Abstract Democratic politics is founded on local self-government, while promotion and advancement of local self-government rely on abundant local finance. There is a Chinese saying, ¡§finance is the mother of general affairs,¡¨ which refers to finance as the foundation for performing general affairs. As far as our country is concerned, local financial shortage has become a long-term issue. All the city and county governments do not have enough revenues to afford various expenditures. The unbalance between revenues and expenditures results in a wider and wider financial gap. Local governments cannot afford various expenditures or proceed with local infrastructure without debts or subsidies. Kaohsiung City has been in a difficult position of financial shortage in recent years as well, despite being a municipality. The growth rate of annual revenues is far lower than the increase rate of annual expenditures; on the other hand, the government becomes more and more dependent on subsidies every year. As a result, the financial autonomy is lowered, and the financial gap becomes wider as the government still has to owe debts to correspond to the expenditures. A comprehensive review is thus urgently needed, in order to come up with a set of complete and effective plans to improve financial balance and gradually restore sound and stable financial systems. This study investigated and analyzed the financial issues of Kaohsiung City through literature review, secondary data analysis, and empirical analysis, in order to have a solid understanding of the problems concerning the financial status, revenues and expenditures of Kaohsiung City, and to further probe into the influential factors that cause the difference between the revenues and expenditures of Kaohsiung City. It is hoped that this study can help understand the current local financial problems, find strategies to resolve the unbalance between revenues and expenditures, and draw up adequate solution plans, in order to solve the financial problems that Kaohsiung City is facing. Therefore, this study provides the following suggestions: strengthen collection of various taxes to increase treasury income; actively seek new financial resources to enhance self-governing financial power; encourage industries to make investment in Kaohsiung; strive to explore tourism resources to create a solid foundation for growth of tax revenues with prosperous economy; review organization functions and merge agencies with overlapping functions to cut financial expenditures; and encourage public participation in public infrastructure and revive economic activities of private enterprises.

The objective of this dissertation is to test empirically whether fiscal policy mimicking exists in developing countries and whether such mimicking leads to policy harmonization. This is done by studying the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The dissertation uses panel data and applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the generalized spatial two-stage least squares (GS2SLS) methodologies to a spatial setting to test for the spatial interactions. The study also tests for evidence of spatial interaction in the assessment of government efficiency by voters in neighboring countries, where efficiency is measured using the price/quantity ratio of public goods provision. We find evidence of fiscal policy copycat behavior in both the SSA and SADC regions and mimicking is also present in some tax revenues as well as in expenditure levels. This leads us to conclude that there is some form of fiscal harmonization taking place in these developing countries. We also find evidence of spatial interaction in the assessment of governments’ efficiency in the provision of public goods. Overall, we conclude that there is evidence of some fiscal mimicking behavior as a developing world phenomenon.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la littérature qui analyse les déterminants des performances budgétaires des pays en développement. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la question de mobilisation des recettes publiques en raison de l’enjeu que suscite le financement des politiques de développement dont les pays en développement sesont dotés. Certes, nombre d’études se sont intéressées au sujet, mais rares sont les analyses qui abordent les effets des chocs dans la mobilisation des recettes publiques des pays en développement. Or, nombreux sont les pays en développement qui connaissent à fréquence élevée des chocs de grande ampleur. La compréhension du mécanisme de transmission de l’effet de ces chocs est déterminante dans la conduite des politiques budgétaires et dans la projection des politiques de développement des pays en développement. Le caractère capital du sujet de la mobilisation des ressources publiques pour l’économie des pays en développement et la non-Prise en compte parles précédentes études du rôle des chocs dans la conduite de la mobilisation des recettes publiques constituent nos principales motivations pour cette recherche. Ainsi, le chapitre 1 de la thèse analyse les effets des chocs des produits de base sur la mobilisation des recettes publiques des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. Le deuxième chapitre examine le rôle des chocs des prix des produits de base à l’export comme à l’import dans la conduite des réformes de transition fiscale engagées par les Etats de l’UEMOA. Il revient sur les entraves que posent les chocs exogènes aux possibilités de mobilisation des recettes internes face à la baisse du poids de la fiscalité tarifaire. Le chapitre 3 analyse l’effet des chocs sociopolitiques, notamment celui des guerres civiles ou conflits intra-Étatiques.Enfin, le chapitre 4, prolongement du chapitre 3, porte sur la mobilisation des ressources publiques durant les périodes post-Conflictuelles. Le message central qui se dégage de cette thèse est la nécessité de rigueur des pays en développement dans la gestion des retombées des chocs positifs des produits de base pour faire face aux épisodes de chocs négatifs. Cette rigueur doit être complétée par un soutien extérieur bien adapté à la nature des épisodes de chocs. Concernant le cas des chocs sociopolitiques, l’appui externe doit être non seulement financier mais aussi technique durant les périodes post-Chocs. / This research is in the literature that analyzes the determinants of fiscal performance of developing countries. We are particularly interested in the question of revenue mobilization due to the issue that raises funding for development policies which developing countries have adopted. While many studies have focused on the subject, but few analyzes address the effects of shocks in revenue mobilization in developing countries. However, many developing countries are experiencing large shocks in high frequency. The understanding of the transmission mechanism of the effect of these shocks is crucial in the conduct of fiscal policy and the projection of the development policies of developing countries. The capital character of the mobilization of public resources for the economy of developing countries, and the not taking into account of the role of shocks in the conduct of public revenue mobilization by the previous studies are our main motivations for this research. Thus, the chapter 1 of the thesis analyzes te effects of commodity shocks on revenue mobilization of sub-Saharan Africa. The second chapter examines the role of commodity price shocks in export as in import in the conduct of tax transition reforms initiated by the states of the WAEMU. It highlights the obstacles posed by exogenous shocks to possibilities of domestic revenue mobilization face downward weight of tariff revenue. Chapter 3 analyzes the impact of sociopolitical shocks, especially the civil wars or intra-State conflicts. Finally, Chapter 4, an extension of Chapter 3 focuses on public resource mobilization during post-Conflict periods. The central message that emerges from this research is the need for rigor in developing countries in managing the impact of positive commodity shocks to cope with periods of negative shocks. This rigor must be complemented by external support suited to the nature of the shock episodes. Concerning the case of sociopolitical shocks, external support should not be only financial but also technical during post-Shock periods.

