Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Smallholder farmers are usually confronted with severe climatic conditions during summer growing seasons on production fields that are generally characterized by poor soil fertility and consequent low crop yields. Conservation agriculture could be a feasible local practice under such conditions to ensure a more sustainable and environmentally friendly system for cultivating crops. A rainfed field experiment was conducted at two diverse agroecological sites, Syferkuil and Ofcolaco during 2017 growing season in the Limpopo Province of South Africa to evaluate production, and symbiotic activities in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and also to validate the performance of the Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model in simulating soybean biomass accumulation and grain yield under tillage and mulch practices. The experiment was established as a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with tillage (till and no-till) as the main plot treatment and four rates of grass mulch (0, 3, 6 and 9 tons ha-1) as the sub-plots treatment. The APSIMSoybean model was used to validate the result for simulated biomass and grain yield for the tillage practices at different mulching rates. A greenhouse experiment was also conducted during the 2017/2018 growing season to enhance the understanding of undulation potential in the selected soybean cultivar together with other cultivars. The greenhouse experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Three soybean cultivars, commercial cultivar Donmario 8.6IRR (sourced from Agricol), Dundee commercial cultivar and Ibis 2000 (both sourced from Agricultural Research Council) were evaluated for their growth, phenological development, and symbiotic activities. Soybean growth was significantly (p≤0.001) affected by tillage at Syferkuil but not at Ofcolaco with the tilled soil having more pronounced growth than no-till at the former. Addition of mulch resulted in improved soybean growth relative to the control at both localities. Tillage and mulch as well as their interactive effects on soil moisture was significant at Syferkuil. Across tillage practices mulch application exhibited the highest moisture content than the control plots. At Ofcolaco tillage and mulch significantly (p≤0.001) affected soil water content but not the interaction effect, with more moisture recorded under the no-tilled condition and mulch application rate of 9 t ha-1 Soybean shoot and root nitrogen content was not influenced by tillage but was responsive (p≤0.001) to mulch application at both sites. The application of 9 t ha-1 mulch increased the shoot nitrogen content compared to the control plants at both locations. Soybean biomass and grain yield were also significantly influenced by tillage and mulch at Syferkuil but not at Ofcolaco (p≤0.001). A significant interaction effect of tillage and mulch (p≤0.001) on biomass and grain yield was also observed at Syferkuil but not Ofcolaco. At Syferkuil, higher biomass and grain yield was observed under the tilled condition when mulch at the rates of 6 and 9 tons were applied whereas, at Ofcolaco, soybean biomass and grain yield was higher under mulch application than the control with mulch application of 9 tons ha-1 at this location having the highest biomass and grain yield. The results of the APSIM model simulation showed the simulated biomass and grain yield to have a positive relationship. Hence, APSIM model can be used to guide alternate management practices to improve soybean production in the Limpopo Province. Findings from the greenhouse trial revealed that soybean cultivars significantly (p≤0.001) vary in symbiotic activities, growth, and physiological development. Across the cultivars, Ibis 2000 was superior in all studied parameters whereas Donmario, the cultivar used in the field trial was generally inferior among the three. KEYWORDS: Cultivars, Grain yield, Soybean, / Department of Science and Technology (DST) and National Research Foundation (NRF)

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / P.V. Vara Prasad / Productivity of grain crops is highly sensitive to changing climates and crop management practices. Response of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] to high temperature stress, and intensive management practices such as increased seeding rates and fertilizer application are not clearly understood. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of (a) season-long, and short episodes of high temperature stress on growth and yield traits of finger millet, (b) seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer application rates on grain and biomass yield, and (c) to evaluate the finger millet minicore collection for high grain and biomass yield. Controlled environment studies were conducted to determine the effects of high temperature stress on physiological, growth and yield traits. Field studies were conducted in Manhattan and Hays (Kansas) and Alupe (Kenya) to determine the effects of seeding and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth and yield traits. Finger millet minicore collection was evaluated under field conditions in India, for phenology, growth and yield traits. Season long high temperature stress of 36/26 or 38/28°C compared to 32/22°C decreased panicle emergence, number of seeds per panicle, grain yield and harvest index. Finger millet was most sensitive to short episodes (10 d) of high temperature (40/30°C) during booting, panicle emergence and flowering stages, resulting in lower number of seeds, and grain yield. Finger millet responded to the interaction between environmental (locations) and temporal (years) factors. In general, locations with higher rainfall had greater grain and biomass yield than those with low rainfall. There was no influence of seeding rates (3.2 or 6.0 kg ha[superscript]-1) at Hays and Alupe. However, in one of the two years in Manhattan, higher seeding rate of 6.0 kg ha[superscript]-1 increased grain yield compared to 3.2 kg ha[superscript]-1. There was no influence of nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60 or 90 kg ha[superscript]-1) on grain or biomass yield at all three locations. However, higher fertilizer rates had greater percentage lodging. The finger millet minicore collection displayed large ranges for most quantitative traits including days to flowering, plant height, number of fingers panicle[superscript]-1, grain yield, biomass yield, and lodging; and had >60% heritability. Some of the genotypes from the minicore collection have the potential to increase grain and biomass yield and abiotic stress tolerance of finger millet.

