Ce mémoire présente les résultats et la réflexion d’une recherche qui avait pour but d’analyser les liens entre la Bible médiévale et les romans du Graal écrits au XIIIe siècle. À cet effet, nous avons eu recours aux paraphrases et aux traductions bibliques en prose écrites en ancien français afin de montrer comment les romans à l’étude réécrivaient l’héritage biblique qu’ils comportaient. Le mémoire s’articule en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les corpus principal et secondaire et en les mettant en contexte. Ce chapitre traite également de la Bible au Moyen Âge, c’est-à-dire de son statut et de sa diffusion dans la société. Le deuxième chapitre s’attache à l’analyse des réécritures bibliques présentes dans le corpus principal en traitant les questions de l’allégorie et de l’exégèse et en analysant la Légende de l’Arbre de Vie. Enfin, le troisième chapitre étudie la mise en récit du rêve comme processus d’écriture commun à la Bible et aux romans du Graal. Cette recherche montre comment les auteurs médiévaux reprennent non seulement les récits de la Bible, mais aussi ses procédés d’écriture. Cette dynamique de reprise permet également de voir comment les textes traitent la matière biblique dans le développement spécifique du roman du Graal, en s’intéressant particulièrement au phénomène de christianisation du roman. / This MA thesis introduces results of a research which is analysing links between the medieval Bible and the Grail novels written during the 13th century. For that purpose, we had recourse to biblical paraphrases and translations in prose written in old French as a secondary corpus. This dissertation is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the main and secondary corpuses by putting them into context. This chapter also deals with the Bible in the Middle Ages, that is to say with its status and with its diffusion in the society. The following chapter analyses the biblical rewritings found in the corpus by dealing with the questions of allegory and exegesis, mainly in the Legend of the Tree of Life. Finally, the third chapter studies the writing of the dream as a common process of writing found in the Bible and taken back by the Grail novels. In the end, medieval authors took back not only the tales of the Bible, but also its writing processes. The study of this dynamic of resumption also allows demonstrating how texts incorporate biblical material in the specific development of romance, a literary genre in emergence at that time.

De nos jours, les avatars et les réécritures du mythe du Graal puisent leur source d'inspiration dans la Littérature puisque la première mention littéraire de ce schème apparaît à la fin du XIIeme siècle dans Perceval ou le conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes. De par des origines ambivalentes (païennes et chrétiennes), le Graal s'est ancré dans l'imaginaire collectif comme un mythe rédempteur ou tout du moins, étant un idéal à atteindre. Si la quête médiévale chevaleresque demande une rigueur incomparable et une pureté d'âme et de corps pour mériter la révélation des mystères du Saint Calice aujourd'hui, les héros de la littérature populaire et de la culture de masse accèdent à ses secrets par le vecteur d'en-quêtes simplifiées. La dévaluation du mythe s'effectue à mesure des transferts qui s'opèrent dans différents genres, supports et médias mais également dans la réception que la société a du mythe du Graal. De Saint Graal à Graal, de Littérature à paralittérature, de la Bible à la télévision, ce travail cherche à mettre en évidence les différents aspects de ces transferts et tente de prouver qu'il existe des résonances et des points d'articulation entre ces domaines par l'interface du Graal. Dans ce sens, le motif sert aussi de porte-à-faux à une culture et à une littérature dites " mineures " qui peuvent toutefois, sous l'effet du Graal, devenir scientifiques et apporter de nouvelles pistes de réflexion sur le mythe, la société et la Littérature.

Thesis--Université de Paris I. / Published in 1979 under title: La pensée alchimique et le Conte du Graal. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 625-639.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Heidelberg, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-398).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Heidelberg, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-398).

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e identificar a cristianização da novela de cavalaria portuguesa A Demanda do Santo Graal, na figura de sua personagem principal, Galaaz, em relação a dois outros romances: Perceval, de Chrétien de Troyes e Parsifal, de Wolfran von Eschenbach. Em nossa análise utilizamos os estudos de Mikhail Bakhtin, Walter Benjamin, Tzevetan Todorov, Arnold Hauser, Eric Auerbach e Joseph Campbell. É nosso propósito mostrar de que forma se deu a cristianização da figura do herói do Graal e de que maneira a Igreja estava ligada a esse projeto.