This diploma thesis evaluates models of territorial self-government funding from the view of delegated powers in the Czech republic. To reach this goal, thesis is divided into four separated chapters. First chapter defines the function of local government, its position in present system of public administration, explains terms like own powers, extended powers and delegated powers. Second chapter of the work introduces valid legal framework about territorial self-government funding and each particular type of municipal government financing as well. It contains analysis of revenues and expenditures of municipalities and regions in last ten years particulary from 2002 to 2011. It clarifies historical development and gives more information about possible future process of municipal budgets. Third chapter deals with specific fund so called "contribution of execution of state administration". The last fourth part introduces budgetary allocation of municipality taxes and revenues - all according to valid legislation. It includes various suggestions of legal amendments of the budgetary allocation of taxes and their positive and negative effects as well.

近年來地方財政困難已成眾所關注焦點，當前地方財政困難原因，主要在於實質收入無法配合支出成長，致財政收支差短擴增；且難以稅課收入劃分調整全面解決地方財政問題；在整體財政收入不足，中央財政同屬困難，對地方財政支援受限狀況下，要解決財政困難問題，鼓勵地方財政努力是相當重要的關鍵。 目前有關財政努力的文獻，大多著重於財政努力指標之估測及衡量，而有關分配稅款的文獻則大多著重於分配比例、公式之設計，至於分配稅款對財政努力的影響，目前尚無實證研究論述。本研究以台北市、高雄市及台灣21縣市為研究對象，追蹤資料年度為2001年至2005年；搭配最小平方估計式模型（Ordinary Least Squares, OLS）的估計，探討分配稅款現制對地方「財政努力」的影響。實證結果，分配稅款、財政能力及補助協助收入與財政努力呈顯著負向影響，自有財源則與財政努力呈顯著正向影響；在區域之虛擬變數方面，北區、中區及南區相較於東區而言，與財政努力呈顯著正向影響，至時間之虛擬變數實證結果顯示，2001年、2003年、2004年及2005年相較於2002年而言，與財政努力呈顯著負向影響。 / The origin of the fiscal difficulties of local governments in Taiwan in recent years lies mainly in the fact that revenue has been unable to match the growth of expenditure. It is not possible to adjust the proportion of tax revenue and the central government can only provide limited aid as it is in the same fiscal position as that of the local governments. The key measure in solving the problem is to encourage local governments to tackle their financial problems themselves. Most of the studies of fiscal efforts in this area focus either on the measurement and evaluation of indexes which indicate the extent of the efforts which have been made or how to design a formula to calculate the allotment in the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues. Up to this point, there has been no research on the influence of regulations governing the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues on fiscal efforts in Taiwan. This research uses data collected for the years from 2001 to 2005 and applies the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) statistical model to explore how the current allocation system influences the fiscal effort of local governments. The results show that there is a negative relationship between the use of centrally-allotted tax revenues, the fiscal ability of the local government, and the general subsidies provided by the central government in comparison with the fiscal efforts of local governments and a positive relationship between revenue derived from local governments in comparison with such efforts. Also, the use of the dummy variable of regions shows a significantly positive relationship for the northern, central, and southern regions when compared with the eastern region and the use of the dummy variable of time shows a significantly negative relationship for the years 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005 when compared with the year 2002.