A soja é uma das culturas mais importantes do mundo, além de ser a principal comodity brasileira. Entretanto apesar dos ganhos crescentes de produtividade a base genética da cultura no país é estreita. Sendo assim, é importante a identificação e caracterização de fontes de variabilidade para os programas de melhoramento de soja. Dado o exposto, os objetivos deste estudo foram i) avaliação da produtividade de grãos e caracteres agronômicos correlacionados; ii) caracterização da diversidade fenotípica; iii) caracterização da diversidade genética e estrutura de populações; e iv) mapeamento associativo para produtividade de grãos. Os acessos foram fenotipados nos anos agrícolas de 2012/2013 e 2013/2014, em cinco ambientes. As características avaliadas foram: altura da planta na maturidade, período de granação, valor agronômico, acamamento, massa de cem sementes, número de dias para a maturidade, inserção da primeira vagem, altura da planta no florescimento, teor de óleo e produtividade de grãos. A análise dos dados fenotípicos foi feita pelo software SELEGEN utilizando modelos mistos, e a árvore de regressão para identificação dos caracteres correlacionados foi feita pelo software JMP SAS. A diversidade fenotípica foi feita a partir de todas as características avaliadas anteriormente utilizando três tipos de análises: os métodos de agrupamento de Ward e Average Linkage no software Power Marker, e pela análise de componentes principais no software JMP SAS. A genotipagem dos acessos foi realizada pelo Axiom&reg; Soybean Genotyping Array contendo 10017 SNPs polimórficos para os acessos genotipados. A partir dos dados de marcadores foi feita a caracterização da diversidade genética pelo software Power Marker. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de estrutura de população pelo software STRUCTURE e pelo pacote do R, adegenet. A análise de associação foi efetuada pelo software TASSEL, utilizando o modelo misto MLM (Q+K). Duas abordagens foram utilizadas na análise de associação, a primeira utilizando as médias fenotípicas ajustadas para BLUP dos cinco ambientes e a segunda utilizando apenas as médias de cada local individualmente. Na análise fenotípica os acessos Dowling, PI 417563, PI200526, PI 377573 e PI 159922, apresentaram boa produtividade de grãos nos cincos ambientes avaliados. A caracterização molecular e fenotípica da diversidade indicou a presença de variabilidade genética no painel de acessos avaliados. Além disso, foi possível a identificação de dois grupos (k=2) em ambas as análises de estrutura da população utilizadas. No mapeamento associativo, foram detectadas sete associações marcador-característica com p<0,001 e com correção para múltiplos testes q<0,1. Dentre estas, quatro foram significativas no modelo de análise conjunta dos cinco ambientes e para o ambiente dois. As demais associações foram significativas somente para este último local. / Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world, and is Brazil\'s main commodity. However despite growing yield gains the genetic basis of culture in the country is narrow. Therefore, the identification and characterization of sources of variability for soybean breeding programs is important. On this basis, the objectives of this study were i) assessment of grain yield and agronomic traits correlated; ii) characterization of the phenotypic diversity; iii) characterization of genetic diversity and population structure; and iv) associative mapping for grain yield. The inbred lines were phenotyped in the agricultural years of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, in five environments. The traits evaluated were: plant height at maturity, fruit filling period, agronomic value, lodging, mass of hundred seeds, number of days to maturity, first pod, plant height at flowering, oil content and grain yield. The analysis of phenotypic data was made by SELEGEN software using mixed models, and regression tree for identification of correlated traits was made by JMP SAS software. The phenotypic diversity was made from all the features previously evaluated using three types of analysis: the Ward clustering methods and Average Linkage from the Power Marker software, and the principal component analysis in SAS JMP software. Genotyping was performed by Axiom&reg; Soybean Genotyping Array containing 10017 polymorphic SNPs