Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 C38 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 M78 / Master of Science

This degree has been obtained at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Medical University of South Africa, now part of the new Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pretoria Saanen and South African Indigenous goats were bred to kid at twelve months and annually thereafter. Milk production was recorded. Conception rates were generally more than 90 %, except for Indigenous goats in their first year. Few Indigenous goats (12 %) had twins at the first parturition, whereas 45% of Saanens had twins at 12 months of age. Twinning increased with age, and Saanen and Indigenous goats had kidding rates of 182% and 174% respectively in their third year, with Saanens later exceeding 200%. Triplets were infrequent, except in mature Saanens (9% of parturitions), and in Crossbreds (16%). Mean lactation yields were 579, 838, and 758kg for Saanens in first, second and third lactations, respectively. Lactation lengths were 283, 293 and 290 days respectively (excluding milk production beyond 300 days). Mean lactation yields for Crossbreds were 317, 446 and 438kg for first, second and third lactations. Lactation lengths were slightly shorter for Crossbreds than for the Saanens at 236, 248 and 257 days respectively. Indigenous goats were recorded at a mean milk yield of 23kg per lactation, and a mean lactation length of 94 days. Milk composition analyses for Saanens averaged 3.43, 2.88, and 4.49% for milk fat, protein and lactose, respectively. The analyses for Crossbred goats were 5.47, 3.88 and 4.81%, and for Indigenous goats were 9.33, 5.04 and 5.12%, respectively. These results showed that Crossbred goats gave less milk than Saanens, but significantly more than Indigenous goats. Milk production of Crossbred goats was found to be adequate for household requirements (subsistence purposes). In this way, the Crossbred goats were shown to be able to fulfil one of the objectives of the crossbreeding programme. The main disease identified was coccidiosis, acccompanied by pneumonia, which caused unacceptably high mortality among goat kids: 31% of Saanen, 24% of Crossbred, 38% of Three-quarter Saanen and 28% of Indigenous female kids. It is believed that this problem is largely management related, and worsened by overcrowding and the consequent poor hygiene; but the presence of rotavirus might also be significant. These aspects warrant further investigation. The main disease problem identified in mature goats was mastitis, which caused deaths of goats from peracute cases. Another important problem which became apparent after four years of age, was the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma on the udders of Saanens. Reduced exposure to the sun, by the provision of adequate shade should alleviate this problem; but the crossbreeding programme was seen to be of benefit, since no cases occurred in Crossbred goats. The experiment on heartwater aimed to assess resistance to this disease. Saanen, Indigenous and Crossbred goats were reared in a tick-free environment. In Year 1, eight goats of each type at eight months of age were given 5ml virulent heartwater blood of the Ball 3 stock. Temperatures and clinical sign were monitored. All eight Saanens were overcome by the disease, but only one Indigenous goat and two Crossbreds. In Year 2, Phase 1 of the experiment included six males and six females each of Indigenous and Crossbred goats at 11 months of age. Seven Crossbreds, but no Indigenous goats died. In Phase 2, nine Saanens were treated with tetracycline and compared to two untreated Saanens and nine untreated Three-quarter Saanen goats at 12 months of age. Both of the untreated and one of the treated Saanens died, and seven of the Three-quarter Saanens died. There were only small differences in temperature reactions; but Indigenous goats showed less clinical signs than other breeds. No differences of gender or year were apparent. These experiments indicated that Saanen goats show no genetic resistance, but that South African Indigenous goats appear to be genetically resistant to heartwater, and can transmit this resistance to a good proportion of Crossbred progeny. It has been shown therefore that it is feasible to develop a dairy goat resistant to heartwater, which could contribute significantly to the reduction of human malnutrition in rural and peri-urban communities in Southern Africa. / Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 1997. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

M.Tech. / Capra hircus (boer goats) are well known for their hardy adaptability to arid regions and their ability to survive and thrive in areas where grazing is low in nutrition. They are an irreplaceable source of protein for the lower income groups of arid regions in South Africa. Boer goats are prone to helminthiasis (infestation of intestinal parasitic worms), which can result in poor health (Kumba, 2002). This can have a significant effect on the long term productivity of the animal (Alexandre and Mandonnet, 2005), resulting in economic and nutritional strain in poor farming communities who depend on goats as a primary source of protein and income (Kumba, 2002). Conventional treatments worldwide show a trend of resistance of helminths to treatment and carry the risk of inducing side effects when administered (Kumba, 2002; Scarfe, 2004; Schnyder et al., 2005). Homoeopathic research has shown promising results in the treatment of helminthiasis in animals (Zacherias et al., 2008; Jeannes et al, 2001), but no research currently exists of homoeopathy on helminthiasis in Boer goats.

