview. In Chapter 2, I show how people exploit risk–reward structures in decisions under uncertainty; that is, decisions in which probabilities are unavailable to the decision maker or difficult to ascertain. In these situations, people can infer the probabilities of events directly from the payoffs when risks and rewards are found to be correlated. Chapter 3 shows that risk–reward shapes how people evaluate options in decisions under risk. Surprising options that did not fit surrounding risk–reward structures were linked to longer response times and an increase in pupil size, particularly when options were “surprisingly good”—i.e., when they offered a high payoff and a high probability. Chapter 4 addresses how risk–reward structures affect decisions under risk in general. A computational model showed that risk–reward structures do not change (subjective) preferences in choices. Instead, risk–reward structures affect how people accumulate evidence in risky choice. Specifically, inversely related risks and rewards promote satisficing whereas uncorrelated risks and rewards promote maximizing. In Chapter 5, I provide an example of how risk–reward structures affect decision making in the wild. Specifically, I show that some individuals use very high pay as a cue to infer the potential risks a clinical trial poses. Taken together, this work suggests that people’s risk–reward priors should not be blindly assumed away, and challenges assumptions on who is considered rational and why.
2

Older adults process the probability of winning sooner but weigh it less during lottery decisions

Chen, Hsiang‑Yu, Lombardi, Gaia, Li, Shu‑Chen, Hare, Todd A. 05 March 2024 (has links)
Empirical evidence has shown that visually enhancing the saliency of reward probabilities can ease the cognitive demands of value comparisons and improve value-based decisions in old age. In the present study, we used a time-varying drift diffusion model that includes starting time parameters to better understand (1) how increasing the saliency of reward probabilities may affect the dynamics of value-based decision-making and (2) how these effects may interact with age. We examined choices made by younger and older adults in a mixed lottery choice task. On a subset of trials, we used a colorcoding scheme to highlight the saliency of reward probabilities, which served as a decision-aid. The results showed that, in control trials, older adults started to consider probability relative to magnitude information sooner than younger adults, but that their evidence accumulation processes were less sensitive to reward probabilities than that of younger adults. This may indicate a noisier and more stochastic information accumulation process during value-based decisions in old age. The decision-aid increased the influence of probability information on evidence accumulation rates in both age groups, but did not alter the relative timing of accumulation for probability versus magnitude in either group.

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