This study examines the literary texts of the Ligurian writer Giuseppe Conte published between 1972 and 2005. In Part One, the reasons are considered which justify this research on Giuseppe Conte. This author is discussed in the context of the literary movements of the second half of the 20th century in Italy, with special reference to his approach to literature, which proposes a modern rewriting of myth. Conte is in fact a co-founder of "Mitomodernismo". "Mitomodernismo" is a literary movement, established in 1994 and currently still active, which aims to revive modern society through a spiritual rebirth promoted by a recovery of basic human values, as these appear within the boundaries already suggested by myth since antiquity. The Mitomodernisti propose an alternative which could assist contemporaries to overcome the obstacles created by modern "maladies", particularly in the West, whether these be socio-cultural, ecological, or religious. Throughout Conte's entire æuvre one clearly perceives this strong desire for rebirth which for the author is concretised in "Fare Anima", that is, a way to reconnecting with the universe, of rising towards the "light". This tension towards rebirth could be compared metaphorically to the quest for the Graal, which involves suffering as a way to redemption. The artist's visionary work is comparable to the extrasensory journey undertaken by the shaman during his trance. For this reason, in Part One of this study the figure of the shaman will also be examined in a socio-cultural context, in order to transfer it better to the literary context. The whole of Part Two is dedicated to an analysis of Conte's æuvre - poetry, novels and also, but only indirectly, essays and articles - in the light of his fundamental themes, which metaphorically turn the writer into a "shaman". The analysis is based on some concepts put forward by the Swiss psycho-analyst Carl Gustav Jung, such as the function and symbolism of myth in literature from a psychoanalytical perspective. RIASSUNTO In questo studio vengono prese in esame le opere dello scrittore ligure Giuseppe Conte, pubblicate dal 1972 al 2005. Nella Parte Prima vengono considerate le ragioni che giustificano questa ricerca su Giuseppe Conte. L'autore viene discusso nel contesto dei movimenti letterari del secondo Novecento in Italia, ed in particolare il suo approccio alla letteratura che propone una riscrittura del mito in chiave moderna. Lo scrittore è infatti uno dei cofondatori del "Mitomodernismo". Il "Mitomodernismo" è un movimento letterario che vide la luce nel 1994 e che è ancora attivo alla data attuale. Esso si prefigge di risanare la società moderna mediante una rinascita spirituale promossa dalla ripresa dei valori umani di base, simili a quelli suggeriti dal mito fin dai tempi antichi. A tutto ciò i Mitomodernisti propongono un'alternativa che aiuti l'uomo contemporaneo a superare gli impedimenti creati da queste "malattie" moderne, particolarmente nell'ambito occidentale, siano queste socioculturali, ecologiche, religiose, o altre. Attraverso tutta l'opera di Conte si percepisce chiaramente questo desiderio di rinascita che per lo scrittore si concretizza nel "Fare Anima", vale a dire in un modo di ricollegarsi al cosmo, di innalzarsi verso la "luce". Questa tensione verso la rinascita può venire metaforicamente comparata alla ricerca del Graal attraverso la sofferenza che redime. L'opera visionaria dell'artista è paragonabile al viaggio extrasensoriale intrapreso dallo sciamano durante la sua trance. Per questo motivo nella Prima Parte di questo studio si esamina la figura dello sciamano anche in ambito socioculturale per poterla poi meglio trasferire in quello letterario. La Parte Seconda è completamente dedicata all'analisi dell'opera contiana - poesie, romanzi e, trasversalmente, i saggi e gli articoli alla luce dei suoi temi portanti, che dello scrittore fanno metaforicamente uno "sciamano". L'analisi viene condotta basandosi su alcuni concetti elaborati dallo psicoanalista svizzero Carl Gustav Jung, quali la funzione ed il simbolismo del mito in letteratura da una prospettiva psicoanalitica. / Classics and Mod Euro Lang / D. Lit. et Phil.

