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The main objectives of the research presented in this thesis were to understand mechanistic aspects of the photochemistry of ferritin (Ftn) and bioconjugates that consisted of Ftn linked to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The photochemistry investigated in this thesis repurposed Ftn from its role in biological systems as an iron-sequestration protein to potential applications in photocatalysis and nanobiomedicine. The first phase of the thesis research developed a mechanistic understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the photochemistry of Ftn with relevance to photocatalysis. In particular, research was designed to determine whether the light-induced bandgap excitation of the semiconductor core of horse-spleen ferritin (HSFtn) resulted in electron transfer from the inorganic core to aqueous redox active reactant via electron transport through the 2 nm thick shell of HSFtn. To investigate this mechanistic pathway, 4-5 nm copper (hydr)oxide nanoparticles were mineralized within the internal volume of HSFtn (CuFtn). It was shown that, unlike the native iron oxyhydroxide-bearing (Ferrihydrite; Fh) Ftn, the visible light photoexcitation of the inorganic core of CuFtn (measured optical bandgap to be 3.65 eV) did not exhibit any release of redox-active metal cation from the HSFtn cage into solution. By photoexciting CuFtn in the presence of aqueous chromate (Cr(VI)) it was shown that the Cr(VI) underwent reduction to Cr(III) in solution. The research strategy eliminated the possibility that metal cations escaping from the HSFtn during photoexcitation could be responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. Hence, the research showed for the first time that electrons resulting from a photoexcited metal oxide core of Ftn could transfer through the protein shell to reduce an aqueous redox active reactant. The research also investigated the wavelength-dependent photochemistry of CuFtn to show that bandgap excitation was indeed responsible for the electrons that transfer across the protein shell. In a second project, the research investigated the bioconjugation of anisotropic AuNPs—gold nanorods (AuNRs) and gold nanostars (AuNSs)—to human H-type ferritin (HFtn). After attaching the AuNRs or AuNSs to HFtn, it was shown that the near-infrared (NIR) radiation excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the AuNR or AuNS conjugated to HFtn led to the activation of the Fh core of the protein. This NIR photochemistry (λ = 850 nm light) resulted in the release of Fe(II) from the Ftn and also led to the reduction of Cr(VI) when it was present in the aqueous phase. The novel synthetic protocols to synthesize the bioconjugates focused on attaching the AuNRs and AuNSs to the solvent-exposed cysteines (Cys) on HFtn. The research also developed techniques for the removal of colloidal stabilizing surfactants, such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and TritonX-100 (TX-100), from anisotropic AuNPs (AuNR/AuNS) before their attachment to HFtn. The removal of the surfactant was not only important for attachment to the HFtn, but it also removed a cytotoxic species so that the bioconjugates could be used in research that had applications to biomedicine. Research also investigated synthetic strategies to form bioconjugates that consisted of spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNSps) attached to HSFtn. In contrast to HFtn, HSFtn contains a few solvent exposed Cys groups. Hence, a challenge that was overcome in this research was to populate the outer surface of HSFtn with thiol groups (-SH) so that AuNSps could be attached. To meet this challenge, the surface primary amine-containing amino acids (Lysine) in HSFtn were modified to active Cys using N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA). After this chemical modification of HSFtn, it was shown that a relatively high density of AuNSps could be attached to HSFtn. This SATA-modified HSFtn bioconjugate system (AuNSp-HSFtn) exhibited the release of Fe(II) at wavelengths of light where λ > 475 nm. In the absence of AuNSp, HSFtn released Fe(II) during exposure to light at wavelengths of light where λ < 475 nm. The activation of the bandgap at longer wavelengths of light (λ > 475 nm) was due to the excitation of the 532 nm plasmon resonance of AuNSp and the presumed transfer of hot electrons to the inner Fh core of HSFtn. A final project investigated the use of the AuNR-HFtn bioconjugates as a photodynamic strategy utilizing NIR to suppress the growth of cancer cells with the expectation that this process will occur through the mechanism of ferroptosis. We carried out experiments that exposed prostate cancer cells (PC3) to AuNR-HFtn, and during NIR irradiation, they showed the ability to limit the growth of the cells compared to experiments where the cells were exposed to just HFtn or AuNRs. The results suggested that Fe(II) released from the HFtn led to cancer cell death through a process that might be ferroptosis. Future studies will need to investigate this possibility and whether the bioconjugates developed in this thesis will offer a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer/tumor suppression. / Chemistry

