Airbags have been saving lives in automobile crashes for many years and are now being used in helicopters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for ocular injuries to helicopter pilots wearing night vision goggles when the airbag is deployed. A nonlinear finite element model of the human eye was constructed. Ocular structures never before included in finite element models of the eye, such as the fatty tissue, extraocular muscles, and bony orbit were included in this model. In addition, this model includes material properties up to rupture making the eye suitable for large deformation applications. The model was imported into Madymo and used to determine the worst-case position of a helicopter pilot wearing night vision goggles. This was evaluated as the greatest Von Mises stress in the eye when the airbag is deployed. The worst-case position was achieved by minimizing the distance between the eyes and goggles, having the occupant look directly into the airbag, and making initial contact with the airbag halfway through its full deployment. By removing the extraocular muscles, the stress sustained by the eye decreased. Simulations with both the goggles remaining fastened and breaking away from the aviator helmet were performed. Finally, placing a protective lens in front of the eyes was found to reduce the stress to the eye but increase the force experienced by the surrounding orbital bones. The finite element model of the eye proved effective at evaluating the experimental boundary conditions, and could be used in the future to evaluate impact loading on eyes that have been surgically corrected and to model the geometry of the orbital bones. / Master of Science

Detta projekt har tagit fram ett koncept för vintergoggles som möjliggör samtidig glasögonanvändning, så kallat OTG-goggles. Goggles används som skydd för ögonen vid vintersportsutövning såsom skid- och snowboardåkning. Detta har gjorts genom att följa metoden Double Diamond i produktutvecklingen. Under arbetet har de fyra faserna Discover, Define, Develop och Deliver bejakats. Efterforskningar visade på att särskilt känsliga punkter för OTG goggles är passformen kring näspartiet samt sidorna av ett par goggles då dessa områden kan pressa på glasögonen och på så sätt orsaka obehag, alternativt göra det omöjligt att bära goggles och glasögon samtidigt. Skribenterna utforskade olika koncept sett till de känsliga punkterna med hjälp av relevant information från det uppdragsgivande företaget Flaxta samt det handledande företaget Above. Med hjälp av detta kunde olika koncept tas fram, testas och utvecklas. Prototyper gjordes och testades i tre omgångar på flertalet testpersoner med olika ansiktstyper och glasögon. Alla koncept utgick från den befintliga goggles-modellen Plenty från Flaxtas nuvarande kollektion. Resultatet blev en kombination av tre olika koncept som såg till att lösa de känsliga punkternas problemområden relaterade till OTG-goggles. Dessa koncept var Cut (näsparti), Utskärning (sidoparti) samt Gradramen (ramutformningen). Konceptet Cut relativt originalet Plenty hade delar av näspartiet skurits ur vilket gav mer utrymme för glasögonens lins och gjorde så att näspartiet inte längre pressade upp glasögonen mot näsryggen. Konceptet Utskärning gick ut på att ta bort material i sidorna av goggles vilket gav utrymme för skalmarna. Gradkonceptet utgick från att ramen delades i två och vinklades ut 2°. Detta gav mer utrymme för att glasögonen ej skulle kollidera med linsen i goggles. Prototyparbetet genomfördes först med hjälp av moduler för näsparti och ram vilka skrevs ut med hjälp av 3D-skrivare för filament i hård PLA. Slutprototyperna skrevs ut i en bit med hjälp av SLA-skrivare i det flexibla materialet Flexible 80 A. Arbetet resulterade i ett fungerande koncept som passar på ett 1-M huvud enligt SS-EN ISO 18526-4:2020 samt kan rymma de utvalda referensglasögonen RB4379D från märket Ray-ban och sticker ej ut mer än 5 mm från Flaxtas nuvarande modeller. Resultatet stämde överens med målen för projektet. / This project has led to the creation of a concept for winter goggles that allows you to wear glasses simultaneously, also known as OTG goggles. Goggles are used to protect the eyes when performing winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. The product development has been conducted by following the Double Diamond method. According to this, the project has been divided into the four phases: Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. The research conducted during the project showed that some of the most sensitive areas of OTG goggles are the fit around the nose area and sides, as these areas can affect the glasses and cause discomfort, but also make it impossible to wear glasses and goggles at the same time.The authors explored different concepts related to the sensitive areas. This was based on relevant information from Flaxta, the commissioning company, and Above, the supervising company. This led to the creation, testing, and development of different concepts. From this, prototypes were made and tested in three different batches by test subjects with various facial structures and glasses. All the concepts were based on one of Flaxta’s current goggles models called Plenty. The project resulted in a combination of three different concepts, each solving a problem related to the sensitive areas of OTG goggles. These concepts were Cut (nose area), Cutout (side area), and