[pt] Câmeras de pixel único consistem em reconstruir computacionalmente imagens em duas dimensões a partir de um conjunto de medidas feitas por um detector de único pixel. Para que se obtenha a informação espacial, um conjunto de padrões de modulação são aplicados à luz transmitida/refletida do objeto e essa informação é combinada com o sinal integral do detector. Primeiro, apresentamos uma visão geral desses sistemas e demonstramos a implementação de uma prova de conceito capaz de fazer aquisição de imagem usando três modos de operação: Varredura, escaneamento por base de Hadamard, e escaneamento por base de Hadamard com sensoriamento compreensivo. Segundo, discutimos como os diferentes parâmetros experimentais do sistema ótico afetam a aquisição. Finalmente, comparamos a performance dos três modos de operação quando usados para a aquisição de images com tamanhos entre (8px, 8px) e (128px, 128px). / [en] Single-pixel imaging consists in computationally reconstructing 2-dimensional images from a set of intensity measurements taken by a singlepoint detector. To derive the spatial information of a scene, a set of modulation patterns are applied to the transmitted/backscattered light from the object and combined with the integral signal on the detector. First, we present an overview of such optical systems and implement a proof of concept that can perform image acquisition using three different modes of operation: Raster scanning, Hadamard basis scanning, and Hadamard compressive sampling. Second, we explore how the different experimental parameters affect image acquisition. Finally, we compare how the three scanning mode perform for acquisition of images of sizes ranging from (8px, 8px) to (128px, 128px).

Nous présentons dans ce mémoire deux travaux expérimentaux basés sur la formation d'images jumelles par des photons jumeaux : la mise en évidence d'un paradoxe de Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) sur des paires uniques d'images jumelles, et la réalisation d'une expérience d'imagerie fantôme temporelle quantique. Les photons intriqués générés par amplifications paramétrique du bruit quantique permettent la formation d'images à la distribution de photons analogue dans le plan image, et symétrique dans le plan de Fourier : les images jumelles. Dans un premier chapitre nous proposons une description préalable de ces images jumelles, basée sur l'étude des propriétés des faisceaux jumeaux, ainsi que leur acquisition par des caméras EMCCD dans un régime de comptage de photons. Dans le second chapitre, nous mettons en évidence un paradoxe EPR sur des paires uniques d'images jumelles, sans aucun recours à des moyennes temporelles ou propriétés issues de l'ensemble des images. Nous montrons que les intercorrélations de seules deux paires d'images jumelles, l'une acquises dans le plan image et l'autre dans le plan de Fourier, sont suffisantes pour obtenir un degré de paradoxe élevé.Dans le dernier chapitre, nous montrons une expérience d'imagerie fantôme temporelle quantique. Dans cette expérience, les images jumelles sont utilisées pour multiplexer spatialement un signal temporel non répétable. Lorsque l'acquisition de ce signal cause la perte de sa résolution temporelle, les corrélations dues aux photons jumeaux permettent sa reconstitution. / We present in this thesis two experimental works based on the formation of twin images by twin photons : evidence of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox on single pairs of twin images, and the demonstration of quantum temporal ghost imaging.Entangled photons generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion are used to generate images with a similar distribution of photons in the image plane, or symmetrical in the Fourier plane: the twin images. In a first chapter, we propose a description of the twin images, based on the study of the properties of twin beams, and their acquisition by EMCCD cameras in the photon counting regime.In the second chapter we provide a test of the EPR paradox in single pairs of twin images, without any temporal averaging or properties issued of a set of several images. We show that the intercorrelations of only two pairs of twin images, the first one acquired in the image plane and the other one in the Fourier plane, are sufficient to obtain a high degree of paradox.In the last chapter, we show an experiment of quantum temporal ghost imaging. In this experiment, twin images are used to spatially multiplex a nonreproducible time signal. Although it is acquired without temporal resolution, the photons correlations allow its retrieval.