genotyped for the soybean lines. From the markers data was taken the genetic diversity analysis by Power Marker software. In addition, population structure analysis was performed by Structure software and the R package, adegenet. The association analysis was performed by TASSEL software using the mixed model MLM (Q + K). Two approaches were used in the association analysis, the first using the phenotypic average adjusted to BLUP values for the five enviroments and the second one using only the means of each site individually. In the phenotypic analysis the lines: Dowling, PI 417563, PI200526, PI 377573 and PI 159922 showed good grain yield in the five evaluated environments. The molecular and phenotypic characterization of diversity indicated the presence of geneticvariability in the inbreed lines. Moreover, it was possible to identify two groups (k = 2) in both population structure analysis used. In the associative mapping, were detected seven markertrait associations with p <0.001 and with correction for multiple tests q <0.1. Among these, four were significant in the pooled analysis model with five environments and at the individually environment two. The other variables were significant only for the latter location.

A intensificação da agricultura está causando a degradação do ambiente agrícola, dos recursos hídricos e do solo. O manejo ecológico de solo e planta do Centro de Pesquisa Mokiti Okada (CPMO) tem como objetivo proporcionar ao agricultor, alternativas viáveis para atividade agrícola sustentável. Este sistema de manejo deve compensar a ausência dos insumos agrícolas - tradicionalmente utilizados na agricultura convencional - através da manutenção da qualidade física, química e microbiológica do solo. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no CPMO e no Sítio Camaquã, propriedade vizinha com solo de características similares. Os objetivos foram: i) caracterizar os atributos físico-hídricos do solo nos sistemas de manejo adotados; ii) verificar o efeito dos manejos nos atributos físico-hídricos do solo; iii) quantificar o rendimento do milho em cada sistema de manejo. Os tratamentos foram: manejo ecológico irrigado (MEI); manejo ecológico não irrigado (MENI) e manejo usual do Sítio Camaquã (MSQ). Cada tratamento foi composto por 8 parcelas com 54 m2 cada, para determinação da produtividade. Para determinação dos parâmetros físico-hídricos realizou-se amostragem do solo em duas épocas do ciclo do milho: 50 dias após a semeadura (50 DAS) e 140 DAS, ambas nas parcelas. Dentre os tratamentos com sistema de manejo ecológico, o MEI apresentou os melhores resultados: a densidade do solo diminuiu significativamente de 1,37 para 1,32 g.cm-3 e 1,26 para 1,22 g.cm-3 a 10 e 30 cm respectivamente da amostragem 50 para 140 DAS; a porosidade total aumentou significativamente de 51 para 55% e 54 para 57% a 10 e 30 cm respectivamente da amostragem 50 para 140 DAS. O tratamento MSQ se mostrou susceptível a processos de degradação devido ao manejo adotado, de elevada mobilização do solo: as médias de densidade, diâmetro médio geométrico, porosidade total e macroporosidade da amostragem 50 DAS para 140 DAS a 10 cm de profundidade variaram significativamente de 1,23 para 1,41 g.cm-3; 1,58 para 1,29 mm; 55 para 49% e 24 para 13% respectivamente. O rendimento do milho foi 5,0; 4,1 e 4,8 t.ha-1 nos tratamentos MEI, MENI e MSQ respectivamente. / The intensification of agriculture is causing the degradation of agricultural environment, water resources and soil. The soil and plant ecological management of Mokiti Okada Research Center (CPMO) has as a goal to provide viable alternatives of techniques for sustainable agriculture. This proposed management must compensate the no use of agricultural input, traditionally applied in a conventional model, through the maintenance of the soil physical, chemical and microbiological quality. This assay was performed in the CPMO experimental field and in an adjacent area, belonging to the neighbor Camaquã farm, whose soil characteristic is similar. The aims of this work were: i) to characterize soil physic-hydric attributes; ii) to survey the effect from crop system on the soil physic-hydric attributes; iii) to quantify the maize yield of the treatments. The treatments were: ecological crop system with irrigation (ECSI); ecological crop system without