Thesis (B.S.)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1905. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 18, 2008)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 291-311).

O depósito de Au(Cu) do tipo pórfiro do Palito localiza-se na porção central do Cráton Amazônico, na Província Aurífera do Tapajós, em uma área dominada por rochas graníticas e vulcânicas intermediárias a félsicas do final do Paleoproterozóico. Três litotipos compõem este depósito, onde o Granito Palito, de características porfiríticas, é a rocha hospedeira da mineralização de ouro e cobre, e a unidade mais jovem na seqüencia, intrusivo entre as unidades do Granito Rio Novo e o Granodiorito Fofoquinha. Três principais zonas de alteração hidrotermal foram reconhecidas; potássica, propilítica e sericítica. A alteração potássica é volumetricamente a mais importante, e afeita principalmente os corpos graníticos de Palito e Rio Novo, a alteração propilítica constitui um halo externo dentro dos granitos Rio Novo e Palito, e a alteração sericítica relacionada com a mineralização está predominantemente dentro do Granito Palito. Os corpos do minério dentro do granito Palito associam-se principalmente com veios de quartzo e de sulfetos cisalhados de direção predominante NWSE, dentro de zonas de cisalhamento e stockworks hidrotermalizados. Ouro encontra-se também disseminado no Granito Palito. Processos de cisalhamento possivelmente remobilizaram elementos posteriormente concentrados nas zonas de cisalha e stockworks. Análises de isótopos de oxigênio de zonas de alteração hidrotermal e veios mineralizados foram realizadas em quartzo (18OVSMOW = 8,8 a 11,2); feldspato potássico (7,9 a 8,8); sericita (1,7 a 6,9), clorita (2,4) e calcita (9,0 a 23,9). Os cálculos das análises de isótopos estáveis dos minérios, mostram valores de 34S dos sulfetos entre 1,2 a 3,6 , indicando uma fonte magmática. Os cálculos de 18OH2O foram feitos considerando uma temperatura de 350 ºC, e indicam valores para o quartzo entre 3,2 a 5,6 , para o feldspato potássico entre 4,8 a 5,7, sericita varia entre 1,1 a 6,3, clorita -2,6, e calcita entre 6,2 a 21,1. Os dados isotópicos para quartzo e feldspato potássico estão sugirindo fluidos principalmente magmáticos para os primeiros estágios da mineralização. Embora, os valores de sericita e clorita sugerem o influxo de águas meteóricas durante os processos de sericitização e cloritização. Estudos de inclusões fluidas dos grãos de quartzo sugerem uma etapa inicial de exsolução de fluidos, representada por salinidades baixas, desde 0,6 a 1,5 em peso do NaCl eq., á elevadas temperaturas (429 a 462 oC), seguida de processos de boiling, com etapas posteriores de mistura de fluidos indicadas por amplas variações nas salinidades desde 0,3 a > 28,8 em peso do NaCl eq., e temperaturas de homogeneização entre 101 a > 400 oC, que indicam uma origem magmática - hidrotermal para a mineralização. Em conjunto, as características geológicas do depósito, os tipos e estilos de alteração hidrotermal, mais os dados das análises de inclusões fluidas e isótopos estáveis indicam que o depósito do Palito representa uma mineralização do tipo pórfiro, magmático - hidrotermal desenvolvida em um ambiente de arco magmático de margem continental. / The Palito porphyry type copper-gold deposit is located in the central region of the Amazonian craton, in the Tapajós Gold Province (TGP), in an area that is dominated by intermediate to felsic granitic and volcanic rocks of late Paleoproterozoic age. Three lithotypes make up this deposit. The Palito Granite, with porphyritic features, is the host rock for gold and copper mineralization, and it is the youngest unit in the sequence, intrusive in the Rio Novo Granite and Fofoquinha Granodiorite. Three main wall-rock alteration zones have been recognized: potassic, propylitic, and sericitic zones. The potassic alteration is volumetrically the most important, affecting mainly the granitic bodies of Palito and Rio Novo, the propylitic alteration constitutes an outer halo within the Palito and Rio Novo granites, and the sericitic alteration is related to mineralization predominantly within the Palito granite. The ore bodies within the Palito Granite are mainly associated with sheared sulphide-bearing quartz veins trending predominantly NW-SE within shear zones and hydrothermalized stockworks. Gold is also disseminated within the Palito Granite. Shearing possibly remobilized elements, which later were concentrated in the shear zones and stockworks. Oxygen isotope analyses of the hydrothermal alteration zones and mineralized veins have been carried out on quartz (18OVSMOW = 8.8 to 11.2); K- feldspar (7.9 to 8.8); sericite (1.7 to 6.9); chlorite (2.4) and calcite (9.0 to 23.9). Stable isotope analyses of the ore sulphides show 34S values that range from 1.2 to 3.6 , reflecting a magmatic source. For the 18OH2O calculation a temperature of 350 ºC was considered, resulting in values for quartz from 3.2 to 5.6 , and for K-feldspar, from 4.8 to 5.7; values for sericite range from 1.1 to 6.3, for chlorite, -2.6, and for calcite, from 6.2 to 21.1. The isotopic results for quartz and K-feldspar suggest that the ore fluids were mainly derived from magma in the early stage of mineralization. 18O values for sericite and chlorite, however, indicates interaction of meteoric waters during the sericitization and chloritization processes. Fluid inclusion studies of quartz crystals suggest an very early stage of fluid exsolution, indicated by low salinities with a range from 0,6 to 1.5 wt.% NaCl equiv., at higher temperatures (429 to 462 ºC), followed by boiling processes, and posterior fluid-mixing stages, as indicated by high variability of salinities from 0.3 to > 28.8 wt.% NaCl equiv., and homogenization temperatures that range between 101 a > 400 oC, all suggesting a magmatic-hydrothermal source for the mineralization. The geological features of the deposit, styles and types of hydrothermal alteration, stable-isotopes and fluid inclusion analyses indicate that the Palito mineral deposit represents a magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry type developed in a continental margin magmatic arc.

