The study examined (a) the relationship between the grade students expect to receive and their evaluation rating, (b) the relationship between students' prior cumulative GPA and their evaluation rating, and (c) to what extent do other variables account for the relationship between grade and evaluation rating. The present study found a significant, consistent relationship between students' expected grades and their evaluation ratings of professor. The relationship between students' cumulative GPA and ratings is negligible and should not be considered an important score of bias. The implication of this study is that great caution should be exercised when using such ratings to make key career decisions about professors.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of quality grade (QG) and degree-of-doneness (DOD) on thermophysical properties of beef strip steaks. The “Prime” eating experience must be marketed to compete with cheaper protein sources, and so palatability is a major concern with beef products. Thermal and physical properties help shed light on the impacts various components have on beef palatability, mainly tenderness and juiciness. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and the textural property of springiness are both influenced by a combination of QG and DOD. This is also true for viscoelasticity and the degradation of myosin and sarcoplasmic protein. Although many factors contribute to beef palatability, intra-muscular fat (IMF) content is usually given the most credit when presented to the consumer. However, QG only impacted raw steak weight, cooking duration, cohesiveness, and moisture interactions. DOD influenced more properties including cooking duration and cook loss percent conductivity, various textural properties, protein degradation (even before cooking), and moisture interactions. Generally speaking, these textural properties resulted in less favorable values as DOD increased, but that was not only the case. Thermal properties and protein degradation values simply showed unique differences between DOD (including refrigerated and room-temperature sampling) and did not always follow a trend. These results show that although over-cooking can be mitigated with high IMF content for tenderness, DOD has more of an effect on many of the palatability characteristics. Furthermore, more research will need to be conducted to fully understand the differences between some of our more intricate tests between QG and DOD.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the academic performance of students in technical studies and their grades in remedial courses of study. Data were gathered from students in the Law Enforcement Technology program from the 2013-2014 academic year at a rural community college. This study examined the statistical correlation of the grades of those students who completed Beginning English and Beginning Algebra with those same students who also completed CRJ 1313 Introduction to Criminal Justice and CRJ 1323 Police Administration and Organization. The study utilized a Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (Pearson r), and calculations were conducted on the basis of the grades of 45 students in a rural community college in Mississippi who have completed Introduction to Criminal Justice, Police Administration and Organization, Beginning Algebra, and Beginning English during the Academic Year of 2013–2014. Multiple correlations of grades were calculated in Introduction to Criminal Justice, Police Administration and Organization as dependent variables, and in Beginning Algebra and Beginning English as independent variables.

The task I have set myself is one to which my interest has been led by a varied experience in high school teaching followed by several years teaching in college where our high school product is largely disposed of. In all that experience the giving of grades was a bugbear, a necessary evil apparently, and it occurred to me that if those grades had or could be made to have some value beyond the moment, sone directive or prognostic value, they might lose their 111-reputation in the minds of both pupil and teacher. With this thought in mind I interviewed the Registrar of the College of the Pacific and received his hearty approval and free access to the student records of the College. Using this privilege I have made a careful study of the high school and college grades of the graduates with the A.B. degree since 1921. The high school credentials of many of these graduates, however, gave simply the information "Recommended" in the various subjects, hence I could not consider those, so my first group for study, of whom I have complete records, consists of one hundred and nineteen graduates.

Southern pine (SP) lumber, the primary softwood lumber in the United States, has been popular since early colonization of the U.S.A. and remains a preferred choice for today’s lumber construction professionals. SP trees, as the major commercial softwood forest in South region, are largely grown, managed, and harvested on privately owned plantation forests. In the United States, softwood lumber consumption as a percentage of total lumber consumption has remained around 83% since the 1960s. Most softwood lumber is used for housing construction. SP comprises the primary softwood lumber products in the United States due to its superior mechanical properties, rapid drying capability, versatility, and availability. SP lumber also has long been the preferred species for pressure treatment because of its unique cellular structure that permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives. However, as a natural material, the mechanical and physical performance of SP lumber has changed over the past decades according to the intensive lumber plantation management and dynamic market consumption. As a result, visually graded lumber products contain a large portion of juvenile wood and a lack of large cross section became two main issues in the most recent SP lumber marketing activities. According to the recent United States timber production statistic report, the South has given up its position as the largest softwood lumber-producing position in 2011. The total U.S. softwood lumber production in 2011 was about 26.8 × 109 bf, with 13.3 × 109 bf produced from West region and 12.0 × 109 bf produced from South region (Howard and Westby 2013). In this study, research that attempts to develop better and higher value SP lumber has been conducted for lumber construction marketing purpose. Five chapters are included in this study to fulfill the research purposes. Two lumber composite products made with low grade SP lumber were fabricated and evaluated for market purpose. A prototype in-grade testing plan to assess the actual design values of visually graded southern pine lumber from the gulf south region in the USA was developed. For comparison purpose, nondestructive tests (NDT) with four commercial techniques on on-grade No.2 SP lumber were conducted.