Small-scale goat farmers from south-western KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, identified gastrointestinal helminths, dry-season feed scarcity and poor reproductive performance as major production constraints and highlighted the paucity of information on goat health and management. The research and extension processes adopted to address these problems comprised on-station experimentation, followed by on-farm validation combined with the participatory dissemination of both study findings and relevant information on goat health care. The approach included the use of the FAMACHA© system to assess anaemia, a characteristic symptom of infection with the gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803). On-station experimentation indicated that urea-molasses block supplementation during the dry, winter season was a cost-effective option. Unfortunately, when tested on-farm, the value of such supplementation proved inconclusive, possibly due to low block consumption and further research into alternative and palatable protein supplements for goats is suggested. However, tactical anthelmintic treatment with ivermectin effectively reduced faecal egg counts and is recommended, as is concurrent symptomatic anthelmintic treatment, as determined by the FAMACHA© system, since this practice appeared to improve reproductive capacity. Investigations to better adapt the FAMACHA© system to goats is, however, recommended. A flexible training framework was developed with the collaboration of the farmers, providing them with advice on goat health and management. This ‘hands-on’ approach encompassed regular meetings geared to the farmers’ current expertise and exploited the on-farm experimentation as a training vehicle. The process nurtured local farmer ‘champions’, strengthened the extension skills of researchers and technicians and incorporated the development of a Goatkeepers’ animal health care manual. Indications are that the use of such an approach has considerable potential for the development of goat farming. Moreover this process, which is relatively novel for South Africa, is equally applicable to other similar agro-ecological zones. Access to veterinary and agricultural inputs in areas where communal grazing is practised could be vastly improved and a case is made for universities, researchers, extensionists and farmers to collaborate to encourage the long-term sustainable development of these communities. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as principais doenças diagnosticadas em caprinos no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2000 a 2016. No primeiro artigo foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte em caprinos diagnosticadas de 2000 a 2016. Do total de 322 caprinos necropsiados neste período, 290 (90%) obtiveram um diagnostico conclusivo. Dos casos conclusos, 167 (57,6%) corresponderam a enfermidades de origem infecciosa e toxi-infecciosas e 123 (42,4%) enquadrados em causas não infecciosas. Entre as doenças infecciosas foram contabilizados 54 casos de origem bacteriana, 60 casos com envolvimento parasitário, 14 casos de origem viral, além de 39 casos toxi-infecciosos. As doenças de caráter não infeccioso foram ainda agrupadas em doenças metabólicas (44 casos), intoxicações por plantas ou substâncias tóxicas (36), deficiências minerais e nutricionais (20), neoplasias e distúrbios no desenvolvimento (5). A hemoncose, eimeriose, pleuropneumonias e a enterotoxemia foram as doenças mais frequentemente diagnosticadas neste período. O segundo artigo descreve um surto de tuberculose em caprinos jovens. Onze de um total de 15 caprinos, de cinco a 15 dias de idade, foram positivos ao teste de tuberculina. Na necropsia, o parênquima pulmonar de todos os caprinos positivos apresentavam nódulos de 0,3 a 10 cm de diâmetro, coloração brancacenta a amarelada, ocasionalmente, também observados no fígado e baço Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos, mediastínicos e traqueobrônquicos apresentavam-se acentuadamente aumentados de tamanho e aspecto caseoso. Na avaliação histológica, a lesão era caracterizada por intensa necrose caseosa, com áreas de mineralização distrófica, associados a acentuado infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e a marcação por imuno-histoquímica anti-complexo Micobacterium tuberculosis evidenciou discreta a moderada quantidade de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. O cultivo microbiológico e a análise molecular confirmaram o agente etiológico M. bovis. O terceiro artigo descreve dermatite e hepatopatia tóxica crônica natural e experimental em caprinos associadas ao consumo de farelo de arroz desengordurado. Caprinos jovens, de um a quatro meses de idade, apresentavam alopecia e formações crostosas na pele, apatia, emagrecimento, prurido discreto e, vinham a óbito em um