À l’orée du XIIIe siècle, Joseph d’Arimathie fait son entrée dans les romans du Graal. Lors la mise au tombeau du Christ, il aurait recueilli le saint sang dans un Vessel dont nous connaissons la postérité. L’étude d’un tel personnage permet d’interroger les liens que peut entretenir le corpus graalien avec les Écritures. La figure biblique fait entrer le Graal dans l’Histoire sainte. Par sa présence, les œuvres prétendent éclairer des vérités chrétiennes tout en restant malgré tout des fictions. Dès lors, le statut du personnage demande à être précisé. Acquiert-il des caractéristiques romanesques ? Dans quelle mesure réfère-t-il aux temps de la Passion mais aussi au monde arthurien ? Ces questions n’appellent pas toujours les mêmes réponses. Joseph d’Arimathie garantit l’unité des romans du Graal tout en instaurant des différences entre eux. Son histoire et sa poétique varient et reflètent par leurs changements les enjeux de chaque œuvre. Elles donnent à voir comment la prose se distingue du vers et comment la matière de Judée prend une forme nouvelle dans les textes graaliens. Les auteurs assument une prétention à dire vrai et à écrire l’Histoire tout en l’adaptant aux besoins du récit et d’un lectorat aristocratique. Instrument de légitimation du fait son origine biblique, Joseph d’Arimathie valorise le roman. Il révèle également comment l’aristocratie laïque reprend et infléchit le discours des clercs à son propre compte afin de s’accorder une nouvelle place dans le domaine spirituel. Il en ressort que le personnage répond à des enjeux tout à la fois poétiques, littéraires et sociohistoriques qu’il convient de mettre en lumière. / In the early XIIIth century, Joseph of Arimathea starts making an appearance in the Holy Grail stories. When Christ was laid to rest, Joseph of Arimathea is supposed to have collected the Holy Blood in a Vessel whose posterity is well-known. The study of such a historical figure leads us to assess how intertwined the Grail corpus and the Scriptures can be. The biblical figure ushers the Grail into the Sacred History. Through his existence, the literary works mean to highlight some Christian truths while eventually remaining works of fiction. From then on, the status of the character calls for clarification. Does he get bestowed with fictional features ? To what extent does he relate to the time of Passion as well as to the Arthurian legends ? These questions do not always call for the same type of answer. Joseph of Arimathea safeguards the unity of the Grail Romances, while delineating differences between them. His life story and poetic persona vary and these changes reflect the literary intent in each of the literary works. They go to show the distinction between prose and verse and how the Judea matter takes a new shape in the Grail texts. The authors claim responsibility for stating the truth and for recording History, while adjusting to the requirements of the narrative and to their upper-class readership. Thanks to his biblical origin, Joseph of Arimathea is instrumental in giving legitimacy to the story, thereby giving it additional value. He also reveals how the secular aristocracy take up and inflect the clerics’ discourse to their own benefit, in order to grant themselves a new stance in the spiritual real. What is emerging is that this figure invites various levels of analysis, be they of poetic, literary and socio-historical nature, which all need to be brought to light.

Este trabalho é um estudo comparativo entre dois romances de Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou o cavaleiro da Charrete e Perceval ou o Romance do Graal e A Demanda do Santo Graal. Através desse estudo, pretende-se mostrar que a leitura de cada romance, separadamente, pode levar a enganos interpretativos, uma vez que não se considera o contexto geral em que as obras foram produzidas. Dessa forma, neste trabalho busca-se uma leitura mais completa dessas obras que se daria em três etapas: a leitura que cada autor fez do mito do Rei Artur, que foi sendo aos poucos construído, a leitura do contexto medieval feita por cada autor e as diferentes leituras que um autor leva a enxergar no outro, o que não seria possível sem o cruzamento dos textos. Para tanto, serão perseguidos nas obras o tratamento dado às mulheres e a construção da figura do herói nos três romances. Através dessas linhas investigativas pretende-se demonstrar não só aquilo que as três obras possuem de traços em comum, mas principalmente, o que possuem de diferente. Primeiramente, será revisada a fortuna crítica a respeito da matéria da Bretanha, buscando mostrar o que foi afirmado de mais relevante sobre esses dois aspectos perseguidos, pelos principais autores que se debruçaram especificamente sobre as obras estudadas e sobre esse conjunto de histórias que envolvem o rei Artur e sua corte. Num segundo momento, será explicitada a teoria da intertextualidade enfatizando a contribuição indispensável do olhar intertextual para a análise das obras. A partir disso, será feito o cruzamento dos três textos para que se comprove a mudança que a teoria da intertextualidade proporciona à leitura das três obras. Ao fazer uso das teorias da literatura comparada, particularmente a intertextualidade, pretende-se demonstrar que A Demanda do Santo Graal é uma continuação de Lancelot ou o cavaleiro da charrete e de Perceval ou o romance do Graal, em que a presença dos elementos cristãos vai aumentando gradativamente, e não seu oposto como afirma a maioria dos especialistas na matéria da Bretanha. / This work is a comparative study of two novels of Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot or the Knight of the chariots and Perceval or the Romance of the Grail and The demand of the Holy Grail. Through this study it intends to show that the reading of each novel, separately, can lead to misleading interpretations, since it is not considered the general context in which the works were produced. Thus, in this paper it aims a more complete reading of these works that would be in three stages: the reading that each author has made from the myth of King Arthur, which was built in phases, the reading of medieval context made by each author and the different readings that one author leads to see the other, which would not be possible without the crossing of the texts. Thus, it will be pursued in the works the treatment directed to women and the construction of the figure of the hero in three novels. Through these investigative lines it intendeds to demonstrate not only what the three works have in common features, but mainly, which are different. Firstly, it will review the critical fortune on the matter of Britain, seeking to show that the most relevant was said about these two important aspects pursued by the major authors that focused specifically on the works studied and on the stories involving the king Arthur and his court. Secondly, will be outlined the theory of intertextuality emphasizing the indispensable contribution of the gaze to the intertextual analysis of the works. From this, it will be the intersection of the three texts to prove the change that the theory of intertextuality provides the reading of three works. By making use of the theories of comparative literature, particularly the intertextuality, it intends to demonstrate that The demand of the Holy Grail is a continuation of Lancelot or the Knight of the chariots and of Perceval or the Romance of the Grail, in which the presence of Christian elements increasing gradually, and not its opposite, as affirm the majority of experts in the matter of Brittany.