Gold nanoparticles were deposited onto a silicon substrate using electroless deposition. The process was optimized by adjusting the deposition time, the temperature of the plating solution, the amount of time that the silicon was exposed to hydrofluoric acid, and the concentration of the plating solution. The nanoparticles deposited on the silicon were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The optimized electroless deposition process was then used to modify the surface of silicon solar cells with gold nanoparticles for enhanced power generation. Spectral response and I-V curve tests were performed on the modified solar cells to quantify the enhancements. The modified surfaces of the silicon solar cells were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and reflectance measurements. The electroless deposition process was also used to generate nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A template-nanohole array was fabricated on silicon by focused ion beam milling. Gold nanoparticles were deposited in the holes of the template, resulting in interesting gold-nanodoughnut structures. The gold nanodoughnuts were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and their potential as SERS substrates were tested using Rhodamine 6G as a molecular probe under 633 nm laser excitation. / Graduate / 0494 / 0485 / mmillard@uvic.ca

Gold nanoparticles were deposited onto a silicon substrate using electroless deposition. The process was optimized by adjusting the deposition time, the temperature of the plating solution, the amount of time that the silicon was exposed to hydrofluoric acid, and the concentration of the plating solution. The nanoparticles deposited on the silicon were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The optimized electroless deposition process was then used to modify the surface of silicon solar cells with gold nanoparticles for enhanced power generation. Spectral response and I-V curve tests were performed on the modified solar cells to quantify the enhancements. The modified surfaces of the silicon solar cells were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and reflectance measurements. The electroless deposition process was also used to generate nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A template-nanohole array was fabricated on silicon by focused ion beam milling. Gold nanoparticles were deposited in the holes of the template, resulting in interesting gold-nanodoughnut structures. The gold nanodoughnuts were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and their potential as SERS substrates were tested using Rhodamine 6G as a molecular probe under 633 nm laser excitation. / Graduate / 0494 / 0485 / mmillard@uvic.ca

Durante o desenvolvimento deste projeto, foram obtidos diversos resultados relativos à construção de distintos sensores eletroquímicos para a determinação de oxigênio em meio aquoso em amostras biológicas e ambientais. Para a construção destes sensores foram usadas diferentes superfícies eletródicas, preparadas pela incorporação de porfirinas de cobalto sintetizadas e caracterizadas no laboratório do Prof. Dr. Koiti Araki, tais como a 5,10,15,20-meso-tetrafenilporfirina de cobalto (CoTPP) e a [tetrakis-bisdimetil-bipiridina cloro rutênio(II)]-5,10,15,20-Tetrapiridinaporfirina de cobalto (II) (CoTRP). Eletrodos de ouro modificados com nanoestruturas de ouro também foram empregados para a detecção de oxigênio. Em alguns casos, óxido de grafeno (GO) foi imobilizado nas superfícies eletródicas para melhorar o transporte de elétrons. Porfirinas de CoTPP foram imobilizadas em eletrodo de carbono vítreo (GCE) e o comportamento eletroquímico desse eletrodo modificado para a redução de oxigênio em solução aquosa de KNO3 0,1 mol L-1 foi comparado com o do GCE, observando-se diminuição do sobrepotencial. A utilidade do sensor foi demonstrada pelo monitoramento amperométrico contínuo do consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial e os resultados foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos em medições paralelas realizadas usando um eletrodo comercial (\"eletrodo de Clark\"). GO foi misturado com a porfirina de CoTRP para a preparação de compósitos, os quais foram posteriormente imobilizados em superfícies eletródicas. Verificou-se que as moléculas de CoTRP ficavam em forma horizontal na superfície do GO, gerando nanoestruturas mais dispersas em meios aquosos dependendo da quantidade relativa de CoTRP e GO. Esta característica foi usada para modular a atividade eletrocatalítica dos compostos na reação de redução de oxigênio (ORR) em meio neutro. O material foi caracterizado