O depósito de Au(Cu) do tipo pórfiro do Palito localiza-se na porção central do Cráton Amazônico, na Província Aurífera do Tapajós, em uma área dominada por rochas graníticas e vulcânicas intermediárias a félsicas do final do Paleoproterozóico. Três litotipos compõem este depósito, onde o Granito Palito, de características porfiríticas, é a rocha hospedeira da mineralização de ouro e cobre, e a unidade mais jovem na seqüencia, intrusivo entre as unidades do Granito Rio Novo e o Granodiorito Fofoquinha. Três principais zonas de alteração hidrotermal foram reconhecidas; potássica, propilítica e sericítica. A alteração potássica é volumetricamente a mais importante, e afeita principalmente os corpos graníticos de Palito e Rio Novo, a alteração propilítica constitui um halo externo dentro dos granitos Rio Novo e Palito, e a alteração sericítica relacionada com a mineralização está predominantemente dentro do Granito Palito. Os corpos do minério dentro do granito Palito associam-se principalmente com veios de quartzo e de sulfetos cisalhados de direção predominante NWSE, dentro de zonas de cisalhamento e stockworks hidrotermalizados. Ouro encontra-se também disseminado no Granito Palito. Processos de cisalhamento possivelmente remobilizaram elementos posteriormente concentrados nas zonas de cisalha e stockworks. Análises de isótopos de oxigênio de zonas de alteração hidrotermal e veios mineralizados foram realizadas em quartzo (18OVSMOW = 8,8 a 11,2); feldspato potássico (7,9 a 8,8); sericita (1,7 a 6,9), clorita (2,4) e calcita (9,0 a 23,9). Os cálculos das análises de isótopos estáveis dos minérios, mostram valores de 34S dos sulfetos entre 1,2 a 3,6 , indicando uma fonte magmática. Os cálculos de 18OH2O foram feitos considerando uma temperatura de 350 ºC, e indicam valores para o quartzo entre 3,2 a 5,6 , para o feldspato potássico entre 4,8 a 5,7, sericita varia entre 1,1 a 6,3, clorita -2,6, e calcita entre 6,2 a 21,1. Os dados isotópicos para quartzo e feldspato potássico estão sugirindo fluidos principalmente magmáticos para os primeiros estágios da mineralização. Embora, os valores de sericita e clorita sugerem o influxo de águas meteóricas durante os processos de sericitização e cloritização. Estudos de inclusões fluidas dos grãos de quartzo sugerem uma etapa inicial de exsolução de fluidos, representada por salinidades baixas, desde 0,6 a 1,5 em peso do NaCl eq., á elevadas temperaturas (429 a 462 oC), seguida de processos de boiling, com etapas posteriores de mistura de fluidos indicadas por amplas variações nas salinidades desde 0,3 a > 28,8 em peso do NaCl eq., e temperaturas de homogeneização entre 101 a > 400 oC, que indicam uma origem magmática - hidrotermal para a mineralização. Em conjunto, as características geológicas do depósito, os tipos e estilos de alteração hidrotermal, mais os dados das análises de inclusões fluidas e isótopos estáveis indicam que o depósito do Palito representa uma mineralização do tipo pórfiro, magmático - hidrotermal desenvolvida em um ambiente de arco magmático de margem continental. / The Palito porphyry type copper-gold deposit is located in the central region of the Amazonian craton, in the Tapajós Gold Province (TGP), in an area that is dominated by intermediate to felsic granitic and volcanic rocks of late Paleoproterozoic age. Three lithotypes make up this deposit. The Palito Granite, with porphyritic features, is the host rock for gold and copper mineralization, and it is the youngest unit in the sequence, intrusive in the Rio Novo Granite and Fofoquinha Granodiorite. Three main wall-rock alteration zones have been recognized: potassic, propylitic, and sericitic zones. The potassic alteration is volumetrically the most important, affecting mainly the granitic bodies of Palito and Rio Novo, the propylitic alteration constitutes an outer halo within the Palito and Rio Novo granites, and the sericitic alteration is related to mineralization predominantly within the Palito granite. The ore bodies within the Palito Granite are mainly associated with sheared sulphide-bearing quartz veins trending predominantly NW-SE within shear zones and hydrothermalized stockworks. Gold is also disseminated within the Palito Granite. Shearing possibly remobilized elements, which later were concentrated in the shear zones and stockworks. Oxygen isotope analyses of the hydrothermal alteration zones and mineralized veins have been carried out on quartz (18OVSMOW = 8.8 to 11.2); K- feldspar (7.9 to 8.8); sericite (1.7 to 6.9); chlorite (2.4) and calcite (9.0 to 23.9). Stable isotope analyses of the ore sulphides show 34S values that range from 1.2 to 3.6 , reflecting a magmatic source. For the 18OH2O calculation a temperature of 350 ºC was considered, resulting in values for quartz from 3.2 to 5.6 , and for K-feldspar, from 4.8 to 5.7; values for sericite range from 1.1 to 6.3, for chlorite, -2.6, and for calcite, from 6.2 to 21.1. The isotopic results for quartz and K-feldspar suggest that the ore fluids were mainly derived from magma in the early stage of mineralization. 18O values for sericite and chlorite, however, indicates interaction of meteoric waters during the sericitization and chloritization processes. Fluid inclusion studies of quartz crystals suggest an very early stage of fluid exsolution, indicated by low salinities with a range from 0,6 to 1.5 wt.% NaCl equiv., at higher temperatures (429 to 462 ºC), followed by boiling processes, and posterior fluid-mixing stages, as indicated by high variability of salinities from 0.3 to > 28.8 wt.% NaCl equiv., and homogenization temperatures that range between 101 a > 400 oC, all suggesting a magmatic-hydrothermal source for the mineralization. The geological features of the deposit, styles and types of hydrothermal alteration, stable-isotopes and fluid inclusion analyses indicate that the Palito mineral deposit represents a magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry type developed in a continental margin magmatic arc.

