The Namibian curriculum favours knowledge with understanding and application of knowledge and skills, because facts that are learned with understanding are easier to remember. This made learners to be able to represent mathematical situations in different ways and for different purposes. It also motivates teachers to contextualise the content to make mathematics teaching and learning more interesting and enjoyable to teachers and learners. However, some mathematics teachers are challenged by being required to teach multigrade classes, due to a massive response to improved access to education.Multigrade teaching is seen as a difficult practice especially when teachers are not well prepared to teach combined grades. This case study focused on the teaching of mathematics at Upper Primary Phase. An Interpretive paradigm was used to understand the teachers’ experiences and their teaching ethods. Hence the study aimed to investigate how teachers deliver their mathematics lessons in multigrade classrooms, considering the good practices and challenges that may occur. The findings revealed that teachers mostly use their monograde pedagogical knowledge,resulting in using quasi-monograde with a common timetable approach when teaching mathematics in multigrade settings. Although learners have access to the common mathematics syllabus, the quality of teaching the subject in multigrade classrooms seems to be affected due to the lack of teacher training in multigrade teaching. Also, equity and democracy need to be considered more than it currently is in terms of resource distribution to multigrade schools. Good practice of multigrade teaching existed in building on lower grade competencies, introducing lessons with common activities, as well as the concentration on lower grades which make learners independent. However, insufficient time, lack of knowledge in multigrade and curriculum knowledge in particular seem to challenge teachers and learners. Therefore, multigrade teachers need to be part of curriculum development for them to master the syllabus. These teachers will assist in developing multigrade resources for integration, contextualisation and more enrichment activities for high achievers.

Submitted by Cassio Henrique Volpatto Forte null (cassiohenriquevolpatto@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-23T14:11:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 2024184 bytes, checksum: d6bed57662958df380a22b4445c0b980 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-23T18:21:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 forte_chv_me_sjrp.pdf: 2024184 bytes, checksum: d6bed57662958df380a22b4445c0b980 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T18:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 forte_chv_me_sjrp.pdf: 2024184 bytes, checksum: d6bed57662958df380a22b4445c0b980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A complexidade crescente das aplicações e o grande volume de dados utilizados por elas levam a um uso sempre crescente de sistemas distribuídos de alto desempenho. Nas últimas décadas o impacto do consumo de energia cresceu em relevância para o bom funcionamento desses sistemas, e seu tratamento é um grande desafio aos projetistas de hardware, desenvolvedores de aplicações e administradores. A dificuldade desse tratamento decorre do conflito entre consumo de energia e desempenho. Reduzir o consumo de energia das máquinas em um sistema distribuído causa prejuízos ao desempenho, enquanto fazer com que elas trabalhem mais rapidamente proporciona melhor desempenho mas causa aumento no consumo de energia. Nesse cenário, as políticas de escalonamento de tarefas podem levar em conta o consumo de energia, auxiliando no tratamento do problema. Este texto apresenta o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um novo algoritmo de escalonamento de tarefas independentes em grades computacionais federadas, o EHOSEP (Energy-aware Heterogeneous Owner-Share Enforcement Policy). O objetivo do novo algoritmo é tratar o consumo de energia, associando-o a um critério de justiça de propriedade. Esse critério de justiça decorre das chamadas grades federadas ou cooperativas, formadas por recursos computacionais de diferentes proprietários, procurando estimular seu compartilhamento pela garantia de uso justo. Os resultados obtidos com a simulação da aplicação do EHOSEP em diferentes modelos de grade mostram que é possível estimular o uso da grade atendendo-se limites de potência. / The increasing complexity of applications and the large volume of data used by them lead to an ever-increasing use of high-performance distributed systems. In recent decades the energy consumption is becoming more relevant to the proper functioning of these systems, and its management is a major challenge to hardware designers, application developers and administrators. The difficulty of this management arises from the conflict between power consumption and performance. Reducing energy consumption of machines in a distributed system reduces performance as well, while making machines work faster provides better performance at a cost of an increase in energy consumption. In this scenario, task scheduling policies may also consider energy consumption, helping to solve this problem. This document presents the development and evaluation of a new scheduling algorithm for independent tasks in federated computing grids, the EHOSEP (Energyaware Heterogeneous Owner-Share Enforcement Policy). The goal of the new algorithm is to address energy consumption by associating it with a ownership fairness criterion. This fairness criterion stems from the so-called federated or cooperative grids, formed by computational resources of different owners, aiming the resource sharing by the guarantee of fair usage. Results achieved with the simulation of EHOSEP applied to different grid models show that it is possible to stimulate the use of the grid even limiting energy consumption.