por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, Raman, espectroscopia UV-vis e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), e os resultados confirmaram que a porfirina CoTRP é fortemente ancorada no GO por meio de interações eletrostáticas. A ORR no eletrodo modificado CoTRP/GO foi avaliada por técnicas eletroquímicas e baixo sobrepotencial (0,05 V) foi notado no processo de quatro elétrons envolvendo a redução do oxigênio. Esse valor é dramaticamente deslocado para potenciais menos negativos (0,88V em relação ao GCE), e o excelente desempenho do eletrodo permite sua utilização como sensor efetivo para o monitoramento contínuo de oxigênio dissolvido em meio aquoso. Filmes nanoporosos de ouro (NPGF) foram preparados em superfície de ouro pela aplicação de potencial de 2,0 V por 60 minutos em solução de H2SO4 0,5 mol L-1. A presença de nanoestruturas de ouro foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e o eletrodo NPGF mostrou atividade eletrocatalítica superior para a ORR em comparação com a superfície polida de ouro Superfícies de ouro mais ativas eletrocataliticamente também foram preparadas por redução eletroquímica de Au3+ em eletrodos de carbono vítreo. Com um tempo de deposição ótimo de 90 s, superfícies rugosas foram obtidas e caracterizadas por MEV e difração de raios X (XRD). Esses eletrodos modificados foram empregados com sucesso para o monitoramento de oxigênio dissolvido em amostras de água e o desempenho analítico foi avaliado com base em parâmetros como sensibilidade, seletividade, reprodutibilidade, estabilidade e limite de detecção (LOD). / During the development of this project, several results were obtained concerning the construction of different electrochemical sensors for the determination of oxygen in aqueous media in biological and environmental samples. Different electrode surfaces were used for the construction of these sensors, which were prepared by the incorporation of cobalt porphyrins synthesized and characterized in the laboratory of Prof. Koiti Araki, such as cobalt 5,10,15,20-meso- tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) and [tetrakis-bisdimethyl-bipyridine chlorine (II)] - 5,10,15,20-Cobalt tetrahydrin (II) (CoTRP). Gold electrodes modified with gold nanostructures were also employed for the detection of oxygen. In some cases, graphene oxide (GO) was immobilized on the electrode surfaces to improve the electron transport. CoTPP porphyrins were immobilized on a vitreous carbon electrode (GCE) and the electrochemical behavior of this modified electrode for the reduction of oxygen in 0.1 mol L-1 KNO3 aqueous solution was compared with that of a GCE, a reduction of the overpotential being observed. The utility of the sensor was demonstrated by the continuous amperometric monitoring of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption and the results were in agreement with those obtained in parallel measurements performed by using a commercial electrode (\"Clark electrode\"). GO was mixed with the CoTRP porphyrin for the preparation of composites, which were subsequently immobilized on electrode surfaces. The CoTRP molecules were found to be horizontal in the GO surface, generating more dispersed nanostructures in aqueous media depending on the relative amount of CoTRP and GO. This characteristic was used to modulate the electrocatalytic activity of the compounds in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in neutral medium. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Raman, UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the results confirmed that CoTRP porphyrin is strongly anchored in the GO by means of electrostatic interactions. The ORR in the modified CoTRP / GO electrode was evaluated by electrochemical techniques and a low overpotential (0.05 V) was observed in the four-electrons process involving the reduction of oxygen. This value is dramatically shifted to less negative potentials (0.88V compared to GCE), and the excellent electrode performance allows its use as an effective sensor for the continuous monitoring of oxygen dissolved in aqueous medium. Gold nanoporous films (NPGF) were prepared on a gold surface by application of 2.0 V for 60 minutes in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution. The presence of gold nanostructures was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the NPGF electrode showed superior electrocatalytic activity for the ORR compared to the gold polished surface. More electrocatalytically active gold surfaces were also prepared by electrochemical reduction of Au3+ on glassy carbon electrodes. With an optimum deposition time of 90 s, rough surfaces were obtained and characterized by SEM and XRD. These modified electrodes were successfully used for the monitoring of dissolved oxygen in water samples and the analytical performance was evaluated based on parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, stability and limit of detection (LOD).