Species traits, including but not exclusive to bark thickness and texture, sprouting ability, and litter bulk density and chemistry, may be related to a stem's potential to withstand potential heating from wildland fire. Trees exhibiting similarities for these properties and others may be classified into two broad functional groups: pyrophytes and pyrophobes. To our knowledge, few research studies have been conducted to determine how prescribed fires may affect wood quality of merchantable tree species in the Appalachian Mountains. Understanding potential relationships between wounding and fire tolerance may assist prescribed fire managers as they seek to promote and expand the use of prescribed fire for management purposes. To investigate this issue, six locations on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, that had been subjected to one or two mixed intensity and severity prescribed fires since 2012 were selected for stand inventory in 2021. Overstory trees within these burned locations and adjacent, unburned locations were measured and graded using variable radius sampling, and additional landscape features and physiographic factors, such as aspect, elevation, and slope percentage, were also recorded at each variable radius sampling location. The most common, commercially valuable deciduous species encountered were red maple (Acer rubrum) (17.5%), white oak (Quercus alba) (9.8%), chestnut oak (Quercus montana) (32.8%), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra) (39.9%). Using field measurements and tree grades, the total number and types of wounds, potential volume loss, charring, basal area, and diameters at breast height (DBH) were compared by species, burn status (burn or control), and the number of burns. Overall, A. rubrum and Q. rubra comprised 93% of the total trees exhibiting volume loss from wounds in the burned locations. However, total volume loss only constituted about 3% of the bottommost 4.9 m log. Trees in the burned locations experiencing volume loss differed significantly between species (p=0.0294) with Q. rubra constituting 60% of volume loss trees. In burned and control plots, A. rubrum was the most commonly wounded tree with 43.5% of trees having at least one wound. Cat face and oval wounds were the only wound types resulting in volume loss. Felling and milling stems identified in this study as having potential volume loss from any fire-influenced wounds would be valuable. Furthermore, assessing the potential impact of outer bark char resulting from prescribed fires would be desired to better understand if charring constitutes any potential internal damage to stems. Deploying a similar, field-scale experiment on areas with varying fire frequencies and intensities would be useful to determine how wood quality may be affected after several prescribed burns. / Master of Science / Prescribed fire is a cultural land management practice used historically and currently in many locations around the world. These burns have been and are currently conducted for many reasons, including wildlife habitat management, hazardous fuel reduction, and vegetation control. Trees have innate characteristics that increase potential resistance and resilience to fire damage, however, these characteristics can vary depending on tree species and tree age. These characteristics may include, but are not limited to, bark thickness and texture, litter chemistry, leaf shape, and a species' resprouting strategy. Prescribed fire is often used in conjunction with other forest management techniques (i.e. herbicides, thinning) in locations where timber value is a management priority, therefore it is important to understand how prescribed fire may affect the growth and quality of merchantable timber species. Few studies have focused on potential wood quality issues posed by the use of prescribed fire in the Appalachian Mountains. Determining if prescribed fires affect wood quality may provide land managers, in many locations, with information that may aid their selection of desired management practices and priorities. To help address this knowledge gap, a research study was designed and conducted to investigate these issues for the following merchantable timber species in six burned and adjacent, unburned locations of the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia: red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. montana), and northern red oak (Q. rubra). The results show that one or two mixed intensity and severity prescribed fires, implemented since 2012, resulted in an overall volume loss of 3% from the bottommost 4.9 m log, therefore prescribed fire did not cause a significant reduction in total volume. Two main species, A. rubrum and Q. rubra, comprised 93% of the trees with wounds resulting in volume loss. However, Q. rubra alone constituted 60% of trees with volume loss wounds. The results also show that A. rubrum was the most commonly wounded tree with 43.5% having at least one wound. Additional research is warranted to more fully understand these dynamics, including sampling locations that have experienced more prescribed fires and fires with different intensities and milling wounded trees and charred trees located in burned locations.