Complementary electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the behavior and composition of the passive layer formed at the gold-thiosulfate interface in the presence of copper. Raman studies of three different cationic (calcium, ammonium and sodium) thiosulfate leaching solutions showed that the concentrations of sulfate, thiosulfate, trithionate and tetrathionate remained constant. Initial leaching current densities for the three systems were identical, however, significant differences were noted in the open circuit potentials of these systems. Gold nanorod electrodes were employed as substrates for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) studies of the gold-thiosulfate interface. The composition and behavior of the passive layer at the gold- thiosulfate interface greatly differed from that of the bulk solutions. Higher order polythionate species were not observed, and significant differences were noted in the behavior of species common between the three thiosulfate leaching solutions. Passivation levels determined from SERS indicate that in the presence of copper, the cation associated with thiosulfate may play a key role in the extent of passivation on the gold surface. / Barrick Gold Corp., NSERC

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Pathology, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-260).

Mémoire (M.Sc.T.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

The significant increase in metal mining and the inevitability of the continuation of this trend suggests that environmental pressures, as well as related impacts, have become an issue of global relevance. Yet the scale of the impact remains, to a large extent, unknown. This paper examines the mining sector's demands on CO2 emissions, water use, as well as demands on land use focusing on four principal metals: iron, aluminium (i.e., bauxite ore), copper, and gold. These materials represent a large proportion of all metallic materials mined in terms of crude tonnage and economic value. This paper examines how the main providers of mining data, the United Nations, government sources of some main metal producing and consuming countries, the scientific literature, and company reports report environmental pressures in these three areas. The authors conclude that, in the global context, the pressure brought about by metal mining is relatively low. The data on this subject are still very limited and there are significant gaps in consistency on criteria such as boundary descriptions, input parameter definitions, and allocation method descriptions as well as a lack of commodity and/or site specific reporting of environmental data at a company level.

<p> The mean square displacement spectrum of a single mass defect and that of its neighbours is examined for both a light and a heavy defect to observe the extent of the perturbation of the pure crystal. </p> <p> Nearest neighbour force constant changes for a 3% random distribution of gold defects in a copper host are calculated by fitting to experimental elastic constants for this alloy. The phonon shifts and widths are calculated for the system with various sets of force constant changes, and comparison is made with experiment. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)