Angle frame (frame construction). In the Cut concept, relative to the original design of Plenty, parts of the nose area had been removed to allow more space for the lens of the glasses. This ensured that the nose area of the goggles no longer pushed up the glasses, causing them to press on the bridge of the nose. The Cutout concept removed material from the sides of the goggles, providing more space for the side pieces of the glasses. The Angle frame was designed by dividing the frame in two and angling it two degrees from the midplane, giving the glasses more space so that they did not collide with the lens of the goggles.The prototypes were initially made by using modules for the nose area and the rest of the frame. These were created by a 3D-printer using hard PLA filament. The final prototypes were made in one piece by printing it in an SLA-printer and the flexible material called Flexible 80 A. The project resulted in a working concept that fits a 1-M head according to SS-EN ISO 18526-4:2020 and that can accommodate the glasses used as reference, model RB4379D from the brand Ray-Ban. It also did not protrude more than 5 mm relative to Flaxta’s current goggles models. The result achieved the goals of the project.

Yes / Unlike many other sports, Rugby Union has not permitted players to wear spectacles or eye protection. With an industrial partner, World Rugby developed goggles suitable for use while playing rugby for the purposes of growing participation amongst those that need to wear corrective lenses. This study reports on the profile and experiences of goggle wearers. 387 players received the goggles. Data were obtained from 188 (49 %) using an online, 75-item questionnaire. 87 % “strongly agreed/agreed” that goggles are beneficial and 75 % are happy with goggle performance. Common problems reported by 49.7 and 32.6 % of respondents were issues with fogging-up and getting dirty. 15 (8 %) players stopped wearing the goggles because of fogging-up, limits to peripheral vision and poor comfort/fit. Injuries were reported in 3 % of respondents. In none of these cases did the player stop wearing the goggles. From the positive experience of players in the trial, the goggles were adopted into the Laws of the game on July 1, 2019. As the need to correct vision with spectacles is common, and contact lenses are not worn by 80 % + of spectacle wearers, the new Rugby goggles will widen participation for those that need to wear refractive correction, or have an existing/increased risk of uniocular visual impairment.

Kritisk design är ett forsknings- och innovationsområde under utveckling. Teorin har använts inom många designrelaterade områden och ämnar få konsumenterna att bli mer kritiska när det kommer till hur deras vardagliga liv styrs av olika föreställningar, värderingar, ideologier och behavioristiska mönster som finns införlivade i design (Dunne & Raby, 2001). Eftersom kritisk design är en teori som strävar efter att förändra i praktiken ligger utmaningen idag i att skapa praktiska exempel som visar hur utförandet kan gå till, vilket är en nödvändighet för att teorin ska kunna utvecklas (Bardzell et al., 2012). Denna studie ämnar vara metodutvecklande genom att skapa en uppsättning verktyg utifrån utvalda delar (teoretiska metoder och perspektiv) ur kritisk design. Målet med dessa verktyg är att de ska kunna användas som ett hjälpmedel för att kunna arbeta praktiskt med kritisk design i en design- och produktionsprocess. I denna studie har vi testat våra verktyg i design/produktionsprocessen av en musikvideo för att undersöka hur man kan applicera kritisk design i en specifik produktionsprocess. Till vår hjälp har vi förhållit oss till designorienterade forskningsmetoder och då främst Daniel Fällmans triangelmodell för interaktionsdesign och design forskning (2008). Genom att föra samman kritiska designperspektiv och videoproduktion ämnar denna studie att ge ett bidrag till ett metodutvecklande arbete för att överbrygga det befintliga glappet mellan teori och praktik inom kritisk design. / Critical design is a research- and innovationarea under development. The critical design theory has been used in many design-related areas and intends to get consumers to become more critical when it comes to how their everyday lives are controlled by different beliefs, values, ideologies and behavioral patterns that are incorporated into design (Dunne & Raby, 2001). Since critical design is a theory that seeks to transform in practice the challenge today lies in creating practical examples that show how it can be done, which is a necessity for the theory to develop (Bardzell et al., 2012). This study intends to be method developing by creating a set of tools based on selected parts (theoretical methods and perspectives) from critical design. The goal of these tools are to function as an instrument enabling practical implementation of critical design in a design/production process. In this study we have tested our tools in a specific productionprocess of a music video to explore how to apply critical design practically. In doing so we used design-oriented research methods, in particular Daniel Fällmans triangelmodel for interactiondesign and design research (2008). By bringing together critical design perspectives and video production purposes, this study hopes to make a contribution to the method fulfilling work of bridging the existing gap between theory and practice in critical design.