Este trabalho é um estudo comparativo entre dois romances de Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou o cavaleiro da Charrete e Perceval ou o Romance do Graal e A Demanda do Santo Graal. Através desse estudo, pretende-se mostrar que a leitura de cada romance, separadamente, pode levar a enganos interpretativos, uma vez que não se considera o contexto geral em que as obras foram produzidas. Dessa forma, neste trabalho busca-se uma leitura mais completa dessas obras que se daria em três etapas: a leitura que cada autor fez do mito do Rei Artur, que foi sendo aos poucos construído, a leitura do contexto medieval feita por cada autor e as diferentes leituras que um autor leva a enxergar no outro, o que não seria possível sem o cruzamento dos textos. Para tanto, serão perseguidos nas obras o tratamento dado às mulheres e a construção da figura do herói nos três romances. Através dessas linhas investigativas pretende-se demonstrar não só aquilo que as três obras possuem de traços em comum, mas principalmente, o que possuem de diferente. Primeiramente, será revisada a fortuna crítica a respeito da matéria da Bretanha, buscando mostrar o que foi afirmado de mais relevante sobre esses dois aspectos perseguidos, pelos principais autores que se debruçaram especificamente sobre as obras estudadas e sobre esse conjunto de histórias que envolvem o rei Artur e sua corte. Num segundo momento, será explicitada a teoria da intertextualidade enfatizando a contribuição indispensável do olhar intertextual para a análise das obras. A partir disso, será feito o cruzamento dos três textos para que se comprove a mudança que a teoria da intertextualidade proporciona à leitura das três obras. Ao fazer uso das teorias da literatura comparada, particularmente a intertextualidade, pretende-se demonstrar que A Demanda do Santo Graal é uma continuação de Lancelot ou o cavaleiro da charrete e de Perceval ou o romance do Graal, em que a presença dos elementos cristãos vai aumentando gradativamente, e não seu oposto como afirma a maioria dos especialistas na matéria da Bretanha. / This work is a comparative study of two novels of Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot or the Knight of the chariots and Perceval or the Romance of the Grail and The demand of the Holy Grail. Through this study it intends to show that the reading of each novel, separately, can lead to misleading interpretations, since it is not considered the general context in which the works were produced. Thus, in this paper it aims a more complete reading of these works that would be in three stages: the reading that each author has made from the myth of King Arthur, which was built in phases, the reading of medieval context made by each author and the different readings that one author leads to see the other, which would not be possible without the crossing of the texts. Thus, it will be pursued in the works the treatment directed to women and the construction of the figure of the hero in three novels. Through these investigative lines it intendeds to demonstrate not only what the three works have in common features, but mainly, which are different. Firstly, it will review the critical fortune on the matter of Britain, seeking to show that the most relevant was said about these two important aspects pursued by the major authors that focused specifically on the works studied and on the stories involving the king Arthur and his court. Secondly, will be outlined the theory of intertextuality emphasizing the indispensable contribution of the gaze to the intertextual analysis of the works. From this, it will be the intersection of the three texts to prove the change that the theory of intertextuality provides the reading of three works. By making use of the theories of comparative literature, particularly the intertextuality, it intends to demonstrate that The demand of the Holy Grail is a continuation of Lancelot or the Knight of the chariots and of Perceval or the Romance of the Grail, in which the presence of Christian elements increasing gradually, and not its opposite, as affirm the majority of experts in the matter of Brittany.