período de 30-40 dias. À necropsia, o fígado apresentava irregularidades na superfície capsular, coloração alaranjada a avermelhada, além de rins com múltiplas áreas circulares brancacentas na superfície capsular. À análise microscópica, acentuada atrofia de hepatócitos em região periportal hepática e moderada degeneração hepatocelular microvacuolar. No estudo experimental comprovou-se a etiologia dos casos, através da manifestação de lesões de pele, hepática e renais similares ao dos casos naturais, entretanto em menor intensidade. / This work aims to describe the main diseases diagnosed in goats in the Sector of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul from 2000 to 2016. The first article describes the main causes of death in goats diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. A conclusive diagnosis was obtained in 290 (90%) cases from a total of 322 goats necropsied. Of these cases, 167 (57.6%) corresponded to infectious and toxi-infectious diseases, and 123 (42.4%) included non-infectious causes. Among the infectious diseases 54 cases were of bacterial origin, 60 cases were caused by parasite agents, 14 cases of viral origin, and 39 toxi-infectious cases. Non-infectious diseases were also grouped into metabolic diseases (44 cases), poisoning by plants or toxic substances (36), mineral and nutritional deficiencies (20), neoplasms and developmental disorders (5). Haemonchosis, eimeriosis, pleuropneumonia and enterotoxemia remain as one of the major control obstacles in goat farms. The second article describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in goat kids. Eleven of a total of 15 kids, from 5 to 15 days old, were positive to tuberculin. At necropsy, the pulmonary parenchyma of all positive goats had white to yellowish nodules of 0.3 to 10 cm in diameter, that were occasionally also observed in the liver and spleen The retropharyngeal, mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly enlarged and with a caseous aspect. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by an intense caseous necrosis, with areas of dystrophic mineralization, associated to a marked granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. Ziehl-Neelsen histochemistry exam and immunohistochemical anti-Micobacterium tuberculosis complex evidenced mild to moderate amount of bacilli. Microbiological culture and molecular analysis confirmed M. bovis as the etiological agent. The third article describes a natural and an experimental toxic liver disease associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran in goats. These presented with alopecia and crusted formations on the skin, apathy, weight loss, mild pruritus, and death within a period of 30-40 days. At necropsy, the liver presented multifocal to coalescing orange to reddish irregular areas on the capsular surface, and the kidneys presented multiple white circular areas on the capsular surface. Microscopic analysis revealed a marked hepatocyte atrophy at the hepatic periportal region, and a moderate microvacuolar hepatocellular degeneration. In the experimental study, the etiology of the cases was demonstrated through the manifestation of lower intensity skin, liver and kidney lesions similar to those of the natural cases.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as principais doenças diagnosticadas em caprinos no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2000 a 2016. No primeiro artigo foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte em caprinos diagnosticadas de 2000 a 2016. Do total de 322 caprinos necropsiados neste período, 290 (90%) obtiveram um diagnostico conclusivo. Dos casos conclusos, 167 (57,6%) corresponderam a enfermidades de origem infecciosa e toxi-infecciosas e 123 (42,4%) enquadrados em causas não infecciosas. Entre as doenças infecciosas foram contabilizados 54 casos de origem bacteriana, 60 casos com envolvimento parasitário, 14 casos de origem viral, além de 39 casos toxi-infecciosos. As doenças de caráter não infeccioso foram ainda agrupadas em doenças metabólicas (44 casos), intoxicações por plantas ou substâncias tóxicas (36), deficiências minerais e nutricionais (20), neoplasias e distúrbios no desenvolvimento (5). A hemoncose, eimeriose, pleuropneumonias e a enterotoxemia foram as doenças mais frequentemente diagnosticadas neste período. O segundo artigo descreve um surto de tuberculose em caprinos jovens. Onze de um total de 15 caprinos, de cinco a 15 dias de idade, foram positivos ao teste de tuberculina. Na necropsia, o parênquima pulmonar de todos os caprinos positivos apresentavam nódulos de 0,3 a 10 cm de diâmetro, coloração brancacenta a amarelada, ocasionalmente, também observados no fígado e baço Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos, mediastínicos e traqueobrônquicos apresentavam-se acentuadamente aumentados de tamanho