irrigation (ECSNI); conventional crop system (CCS) as usual in the Camaquã farm. Each treatment was comprised of 8 plots with 54 m2, where the grain yield was measured. Soil cores were sampled from the plots, at the two different growth stages, in order to survey the soil physics parameters: at 50 days after sowing (DAS) and 140 DAS. Among ecological crop system the ECSI treatment showed the best results. The soil bulk density decreased significantly from 50 to 140 DAS at 10 and 30 cm depth (1.37 to 1.32 g.cm-3 and 1.26 to 1.22 g.cm-3). The soil total porosity increased significantly at the same time and depth (51 to 55% and 54 to 57%). The soil of the CCS treatment showed it was susceptible to degradation pressures from usual high soil tillage management. At the 10 cm depth there were significantly differences between 50 to 140 DAS to bulk density (1.23 to 1.41 g.cm-3), mean geometric diameter (1.58 to 1.29 mm), total porosity (55 to 49%) and macro porosity (24 to 13%). The grain yields were: 5.0, 4.1 and 4.8 t.ha-1 to ECSI, CSNI and CCS treatments, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Schafascheck.pdf: 1885444 bytes, checksum: 0039d2e4db0312592da136c4b19798b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The wheat breeding starts with the selection of the parent to make the crossing blocks, aiming at segregating populations with high yield potential and divergent, to evaluate the adaptability and phenotypic stability in different wheat regions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic dissimilarity among wheat genotypes through agronomic characterization, molecular genotyping and coefficient parentage, cluster analyses of genotypes by means of multivariate statistical methods, and to evaluate the adaptability and phenotypic stability by GGE biplot methodology. It was evaluated 43 new wheat lines developed by the breeding program of UEPG and cultivar commercial Safira®. The genetic dissimilarity among the genotypes was obtained from the Generalized Mahalanobis Square Distance (D2) through seven agronomic traits, coefficient parentage (COP) and Jaccard index for SSR and AFLP markers. The genotypes were grouped according to the genetic dissimilarity through the UPGMA and principal component analysis (PCA) methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) enabled the reduction the set of seven variables on three principal components, explaining 67% of the total phenotypic variance. The coefficients of the eigenvectors indicated that the CP1 was more related to grain quality (thousand kernels weight and weight hectoliter) and the vegetative cycle. CP2 in most was influenced by the grain yield (48.4%) and CP3 negatively associated with the plant height (72.08%). CP analysis allowed the identification of groups of different wheat genotypes through agronomic characteristics. The dendrograms obtained through molecular genotyping (SSR and AFLP) and agronomic characterization demonstrated the formation of eight groups, while the coefficient parentage only five groups of genotypes. The cophenetic correlations between the matrices of genetic dissimilarity were low. Nevertheless, the analysis methods were efficient in estimating the genetic dissimilarity among the genotypes and enabled highlight wheat lines which showed higher agronomic performance. To estimate the adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes were evaluated in crops 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Ponta Grossa, for characteristics plant height, reproductive cycle and grain yield. From the results of the graphical analysis, it could identify the ideals genotypes characterized by high agronomic adaptation combined with phenotypic stability. The lines of the UEPG program L8, L15, L17, L31, L34, L38 and L40 showed high adaptation agronomic and phenotypic stability for grain yield. This group of wheat lines showed higher potential productive than that commercial cultivar Safira®, making them strong candidates in the future as new commercial cultivars recommended for the municipality of Ponta Grossa. / O melhoramento genético de trigo inicia com a seleção dos parentais para compor os blocos de cruzamentos, visando populações segregantes com alto potencial produtivo e divergente, até a avaliação da adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica nas diferentes