Orientadores: Edmundo da Silva Braga, Lucila Helena D. Cescato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_EdsonJosede_D.pdf: 5686598 bytes, checksum: e418bbf5ce5f022ecbe9cf631af20b3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida a técnica de Litografia Interferométrica para a gravação de nano-estruturas periódicas em relevo, uni e bidimensionais, sobre substratos de vidro e de silício. Em particular, o trabalho se concentrou em duas frentes: no estudo no perfil das estruturas gravadas em fotorresina, através da superposição de padrões interferométricos, e na integração desta técnica com as demais tecnologias usuais de processamento do Si para microeletrônica. A partir dos padrões luminosos, gerados pela superposição de franjas de interferência, o perfil em relevo das estruturas gravadas em fotorresina foi simulado para estudar a influência de alguns dos parâmetros do processo de exposição e revelação. Para a associação desta técnica de litografia interferométrica com as demais tecnologias de processamento de Si foi necessário desenvolver um processo para gravação sobre substratos de Si. Para isto foi preciso reduzir o efeito das ondas estacionárias na litografia. A solução encontrada foi crescer termicamente uma camada de SiO2, com espessura apropriada sobre o substrato de Si, antes da aplicação da fotorresina. Para demonstrar o potencial dos processos desenvolvidos para fabricação de componentes e dispositivos baseados em nano-estruturas, foram realizadas duas aplicações: gravação de arranjos de nano-ponteiras de Si e gravação de matrizes em relevo para moldagem de elementos difrativos de alta freqüência espacial. Utilizando a técnica de litografia interferométrica associada à corrosão por plasma RIE foram fabricados arranjos de alta densidade de nano-ponteiras de Si, com cerca de 106 pontas/mm2 e raio de curvatura da ordem de 20nm. O desempenho elétrico do arranjo de ponteiras fabricadas, como dispositivo de emissão de elétrons por efeito de campo, foi caracterizado através das medidas da curva I x V e da estabilidade temporal da corrente de elétrons emitidos. Por outro lado, foram fabricadas matrizes em relevo de elementos ópticos difrativos com propriedades de polarização. Estas estruturas foram utilizadas num processo de replicação que envolveu também etapas de moldagem por eletroformação de níquel e geração de réplicas por injeção de plástico. A caracterização óptica, tanto das matrizes quanto réplicas, foi realizada através da medida do espectro de difração para os estados ortogonais de polarização / Abstract: In this work the interferometric lithography technique was developed for recording periodic relief nano-structures, one and bi-dimensional, on silicon and glass substrates. In particular, the work is focused in two directions: the study of the profile of the structures recorded in photorresist, through the superimposition of interference light patterns, and the association of this technique with the usually microelectronics techniques for the silicon processing. Starting from the light patterns, generated by the superimposition of interference fringes, the photoresist relief profile was simulated in order to study the influence of some exposure and development parameters on it. For combining the interferometric lithography with the silicon technologies it was necessary to record the nano-structures on Si substrates. For this, it was necessary to deduct the Standing Wave effect in the lithography. The solution was to grow thermally a layer of SiO2, with a proper thickness, on the silicon substrate, before the application of the photorresist. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed processes for fabrication of components and devices based on nano-structures, two applications have been realized: the recording of arrays of silicon nano-tips and the recording of a master relief structure for molding a diffractive optical element of high spatial frequency. Using the interferometric lithography technique associated with the silicon corrosion for plasma RIE, high-density arrays of silicon nano-tips were fabricated, with about 106 tips/mm2 and ray of curvature of about 20nm. The electric performance of the nano-tips array as a Field Emission Device was characterized through the I x V curves measurement as well as the temporal stability of the emitted electron current. By the other side, a master of a Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE), with polarizing properties, was realized. This master structure was used in a replication process involving the nickel electroformed shim and the generation of the replicas by plastic injection molding. The optical characterization of both master and replicas were performed through the measurement of the diffraction spectrum for the two orthogonal polarization states / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:05:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo586_1.pdf: 964744 bytes, checksum: 8e8c2ad59ecc41635a23725c07ee9ffb (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A interação entre a luz e a matéria pode dar origem a interessantes fenômenos não lineares. Entre eles, o processo da mistura de quatro ondas (MQO), que corresponde à geração de um quarto campo de luz quando três campos de luz incidem em um meio não linear, é um dos mais estudados na óptica não linear. Neste trabalho investigamos, experimental e teoricamente, o processo da MQO em uma amostra de átomos de césio esfriados e aprisionados em uma Armadilha Magneto-Óptica (AMO). Para realizar a experiência, preparamos uma nuvem densa de átomos no nível hiperfino F = 3 do estado fundamental do césio. Usamos a configuração de conjugação de fase óptica para os