This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.

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Orientador : Abílio Garcia dos Santos Filho / Banca: João Candido Fernandes / Banca: César Antunes de Freitas / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de produtos de uso pessoal que seguem o design antropomórfico nem sempre podem ser planejados em detalhes mínimos para adaptação em sujeitos que representam as extremidades estatísticas da antropometria. Atento a esse obstáculo, o projeto do produto necessita de recursos que permitam contornar essa limitação. O uso de materiais que possuem capacidade de deformação elástica / moldabilidade se torna viável no sentido de adaptar o produto ao usuário, de forma a otimizar seu desempenho, obtendo maiores índices de segurança, conforto e preferência subjetiva sem modificar sua estrutura básica em função de detalhes antropométricos. A aplicação de forma planejada em locais estratégicos onde exista maior contato com o corpo, sob pressão via peso ou força aplicada faz com que o material se molde aos contornos locais do corpo, proporcionando conforto, firmeza e segurança. São elementos primordiais para a ideal funcionalidade de um produto e que agregam valores preferenciais no poder de decisão do usuário. Dessa forma, é compilado o conceito dos Materiais Miméticos, cujo foco do presente estudo é a análise de preferência subjetiva de sujeitos por equipamentos de proteção individuais que possuem esses materiais moldáveis ao corpo como parte fundamental de sua estrutura; a constatação que a preferência está ligada às sensações produzidas através do material; os fatores decisivos para a escolha definitiva do usuário; análise de interface; e elementos secundários de design para contribuição referencial... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Development of products for personal use that follows the anthropomorphic design can not ordinarily be planned with meticulous details for the adjustment to subjects who represent the statistical extremes of anthropometry. Considering this obstacle, the productþs project demands resources that make it possible to hurdle this limitation. The use of material with flexible deforming capacity / capacity of shaping becomes something viable in a sense of adjusting product to user in order to enhance their performance, obtaining higher rates of safety, comfort and personal preference without modifying the basic structure in assignation of anthropometric details. The previously planned application in strategic areas where there is a greater contact with the body, under pressure by weight or employed strength, makes the material adapt to local contours of the body providing comfort, firmness and security. These are primal elements for the ideal functioning of a product and they aggregate preferential values to the userþs power of choice. This way, it is formulated the concept of Mimetic Materials, related to the aim of this study which are the analysis of subjectsþ personal preference for personal protection equipments that have this kind of material adaptable to the body as a fundamental part of their structure; the verification that preference is related to sensations produced by the material; decisive factors for userþs final choice; analysis of the interface; and secondary elements of design for referential contribuition... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 yagi_bs_me_bauru.pdf: 1496214 bytes, checksum: d65f07fb55e9825ce229034d12011865 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O desenvolvimento de produtos de uso pessoal que seguem o design antropomórfico nem sempre podem ser planejados em detalhes mínimos para adaptação em sujeitos que representam as extremidades estatísticas da antropometria. Atento a esse obstáculo, o projeto do produto necessita de recursos que permitam contornar essa limitação. O uso de materiais que possuem capacidade de deformação elástica / moldabilidade se torna viável no sentido de adaptar o produto ao usuário, de forma a otimizar seu desempenho, obtendo maiores índices de segurança, conforto e preferência subjetiva sem modificar sua estrutura básica em função de detalhes antropométricos. A aplicação de forma planejada em locais estratégicos onde exista maior contato com o corpo, sob pressão via peso ou força aplicada faz com que o material se molde aos contornos locais do corpo, proporcionando conforto, firmeza e segurança. São elementos primordiais para a ideal funcionalidade de um produto e que agregam valores preferenciais no poder de decisão do usuário. Dessa forma, é compilado o conceito dos Materiais Miméticos, cujo foco do presente estudo é a análise de preferência subjetiva de sujeitos por equipamentos de proteção individuais que possuem esses materiais moldáveis ao corpo como parte