Durante o desenvolvimento deste projeto, foram obtidos diversos resultados relativos à construção de distintos sensores eletroquímicos para a determinação de oxigênio em meio aquoso em amostras biológicas e ambientais. Para a construção destes sensores foram usadas diferentes superfícies eletródicas, preparadas pela incorporação de porfirinas de cobalto sintetizadas e caracterizadas no laboratório do Prof. Dr. Koiti Araki, tais como a 5,10,15,20-meso-tetrafenilporfirina de cobalto (CoTPP) e a [tetrakis-bisdimetil-bipiridina cloro rutênio(II)]-5,10,15,20-Tetrapiridinaporfirina de cobalto (II) (CoTRP). Eletrodos de ouro modificados com nanoestruturas de ouro também foram empregados para a detecção de oxigênio. Em alguns casos, óxido de grafeno (GO) foi imobilizado nas superfícies eletródicas para melhorar o transporte de elétrons. Porfirinas de CoTPP foram imobilizadas em eletrodo de carbono vítreo (GCE) e o comportamento eletroquímico desse eletrodo modificado para a redução de oxigênio em solução aquosa de KNO3 0,1 mol L-1 foi comparado com o do GCE, observando-se diminuição do sobrepotencial. A utilidade do sensor foi demonstrada pelo monitoramento amperométrico contínuo do consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial e os resultados foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos em medições paralelas realizadas usando um eletrodo comercial (\"eletrodo de Clark\"). GO foi misturado com a porfirina de CoTRP para a preparação de compósitos, os quais foram posteriormente imobilizados em superfícies eletródicas. Verificou-se que as moléculas de CoTRP ficavam em forma horizontal na superfície do GO, gerando nanoestruturas mais dispersas em meios aquosos dependendo da quantidade relativa de CoTRP e GO. Esta característica foi usada para modular a atividade eletrocatalítica dos compostos na reação de redução de oxigênio (ORR) em meio neutro. O material foi caracterizado por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, Raman, espectroscopia UV-vis e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), e os resultados confirmaram que a porfirina CoTRP é fortemente ancorada no GO por meio de interações eletrostáticas. A ORR no eletrodo modificado CoTRP/GO foi avaliada por técnicas eletroquímicas e baixo sobrepotencial (0,05 V) foi notado no processo de quatro elétrons envolvendo a redução do oxigênio. Esse valor é dramaticamente deslocado para potenciais menos negativos (0,88V em relação ao GCE), e o excelente desempenho do eletrodo permite sua utilização como sensor efetivo para o monitoramento contínuo de oxigênio dissolvido em meio aquoso. Filmes nanoporosos de ouro (NPGF) foram preparados em superfície de ouro pela aplicação de potencial de 2,0 V por 60 minutos em solução de H2SO4 0,5 mol L-1. A presença de nanoestruturas de ouro foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e o eletrodo NPGF mostrou atividade eletrocatalítica superior para a ORR em comparação com a superfície polida de ouro Superfícies de ouro mais ativas eletrocataliticamente também foram preparadas por redução eletroquímica de Au3+ em eletrodos de carbono vítreo. Com um tempo de deposição ótimo de 90 s, superfícies rugosas foram obtidas e caracterizadas por MEV e difração de raios X (XRD). Esses eletrodos modificados foram empregados com sucesso para o monitoramento de oxigênio dissolvido em amostras de água e o desempenho analítico foi avaliado com base em parâmetros como sensibilidade, seletividade, reprodutibilidade, estabilidade e limite de detecção (LOD). / During the development of this project, several results were obtained concerning the construction of different electrochemical sensors for the determination of oxygen in aqueous media in biological and environmental samples. Different electrode surfaces were used for the construction of these sensors, which were prepared by the incorporation of cobalt porphyrins synthesized and characterized in the laboratory of Prof. Koiti Araki, such as cobalt 5,10,15,20-meso- tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) and [tetrakis-bisdimethyl-bipyridine chlorine (II)] - 5,10,15,20-Cobalt tetrahydrin (II) (CoTRP). Gold electrodes modified with gold nanostructures were also employed for the detection of oxygen. In some cases, graphene oxide (GO) was immobilized on the electrode surfaces to improve the electron transport. CoTPP porphyrins were immobilized on a vitreous carbon electrode (GCE) and the electrochemical behavior of this modified electrode for the reduction of oxygen in 0.1 mol L-1 KNO3 aqueous solution was compared with that of a GCE, a reduction of the overpotential being observed. The utility of the sensor was demonstrated by the continuous amperometric monitoring of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption and the results were in agreement with those obtained in parallel measurements performed by using a commercial electrode (\"Clark electrode\"). GO was mixed with the CoTRP porphyrin for the preparation of composites, which were subsequently immobilized on electrode surfaces. The CoTRP molecules were found to be horizontal in the GO surface, generating more dispersed nanostructures in aqueous media depending on the relative amount of CoTRP and GO. This characteristic was used to modulate the electrocatalytic activity of the compounds in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in neutral medium. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Raman, UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the results confirmed that CoTRP porphyrin is strongly anchored in the GO by means of electrostatic interactions. The ORR in the modified CoTRP / GO electrode was evaluated by electrochemical techniques and a low overpotential (0.05 V) was observed in the four-electrons process involving the reduction of oxygen. This value is dramatically shifted to less negative potentials (0.88V compared to GCE), and the excellent electrode performance allows its use as an effective sensor for the continuous monitoring of oxygen dissolved in aqueous medium. Gold nanoporous films (NPGF) were prepared on a gold surface by application of 2.0 V for 60 minutes in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution. The presence of gold nanostructures was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the NPGF electrode showed superior electrocatalytic activity for the ORR compared to the gold polished surface. More electrocatalytically active gold surfaces were also prepared by electrochemical reduction of Au3+ on glassy carbon electrodes. With an optimum deposition time of 90 s, rough surfaces were obtained and characterized by SEM and XRD. These modified electrodes were successfully used for the monitoring of dissolved oxygen in water samples and the analytical performance was evaluated based on parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, stability and limit of detection (LOD).