Este trabalho apresenta a análise temporal do deslocamento do comprimento de onda de Bragg baseada na teoria da elastodinâmica linear e na teoria viscoelástica. As soluções exatas para o modelo de uma fibra engastada são encontradas a fim de estimar a máxima velocidade de sintonização quando forças de tração são aplicadas na extremidade livre da fibra. É feita a comparação entre a fibra monomodo de sílica e a fibra monomodo polimérica mostrando as diferenças do tempo de resposta, velocidade de sintonização e deslocamento de onda de Bragg quando a mesma carga longitudinal é aplicada. Também apresenta a resposta transiente e permanente para o método Modos Assumidos, com aplicação potencial em estruturas submetidas a cargas harmônicas longitudinais, com massa e rigidez concentradas e seção transversal variável. Usando a combinação entre os métodos modos assumidos e matriz de transferência, simulações foram feitas para um modulador acusto-óptico, baseado em redes de Bragg em fibra, quando uma carga harmônica é aplicada. O espectro resultante e a duração do regime transiente são calculados e comparados com resultados experimentais relatados na literatura. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta um sintonizador de redes de Bragg, baseado no princípio da mola de entalhe, que permite a magnificação do deslocamento provocado por um atuador piezoelétrico através da tração em um pedaço de fibra. O tempo de resposta é encontrado experimentalmente para diferentes casos de amortecimento. / This work presents the time analysis of the Bragg wavelength shift in fiber gratings based on the elastodynamics theory and viscoelastic theory. The model is valuable for estimating the maximum tuning speed when traction forces are apllied to the free end of the grating. A comparison between single mode silica optical fiber and polymer optical fiber is performed showing the differences of time response, tuning speed and Bragg wavelength shift when the same longitudinal load is applied on both types of fibers. Also presents the transient and steady state solutions for Assumed Modes method, with potential application on general structures under harmonic longitudinal loads, with mass and stiffness concentrated and variable cross section. Using the combined Assumed Modes and Matrix Transfer method, simulations results were performed on a Bragg grating acousto-optic modulator when a harmonic load is applied. The resulting spectrum and the transient duration were calculated and compared with experimental results related by literature.Furthermore, this work presents a mechanism tuning FBGs, based on a notch type spring principle, which magnifies the displacement of a piezoelectric element stretching a piece of fiber optic. Time response is experimentally acessed for different damping situations of the notch type spring.

Thesis (DTech (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / The phenomena of multi - grade schools has been absent both in educational policy making, educator training and only represented in a few local educational curriculum research projects. However, the practice of multi-grade is common in South Africa and especially in rural and farming South Africa. Our National Curriculum Statements implies that all schools are the same. This study addresses this anomaly. Farm schools, which started as a political means of cheap labour (Act 47 of 1953) presented a further complication to the ministry: public schools on private property govern by section 14 contract failed farm education (Forgotten Schools, 2004; Ministerial report on rural education, 2005; Commission on Human Rights, 2006). The political and ideological shift from People's Education, which, at first envision human rights in line with international treaties such Education For All, Convention on the right of the child, Africa Charter on the Rights of the Child to Human Capital Development has marginalize the farm and rural learner. Curriculum changes since Curriculum 2005 accepted the same political and economic vision. The first world technical National Curriculum Statements mismatch farm education as systemic results since 2004 has shown. The government’s deficit view and national curriculum influence farm and rural teaching and learning negatively. This study focuses on curriculum delivery (intended I implemented) planning. How the educator adapted the curriculum to suit the needs of third world farm learner, its multi-grade context and the ideology of the hegemony. The qualitative paradigm will be that of the critical theory and grounded theory methodology with the goal of uncovering the educators' views and practice. This has been done by holding interviews with various foundation phase educators and looking at the seating arrangements and planning. The sample was from the Breede River District. A focus group of nineteen ACE students with 312 collective years experience has been involved in the coding and analysing. Current practice and planning have been juxtaposed with international multi-grade practice. The research questions were aimed at uncovering how rural and farm educators plan for their multi-grade classes when faces with a national mono-grade curriculum. Various research methodologies were used.