fundamental de sua estrutura; a constatação que a preferência está ligada às sensações produzidas através do material; os fatores decisivos para a escolha definitiva do usuário; análise de interface; e elementos secundários de design para contribuição referencial... / Development of products for personal use that follows the anthropomorphic design can not ordinarily be planned with meticulous details for the adjustment to subjects who represent the statistical extremes of anthropometry. Considering this obstacle, the productþs project demands resources that make it possible to hurdle this limitation. The use of material with flexible deforming capacity / capacity of shaping becomes something viable in a sense of adjusting product to user in order to enhance their performance, obtaining higher rates of safety, comfort and personal preference without modifying the basic structure in assignation of anthropometric details. The previously planned application in strategic areas where there is a greater contact with the body, under pressure by weight or employed strength, makes the material adapt to local contours of the body providing comfort, firmness and security. These are primal elements for the ideal functioning of a product and they aggregate preferential values to the userþs power of choice. This way, it is formulated the concept of Mimetic Materials, related to the aim of this study which are the analysis of subjectsþ personal preference for personal protection equipments that have this kind of material adaptable to the body as a fundamental part of their structure; the verification that preference is related to sensations produced by the material; decisive factors for userþs final choice; analysis of the interface; and secondary elements of design for referential contribuition... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janine Espindola.pdf: 1055500 bytes, checksum: 1fe4b67f86151837d69f443b625d079d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the coordination tasks oculus manual fine motor of different motor batteries in students with 9 years old of both sexes and make possible associations of the scores of those tasks with school performance. Method: The motor tasks used in the study were: placing pins, passing the cord and track bike (MABC-2), draw a line through the route circle copy, copy overlapping figures, distribution of cards (BOTMP-2) line vertical, horizontal and diagonal (Moska). The TDE was used to evaluate the academic performance of students. Data were tabulated and analyzed in StatisticalPackage for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows. First we performed the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test for samples with n> 50 to verify the normality of the data. Then descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. In the course held inferential statistics in order to look for associations between tasks and TDE, using Pearson correlation for parametric data and Spearman for nonparametric data. Results: The results regarding the systematic review showed that the most widely used instruments to assess the children motor performance is the MABC, MABC-2 and BOTMP-2. Regarding the results of eye-manual tasks of fine motor skills of motor batteries, only the task of distributing letters obtained a good distribution for both the general and stratified by sex. The evaluation of school performance data showed an incidence of 16.6% indicative of the difficulty of general learning, and reading showed the highest level of difficulty among children (23.2%). There was no difference between male and female in any of the subtests and not the overall performance. Regarding the association of coordination tasks oculus manual fine motor in association with school performance, the task of distributing letters with the strongest correlation with the same, and the children who performed better on the task also obtained a better score in all subtests of TDE. Conclusion: The results of the systematic review showed that the validated and most widely used to assess the children motor performance instruments are: the MABC, MABC-2, BOTMP-2 and VMI-5. Regarding the evaluation results of motor tasks, only the letters distribution task BOTMP-2 had a good spread, discriminating children more skilled. The association of motor tasks with the Academic Performance Test showed that children who had higher scores on motor tasks were those who had better grades in all subtests of TDE. / Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as tarefas de coordenação óculo manuais de motricidade fina de diferentes baterias motoras em escolares com 9 anos de idade de ambos os sexos e realizar possíveis associações dos escores dessas tarefas com o desempenho escolar. Método: As tarefas motoras utilizadas no estudo foram: colocando pinos, passando o cordão e trilha da bicicleta (MABC-2), desenhar uma linha através do percurso, copiar círculo, copiar figuras sobrepostas, distribuição de cartas (BOTMP-2), linha vertical, horizontal e diagonal (MOSKA). O TDE foi utilizado para avaliar o desempenho escolar dos alunos. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no StatisticalPackage for Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 20.0 for Windows. Primeiramente foi realizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnoff para amostras com n>50 para verificação da normalidade dos dados. Em seguida, estatística descritiva (média, mediana, desvio-padrão, mínimo e máximo). O nível de significância adotado foi de p≤0,05. No decorrer realizou-se estatística inferencial com objetivo de buscar associações entre as tarefas e o TDE, utilizando correlação de Pearson para dados paramétricos ou Spearman para dados não paramétricos. Resultados: Os resultados em relação a revisão sistemática mostrou que os instrumentos mais utilizados atualmente para se avaliar o desempenho motor de crianças é o MABC, MABC-2 e BOTMP-2. Em relação aos resultados das tarefas óculo-manuais de motricidade fina das baterias motoras, somente a tarefa de distribuir cartas obteve uma boa distribuição, tanto para o geral quanto estratificada pelo sexo. Os dados da avaliação do desempenho escolar mostraram uma incidência de 16,6% de indicativo de dificuldade de aprendizagem geral, sendo que a leitura mostrou o maior índice de dificuldade entre as crianças (23,2%). Não houve diferença entre o sexo masculino e feminino em nenhum dos subtestes e nem no desempenho geral. Em relação a associação das tarefas de coordenação óculo manuais de motricidade fina em associação com o desempenho escolar, a tarefa de distribuir cartas apresentou correlação mais forte com o mesmo, sendo que as crianças que obtiveram melhor desempenho na tarefa também obtiveram uma melhor pontuação em todos os subtestes do TDE. Conclusão: Os resultados da revisão sistemática mostraram que os instrumentos validados e mais utilizados atualmente para se avaliar o desempenho motor de crianças são: o MABC, MABC-2, BOTMP-2 e VMI-5. Em relação aos resultados da avaliação das tarefas motoras, somente a tarefa de distribuição de cartas do BOTMP-2 apresentou uma boa distribuição, discriminando as crianças mais habilidosas. A associação das tarefas motoras com o Teste de Desempenho Escolar apontou que as crianças que obtiveram maior pontuação nas tarefas motoras, foram as que tiveram melhores notas em todos os subtestes do TDE.

Department of Advanced Nursing Science / MCur / This study was carried out to assess the use of protective clothing among health care workers in selected hospitals of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Protective clothing is the corner stone of health care facilities and it remains the most cost effective measure which is currently available in public health intervention. Although personal protective clothing is one of the best lines of protection against hazardous exposures, many healthcare workers either shun this protective apparel or do not wear it in an appropriate manner at the appropriate time. The purpose of the study was to assess the use of protective clothing of health care workers in selected hospitals of the Vhembe District, in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study followed a quantitative approach using a cross-sectional design. The population comprised of all health care workers in purposefully selected hospitals and the sample was 205 health care workers who were 21 years and older. A questionnaire was selfdesigned in English, translated into Tshi-Venda, Se-Sotho and Xi-Tsonga languages. Data was collected by the researcher in selected hospitals of Vhembe District. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 25) was used to analyse the collected data. Validity and reliability were ensured. Permission to conduct research was obtained from the University of Venda Higher Degree Committee, Department of Health in Limpopo Province for Ethical Clearance, and the institutions where the study was conducted. The use of protective clothing among health care workers was found to be relatively low (8, 3%) probably due to unavailability of protective clothing in the hospitals, allergic reactions and ignorance. Lack of knowledge regarding the use of protective clothing could also explain the low yield of the detected cases for not using protective clothing while on duty in this study. Based on the findings, the study conclusions and recommendations were that all health care workers should follow the stipulated policy on protective clothing and periodic awareness campaigns to be held to conscientise workers on the importance of wearing personal protective clothing. / NRF