Le développement des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication nécessite la miniaturisation et l'intégration des dispositifs optiques. La plasmonique, qui utilise des nanostructures métalliques pour manipuler la lumière à l'échelle nanométrique, permet la réalisation de dispositifs optiques jusqu'à des limites ultimes. Le but de la présente étude est de concevoir et de fabriquer des nanoarchitectures complexes qui peuvent être incorporées dans différents dispositifs plasmoniques capables de guider la lumière de manière active. Diverses nanostructures d'or, telles que des nanotriangles d'or creux ou des nanotripodes enrobés d'or, ont été synthétisés et assemblés en utilisant des liens moléculaires ou un origami d'ADN. Les propriétés optiques des nanodispositifs fabriqués ont été étudiées afin de démontrer leur capacité à guider la lumière. / The development of new information and communication technologies requires the miniaturization and integration of optical devices. Plasmonics, a field of optics that utilizes metallic nanostructures to manipulate light at the nanoscale, enables the scaling of optical devices down to ultimate limits. The purpose of the present study is to design and fabricate complex nanoarchitectures that can be incorporated into different plasmonic devices able to guide light in an active way. Various gold nanostructures, such as hollow gold nanotriangles or gold coated nanotripods, were synthesized and assembled using molecular linkers or a DNA origami template. The optical properties of the fabricated nanodevices were investigated in order to evidence their ability to guide light.

Nowadays, nanostructures fixed on solid substrates and colloidal nanoparticles permeate through all areas of human life, in area of sensors and detection as well. This dissertation thesis deals with the fabrication of nanostructures on the surface of planar electrodes via self-ordered nanoporous template of aluminum trioxide. The nanofabrication, as one of many possible techniques, is used to increase the active surface area of electrodes by creating unique surface types with specific properties. These electrodes are very perspective in the applications, such as biomolecules electrochemical detection and measurement. The transformation of aluminum layer into non-conductive nanoporous template in the process of anodic oxidation is a fundamental technique employed to obtain the array of nanostructures in this thesis. The fabrication of high quality nanoporous membranes with narrow pore size distribution on various types of metallic multilayers is one of the key experimental parts in this work. Several problems associated with the production of the thin-film systems, including the dissolving the barrier oxide layer, are discussed and solved. Another part of this work deals with the use of nanoporous membrane as a template for the production of metallic nanostructures via electrochemical metal ions deposition directly into the pores. The obtained nanostructures as nanowires, nanorods or nanodots are characterized by the scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive or wavelength X-ray spectroscopy. The electrode surface, modified by gold nanostructures suitable for the detection of biomolecules, has been chosen for the electrochemical measurements, due to the gold biocompatibility. The nanostructured electrodes were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The effect of nanostructured surface geometrical parameters, including the size of the electrochemically active area, on the results of electrochemical measurements has been observed and compared to flat gold electrodes. Two model biomolecules, namely guanine and glutathione, have been chosen for the study of potential application of these nanostructures in biosensors.