Johanna Hultgren (2017): Den tidiga läs- och skrivinlärningen. (The early learning in reading and writing). Independent Project, Swedish, Specialisation in Early Years Teaching and Grades f-3, Basic Course, 15 Credits. School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences. Under den tidiga läs- och skrivinlärningen så finns det många teorier om hur det ska undervisas i klassrummet. Under den tidiga utvecklingen så finns det teorier som skiljer sig. Många lärare ser det som något positivt om elever har med sig erfarenheter från hemmet, medan vissa lärare inte ens tänker på de tidigare erfarenheter som dessa elever besitter och endast tänker på hur det traditionella arbetssättet ser ut. Det traditionella arbetssätten som man är van med, ser inte till de erfarenheter som barn har med sig när de börjar skolan. Många kan redan grunderna av vad det innebär när man undervisar i den tidiga läs- och skrivinlärningen. Medan vissa inte vet hur de ska undervisa på ett rätt sätt för att gynna och få med alla. Det är viktigt att som lärare ta vara på alla de erfarenheter och kunskaper som eleverna besitter samt kunna undervisa på ett varierat sätt oberoende på vilken nivå de ligger på. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka vad ett antal forskningsstudier lyfter fram som centrala faktorer för en gynnsam tidig läs- och skrivinlärning i skolan. De frågeställningar som besvaras i detta arbete är, vilka faktorer lyfts som centrala för att gynna en tidig läs- och skrivinlärning? Samt, hur kan lärare arbeta med dessa centrala faktorer? Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visar att de barn som kommer med erfarenheter kring läsning och skrivning får ett försprång när de börjar skolan. Dessa erfarenheter som barn tar med sig hemifrån kan lärare använda sig av och ta in i sin undervisning för att gynna undervisningen. Många lärare tar dock inte vara på elevernas erfarenheter vilket gör att många elever tappar motivationen till att lära sig mer då de inte får chansen att utvecklas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5391_1.pdf: 5090704 bytes, checksum: 8579bb353f3397d7c9f8d6e90e505f32 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O processo de digitalização de documentos de maneira automática geralmente resulta em imagens com características indesejáveis como orientação errada, inclinação incorreta das linhas do texto e até mesmo a presença de ruídos causados pelo estado de conservação, integridade física e presença ou ausência de poeira no documento e partes do scanner. O simples processamento de cada imagem é efetuado em poucos segundos, a sua transcrição ou busca de palavras-chave para indexação necessita vários segundos de processamento. O lote produzido por um único scanner de linha de produção pode levar dias para ser filtrado, dependendo da capacidade de processamento do computador utilizado. Faz-se necessário distribuir tal tarefa para que o processamento das imagens acompanhe a taxa de digitalização. Esta tese analisa a viabilidade da computação paralela em cluster e grades para o processamento de grandes quantidades de imagens de documentos digitalizados. Diferentes cenários de configuração de computadores e de distribuição de tarefas foram analisados, sob o ponto de vista do processamento das tarefas e do tráfego de rede gerado durante o processamento

nÃo hà / A partir de dados da Prova Brasil de 2007, foi analisado o ganho de nota, quando o aluno possui a mesma raÃa do professor, utilizando a metodologia de DiferenÃas em DiferenÃas, para se testar a hipÃtese de identificaÃÃo racial nas escolas, que participaram do senso da Prova Brasil em 2007. Os resultados apresentaram confluÃncia com o artigo de Salvador (2010), que efetua o mesmo estudo. PorÃm ao ser incluÃdo o estimador de DiferenÃas em DiferenÃas, com o intuito de estimar o efeito mÃdio da identificaÃÃo racial, entre os grupos raciais contemplados, ocorreu, face aos dados obtidos, uma certa diferenÃa. Portanto, a identificaÃÃo racial entre as minorias raciais, agora, se mostrou nÃo significativa, e o ganho substancial por parte da identificaÃÃo se deu apenas no fenÃtipo racial branco. / Data collected from Prova Brasil 2007 were analyzed to detect the gain of the grade obtained when the student is of the same race as the professor. Using the methodology of Difference to Diffrence, for testing a hypothesis aiming at identifying racial identity in schools that participated in the Prova Brasil 2007 census. The results presented confluence with the article of Salvador (2010), related to the same field of study. However when included the estimator of Difference to Difference, in order to estimate the average racial identification among racial minorities, that estimator showed some diffrence regarding the data obtained. Therefore, identification among racial minorities slowed to be non significant, and substantial gain regarding to the identification referred only to the white racial phenotype.