feixes da mistura, provenientes de um mesmo laser de diodo de cavidade externa (LDCE) e identificados por F (Foward), P (Probe) e B (Backward). Os feixes F e P têm polarizações circulares opostas e frequências iguais, que podem ser varridas simultaneamente usando um par de Moduladores Acusto-Ópticos (MAO). Estes dois feixes incidem no meio formando um pequeno ângulo de 4o entre eles. Enquanto que o feixe B com polarização oposta à do feixe F e contrapropagante a ele, é sintonizado na transição F = 3 ↔ F = 2 dentro da linha D2 do césio. O sinal gerado C é monitorado em função da frequência comum de F e P, e detetado na direção oposta à do feixe P. Nestas condições, a forma de linha do sinal obtido da MQO apresenta ressonâncias largas e estreitas, evidenciando a contribuição da coerência Zeeman induzida no sistema. Em particular, medimos a dependência do sinal C como função da intensidade do feixe de bombeio F. Realizamos também uma análise teórica do problema, modelando nosso sistema atômico como um ensemble de átomos de três níveis efetuando um cálculo perturbativo para resolver as equações de matriz densidade do sistema. Finalmente mostramos que este modelo teórico descreve qualitativamente bem as observações experimentais

Orientador: Tatiana Noronha de Souza / Resumo: O ensino de História no Brasil pode ser caracterizado por suas tradições inventadas, conceito definido por Hobsbawm. Em seu processo de constituição como código disciplinar, a História esteve vinculada à ideia de nacionalidade, cuja função foi normatizar e legitimar a estrutura social brasileira desigual. Foi desde o século XIX uma composição elitista - uma construção intelectual baseada em figuras selecionadas como os fundadores da nacionalidade, articulados dentro de uma totalidade hermética e inevitável cujo ente principal era a figura do Estado centralizado e sua função a manutenção do status quo. Contudo, desde o final do regime de exceção ocorrido nos anos 1980, o ensino de História passa por um processo de reconstituição e desenvolve entre outras questões a crítica a esta ideia de um passado homogêneo e harmonioso. Como não se trata de uma situação resolvida, ainda é possível a existência de reminiscências desde os primeiros anos de escolarização por conta das condições educacionais brasileiras. Nesta linha, esta pesquisa busca investigar os resultados de pesquisas sobre a atividade do professor que ensina História nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental em teses e dissertações que realizaram pesquisa de campo, tentando definir as principais dificuldades deste profissional, que, em geral, não possui formação específica e verificar se ocorre a manutenção de temáticas que exaltam a mitologia da pátria, visto que funcione como mecanismo de harmonização social. A discussã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: History teaching in Brazil can be characterized for its invented traditions, concept defined by Hobsbawm. In its constitution process as a school subject, History had been linked to the idea of nationality, which function was normalizing and legitimizing the unequal Brazilian social structure. It was since XIX Century an elitist composition – an intellectual construction based on chosen figures such as the founders of nationality, articulated within a hermetic and inevitable totality which principal entity was the centralized State and its function: the sustenance of the status quo. However, since the end of the exception regime occurred in the 1980s, History teaching passes by a process of reconstitution and development, among other questions, the critic to this idea of a homogeneous and harmonious past. As this is not a resolved situation, it’s still possible the existence of reminiscences since the first years of schooling because of the Brazilian educational conditions. In this line, this research seeks to investigate the results of researches about the activity of the professional who teaches History in the early grades of the elementary school in theses and dissertations that conducted field research, trying to define the principal difficulties of this professional and verifying if occurred the maintaining of subjects that exalt the homeland mythology. The discussion has its beginning in the historical presentation about how the History teaching was structured in Brazil... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The purpose of this qualitative research was to understand the experience of selecting grading practices for a high school math or English classroom. There is no existing research related to understanding this phenomenon. This phenomenological study included three participants who were purposefully selected based on specific criteria: They must teach math or English in grades 9, 10, 11, or 12 and have at least three years of teaching experience. The participants were interviewed using videoconferencing software, and the interviews were recorded and transcribed. Open and axial coding was used to analyze the data. The theoretical framework applied for the interpretation of the findings was Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. The participants shared thick, rich data from which eight themes emerged: Communication among stakeholders, student effort, value of learning, minimal education in grades and grading practices, external pressures, grades as motivators, teacher expectations, and reliability and validity in grading practices. Through this research, it became understood that there are many facets of this experience that are all inter-related. Based on the research recommendations were made for professional practice and future research to ignite positive change around this phenomenon.