Functional nanomaterials are gaining attention due to their excellent shape and size dependent optical, electrical and catalytic properties. Synthesizing nanoparticles is no longer novel with the availability of a host of synthesis protocols for a variety of shapes and sizes of particles. What is currently needed is an understanding the fundamentals of shape and size controlled synthesis to produce functional nanomaterials that is simple and general. In addition to simple metallic nanostructures, synthesizing bimetallic and hybrid nanostructures are important for applications. Instead of trying to add functionality to the preformed nanomaterials, it is advantageous to look for cost effective and general synthetic protocols that can yield bimetallic, hybrid nanostructures along with the shape and size control. In this dissertation, a novel synthetic protocol for the synthesis of ultrfine single crystalline nanowires, metallic and bimetallic nanostructures and hybrid nanostructures has been investigated. The key point of the synthesis is that all different functional nanostructures are achieved by the use of noble metal intermediates in organic medium without phase transfer reagents. The roles of capping agents, oriented attachment and aggregation phenomenon have been studied in order to understand the formation mechanisms. Along with the synthesis, formation mechanisms, the optical and catalytic properties of the functional, noble metal, bimetallic and hybrid nanostructures have been studied. The entire thesis based on the results and findings obtained from the present investigation is organized as follows: Chapter I provides a general introduction to functional nanomaterials, their properties and some general applications, along with a brief description of conventional methods for size and shape-controlled synthesis. Chapter II deals with the materials and methods which essentially gives the information about the materials used for the synthesis and the techniques utilized to characterize the materials chosen for the investigation. Chapter III presents a novel method of for synthesizing noble metals nanostructures starting from an intermediate solid phase. The method involves the direct synthesis of noble metal intermediates in organic medium without the use of any phase transfer reagent. Controlled reduction of these intermediates leads to the formation of ultrafine nanocrystallite building blocks. Controlled aggregation of the nanocrystallites under different conditions leads to the formation of different nanostructures ranging from single crystalline nanowires to porous metallic clusters. In this chapter, the details of synthesis of the intermediate phase of gold are presented. This intermediate phase is the rocksalt phase of AuCl that has been experimentally realized for the first time. Manipulation of the AuCl nanocubes leads to the formation of a variety of nanostructures of Au starting from hollow cubes to extended porous structures. Mechanistic details of the formation of the intermediate and the nanostructures are presented in this chapter. Chapter IV deals with the symmetry breaking of an FCC metal (gold) by oriented attachment of metal nanoparticles by the preferential removal of capping agent from certain facets and followed by the attachment of gold nanoparticles along those bare facets. This kind of oriented attachment leads to the formation of 1D nanostructures with high aspect ratios. In this chapter, the synthesis, characterisation, formation mechanism and optical properties of high aspect ratio, molecular scale single crystalline gold nanowires has been described. This represent the first ever successful method to produce ultrafine 1D metallic nanostructures approaching molecular dimensions. Chapter V deals with the formation of hybrid nanostructures by attaching the cubic intermediate phase to a substrate like carbon nanotubes followed by the reduction of the attached intermediates on the tubes. The Pt intermediates have been synthesized and attached on the wall of functionalized CNTs and reduced. The PtCNT nanocomposites been characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The electrocatalytic activity of these nanocomposites towards the methanol oxidation has also been investigated. The composites exhibit high catalytic activity and good long term performance. The presence of functional groups on the CNT surface overcomes some of the limitations of current single metal catalysts that suffer from CO poisoning. Chapter VI deals with the formation of palladium nanostructures ranging from nanoparticles to hierarchical aggregates by controlled aggregation of nanoparticles in an organic medium that is tuned by the dielectric constant of the system. A crystalline intermediate of palladium salt has been synthesized and this intermediate of palladium has been used as the precursor solution for the synthesis of palladium nanostructures. The formation mechanism of the nanoporous Pd cluster is investigated using the modified DLVO approach. The catalytic efficiency of the Pd nanostructures has been investigated using the reduction of pnitrophenol and electrocatalytic hydrogen storage as model reactions. Chapter VII discusses the possibility of achieving functional bimetallic alloys by simultaneous reduction of the cubic intermediate of two different metals with experimental evidences. The synergistic effect of the two different metals gives rise to better catalytic activity. This chapter mainly deals with the synthesis of bimetallic porous nanoclusters of goldpalladium and goldplatinum in an organic medium. Detailed microstructural and spectroscopic characterisation of the bimetallic nanoclusters has been carried out and their electrocatalytic performance, morphological stability also investigated.