As propriedades da turbulência induzida em um fluido viscoso através da oscilação de uma grade foram investigadas experimentalmente utilizando a técnica DPIV (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry). Perfis verticais da energia cinética turbulenta, taxa de dissipação de energia, viscosidade turbulenta e escala de comprimento foram obtidos e comparados com soluções analíticas existentes. Os dados experimentais mostram uma boa concordância com as predições teóricas. Adicionalmente, foi observado que há uma variação significativa da intensidade turbulenta para distâncias próximas da grade. Com o aumento da distância, a turbulência se torna mais homogênea no plano horizontal, e estas variações tendem a desaparecer. Os resultados mostram também que o escoamento somente pode ser considerado livre de cisalhamento para grandes distâncias da grade, onde as tensões de Reynolds se aproximam de zero. Além disso, descobriu-se que são necessários no mínimo 450 campos de vetores para assegurar a precisão das medidas. Também foram realizadas medidas de turbulência em uma configuração de duas grades. Os resultados mostram que a região central entre as duas grades possui certas propriedades similares à turbulência isotrópica. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas comparações com o modelo k-&#949, mostrando que o mesmo pode ser aplicado a uma configuração de duas grades. / The properties of turbulence induced in a viscous fluid by oscillating a grid were investigated experimentally using the digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Vertical profiles of the turbulent energy, the dissipation rate, the eddy viscosity and a lengthscale have been obtained and compared with available analytical solutions. The experimental data agree well with the theoretical predictions. In addition, it could be observed that there are significant variations of the turbulent intensities at a small distance from the grid. With increasing distance from the grid, the turbulence becomes more homogeneous in the horizontal plane, and the variations in the turbulent intensities are reduced. The results also show that the turbulence can be considered to be shear-free only at a distance sufficiently far away from the grid, where the Reynolds shear stress aproaches zero. It became evident, furthermore, that at least 450 vector maps should be taken to ensure the accuracy of the measured velocity fluctuations. Turbulence was also measured for a two-grid configuration. It was found that the central region between the grids has certain properties similar to that of isotropic turbulence. The results show good agreement with the k-&#949 model, validating the application of the k-&#949 model to a pair of oscillating-grids.

OBJECTIVES: Comparing electromyography and physiological measures while walking on various inclines in unstable and stable shoes. METHODS: Eleven healthy females walked on treadmill at +10%, 0% and -10% grade for five minutes each, at self-selected pace, in stable and unstable shoes. The two sessions were done 3weeks apart during which the subjects used unstable shoes for regular activities. Electromyography of lower limb muscles, absolute and relative oxygen consumption, perceived exertion rating and heart rate was calculated. RESULTS: Tibialis anterior activation varied significantly with shoe type, irrespective of grade. Soleus, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris showed activation differences in specific gait phases. There was a main effect for absolute and relative oxygen consumption, RPE and HR only with grade. Shoe type showed no effect. CONCLUSION: Though there is no difference in overall physiological variables, but changes in electromyography in specific phases highlight possible muscle toning benefits of unstable shoes. / Graduate / 0350 / 0354 / 0382 / avneetchatha@gmail.com

Orientador: Lucila Helena Deliesposte Cescato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_EdsonJosede_M.pdf: 7453889 bytes, checksum: 0d4a66734adaf2f4c9f36b7ef54e6eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Esta tese trata do desenvolvimento de processos de replicação de elementos ópticos difrativos. Este processo pode ser dividido em três etapas: gravação do elemento óptico matriz, confecção do molde e obtenção das réplicas. O estudo conduzido foi baseado em dois tipos de elementos: matrizes de microlentes e redes de difração holográficas. As matrizes destes elementos foram gravadas em fotorresinas utilizando-se a técnica de fotogravação e amolecimento da resina, para o caso das microlentes e exposições holográfica para gravação das redes de difração com relevos sub-micrométricos. A partir destas estruturas foram confeccionados moldes em Níquel dos elementos, através de um sistema de eletroformação montado em nosso laboratório durante esta tese. As réplicas foram obtidas em equipamentos de injeção de plástico disponíveis em empresas do ramo fonográfico (Sonopress) e produção de lentes (Optovac). Em cada etapa, dos processos os perfis em relevo das estruturas foram sistematicamente caracterizadas através de medidas de perfilometria, microscopias eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) assim como foram realizadas medidas das propriedades ópticas das matrizes e réplicas. Os resultados destas medições comparativas permitiram estabelecer as características dos perfis em que se pode garantir a fidelidade das réplicas. Os avanços obtidos durante o desenvolvimento desta tese, tanto nos processos de replicação de elementos difrativos quanto na fabricação de micro-estruturas metálicas, aproximam os resultados da pesquisa desenvolvida na universidade do setor produtivo. / Abstract: The replication of diffractive optical elements is the subject of this thesis. The replication can be divided in three steps: the recording of the matrix optical element, the electroforming of the stamper and the manufacture of replicas. This study was based in two types of elements: microlenses array and holographic diffraction gratings. The microlenses arrays were recorded in photoresist by using photolithographic and melting resist techniques, while the diffraction gratings were recorded using holographic exposures. Starting from these structures, the Nickel stampers have been formed using an electroforming system mounted in our laboratory during this thesis. The replicas were manufactured in injection molding systems of a phonographic company (Sonopress) and of a lens manufacture (Optovac). In each steps of the process, the relief profiles have been measured by profilometry, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The diffraction efficiencies of both matrix and replicas were also measured. The results of the measurements allowed to establish the profile characteristics that can be accurately replicated through this process. The development achieved in this thesis, in both replication processes and in the manufacture of metallic micro-structures, approach the results of the research developed in the university to the market. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física