e aspecto caseoso. Na avaliação histológica, a lesão era caracterizada por intensa necrose caseosa, com áreas de mineralização distrófica, associados a acentuado infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e a marcação por imuno-histoquímica anti-complexo Micobacterium tuberculosis evidenciou discreta a moderada quantidade de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. O cultivo microbiológico e a análise molecular confirmaram o agente etiológico M. bovis. O terceiro artigo descreve dermatite e hepatopatia tóxica crônica natural e experimental em caprinos associadas ao consumo de farelo de arroz desengordurado. Caprinos jovens, de um a quatro meses de idade, apresentavam alopecia e formações crostosas na pele, apatia, emagrecimento, prurido discreto e, vinham a óbito em um período de 30-40 dias. À necropsia, o fígado apresentava irregularidades na superfície capsular, coloração alaranjada a avermelhada, além de rins com múltiplas áreas circulares brancacentas na superfície capsular. À análise microscópica, acentuada atrofia de hepatócitos em região periportal hepática e moderada degeneração hepatocelular microvacuolar. No estudo experimental comprovou-se a etiologia dos casos, através da manifestação de lesões de pele, hepática e renais similares ao dos casos naturais, entretanto em menor intensidade. / This work aims to describe the main diseases diagnosed in goats in the Sector of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul from 2000 to 2016. The first article describes the main causes of death in goats diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. A conclusive diagnosis was obtained in 290 (90%) cases from a total of 322 goats necropsied. Of these cases, 167 (57.6%) corresponded to infectious and toxi-infectious diseases, and 123 (42.4%) included non-infectious causes. Among the infectious diseases 54 cases were of bacterial origin, 60 cases were caused by parasite agents, 14 cases of viral origin, and 39 toxi-infectious cases. Non-infectious diseases were also grouped into metabolic diseases (44 cases), poisoning by plants or toxic substances (36), mineral and nutritional deficiencies (20), neoplasms and developmental disorders (5). Haemonchosis, eimeriosis, pleuropneumonia and enterotoxemia remain as one of the major control obstacles in goat farms. The second article describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in goat kids. Eleven of a total of 15 kids, from 5 to 15 days old, were positive to tuberculin. At necropsy, the pulmonary parenchyma of all positive goats had white to yellowish nodules of 0.3 to 10 cm in diameter, that were occasionally also observed in the liver and spleen The retropharyngeal, mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly enlarged and with a caseous aspect. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by an intense caseous necrosis, with areas of dystrophic mineralization, associated to a marked granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. Ziehl-Neelsen histochemistry exam and immunohistochemical anti-Micobacterium tuberculosis complex evidenced mild to moderate amount of bacilli. Microbiological culture and molecular analysis confirmed M. bovis as the etiological agent. The third article describes a natural and an experimental toxic liver disease associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran in goats. These presented with alopecia and crusted formations on the skin, apathy, weight loss, mild pruritus, and death within a period of 30-40 days. At necropsy, the liver presented multifocal to coalescing orange to reddish irregular areas on the capsular surface, and the kidneys presented multiple white circular areas on the capsular surface. Microscopic analysis revealed a marked hepatocyte atrophy at the hepatic periportal region, and a moderate microvacuolar hepatocellular degeneration. In the experimental study, the etiology of the cases was demonstrated through the manifestation of lower intensity skin, liver and kidney lesions similar to those of the natural cases.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as principais doenças diagnosticadas em caprinos no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2000 a 2016. No primeiro artigo foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte em caprinos diagnosticadas de 2000 a 2016. Do total de 322 caprinos necropsiados neste período, 290 (90%) obtiveram um diagnostico conclusivo. Dos casos conclusos, 167 (57,6%) corresponderam a enfermidades de origem infecciosa e toxi-infecciosas e 123 (42,4%) enquadrados em causas não infecciosas. Entre as doenças infecciosas foram contabilizados 54 casos de origem bacteriana, 60 casos com envolvimento parasitário, 14 casos de origem viral, além de 39 casos toxi-infecciosos. As doenças de caráter não infeccioso foram ainda agrupadas em doenças metabólicas (44 casos), intoxicações por plantas ou substâncias tóxicas (36), deficiências minerais e nutricionais (20), neoplasias e distúrbios no desenvolvimento (5). A hemoncose, eimeriose, pleuropneumonias e a enterotoxemia foram as doenças mais frequentemente diagnosticadas neste período. O segundo artigo descreve um surto de tuberculose em caprinos jovens. Onze de um total de 15 caprinos, de cinco a 15 dias de idade, foram positivos ao teste de tuberculina. Na necropsia, o parênquima pulmonar de todos os caprinos positivos apresentavam nódulos de 0,3 a 10 cm de diâmetro, coloração brancacenta a amarelada, ocasionalmente, também observados no fígado e baço Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos, mediastínicos e traqueobrônquicos apresentavam-se acentuadamente aumentados de tamanho e aspecto caseoso. Na avaliação histológica, a lesão era caracterizada por intensa necrose caseosa, com áreas de mineralização distrófica, associados a acentuado infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e a marcação por imuno-histoquímica anti-complexo Micobacterium tuberculosis evidenciou discreta a moderada quantidade de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. O cultivo microbiológico e a análise molecular confirmaram o agente etiológico M. bovis. O terceiro artigo descreve dermatite e hepatopatia tóxica crônica natural e experimental em caprinos associadas ao consumo de farelo de arroz desengordurado. Caprinos jovens, de um a quatro meses de idade, apresentavam alopecia e formações crostosas na pele, apatia, emagrecimento, prurido discreto e, vinham a óbito em um período de 30-40 dias. À necropsia, o fígado apresentava irregularidades na superfície capsular, coloração alaranjada a avermelhada, além de rins com múltiplas áreas circulares brancacentas na superfície capsular. À análise microscópica, acentuada atrofia de hepatócitos em região periportal hepática e moderada degeneração hepatocelular microvacuolar. No estudo experimental comprovou-se a etiologia dos casos, através da manifestação de lesões de pele, hepática e renais similares ao dos casos naturais, entretanto em menor intensidade. / This work aims to describe the main diseases diagnosed in goats in the Sector of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul from 2000 to 2016. The first article describes the main causes of death in goats diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. A conclusive diagnosis was obtained in 290 (90%) cases from a total of 322 goats necropsied. Of these cases, 167 (57.6%) corresponded to infectious and toxi-infectious diseases, and 123 (42.4%) included non-infectious causes. Among the infectious diseases 54 cases were of bacterial origin, 60 cases were caused by parasite agents, 14 cases of viral origin, and 39 toxi-infectious cases. Non-infectious diseases were also grouped into metabolic diseases (44 cases), poisoning by plants or toxic substances (36), mineral and nutritional deficiencies (20), neoplasms and developmental disorders (5). Haemonchosis, eimeriosis, pleuropneumonia and enterotoxemia remain as one of the major control obstacles in goat farms. The second article describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in goat kids. Eleven of a total of 15 kids, from 5 to 15 days old, were positive to tuberculin. At necropsy, the pulmonary parenchyma of all positive goats had white to yellowish nodules of 0.3 to 10 cm in diameter, that were occasionally also observed in the liver and spleen The retropharyngeal, mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly enlarged and with a caseous aspect. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by an intense caseous necrosis, with areas of dystrophic mineralization, associated to a marked granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. Ziehl-Neelsen histochemistry exam and immunohistochemical anti-Micobacterium tuberculosis complex evidenced mild to moderate amount of bacilli. Microbiological culture and molecular analysis confirmed M. bovis as the etiological agent. The third article describes a natural and an experimental toxic liver disease associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran in goats. These presented with alopecia and crusted formations on the skin, apathy, weight loss, mild pruritus, and death within a period of 30-40 days. At necropsy, the liver presented multifocal to coalescing orange to reddish irregular areas on the capsular surface, and the kidneys presented multiple white circular areas on the capsular surface. Microscopic analysis revealed a marked hepatocyte atrophy at the hepatic periportal region, and a moderate microvacuolar hepatocellular degeneration. In the experimental study, the etiology of the cases was demonstrated through the manifestation of lower intensity skin, liver and kidney lesions similar to those of the natural cases.