regiões tritícolas. Diante disso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar a dissimilaridade genética entre genótipos de trigo através da caracterização agronômica, da genotipagem molecular e do coeficiente de parentesco, realizar a análise de agrupamento dos genótipos por meio de métodos estatísticos multivariados, bem como avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica através da metodologia GGE biplot. Foram avaliadas 43 novas linhagens de trigo desenvolvidas pelo programa de melhoramento da UEPG e a cultivar comercial Safira®. A dissimilaridade genética entre os genótipos foi obtida a partir da Distância Quadrada Generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) através de sete características agronômicas, do coeficiente de parentesco (COP) e do índice de Jaccard para os marcadores SSR e AFLP. Os genótipos de trigo foram agrupados de acordo com a dissimilaridade genética através dos métodos UPGMA e da análise de componentes principais (ACP). A análise de componentes principais (ACP) possibilitou a redução do conjunto de sete variáveis em três componentes principais, explicando 67% da variância fenotípica total. Os coeficientes dos autovetores indicaram que o CP1 foi mais relacionado a qualidade de grãos (peso de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro) e ao ciclo vegetativo. O CP2 em maior parte foi influenciado pelo rendimento de grãos (48,4%) e o CP3 associado negativamente com a estatura de plantas (72,08%). A análise CP permitiu a identificação de diferentes grupos de genótipos de trigo a partir da caracterização agronômica. Os dendrogramas obtidos da genotipagem molecular (SSR e AFLP) e da caracterização agronômica demonstraram a formação de oito grupos, enquanto pelo coeficiente de parentesco apenas cinco grupos de genótipos. As correlações cofenéticas entre as matrizes de dissimilaridade genética foram baixas. Apesar disso, as metodologias de análise foram eficientes em estimar a dissimilaridade genética entre os genótipos e possibilitaram destacar as linhagens de trigo que evidenciaram desempenho agronômico superior. Para estimar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade os genótipos de trigo foram avaliados nas safras de 2010, 2011 e 2012 em Ponta Grossa, para as características estatura de planta, ciclo reprodutivo e rendimento de grãos. A partir dos resultados da análise gráfica, foi possível identificar os genótipos ideais, caracterizados pela alta adaptação agronômica e estabilidade fenotípica. As linhagens do programa de melhoramento da UEPG L8, L15, L17, L31, L34, L38 e L40 evidenciaram alta adaptação agronômica e estabilidade fenotípica para o rendimento de grãos. Esse grupo de linhagens de trigo apresentou potencial produtivo superior a cultivar comercial Safira®, tornando-as no futuro fortes candidatas como novas cultivares comerciais recomendadas para o município de Ponta Grossa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brachtvogel_el_me_botfca.pdf: 424866 bytes, checksum: 3ab3fe0b44645fcfe2ba5dd7b99a5f80 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A otimização da exploração dos recursos do ambiente é necessária para a maximização do rendimento do milho. Dentre os fatores que interferem na resposta ao ambiente está o arranjo de plantas, compreendido pelo arranjo espacial e área ocupada pela planta de milho, interagindo diretamente sobre a competição intraespecífica por fatores do meio. Desta forma, a hipótese desse trabalho é de que o arranjo espacial eqüidistante entre plantas de milho diminua os efeitos da competição intraespecífica principalmente em altas densidades, com conseqüente aumento da produtividade. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as formas de distribuição espacial de plantas eqüidistante e o espaçamento de 0,80 metro na entrelinha, preconizado como o convencionalmente utilizado, em populações de 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plantas ha-1. O ensaio foi conduzido em área de Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, de textura argilosa situada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP/Campus de Botucatu, na safra 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 X 6 (quatro repetições), em parcelas de 4,5 x 10 metros. Foram avaliados altura das plantas, altura de inserção de espiga, relação entre altura da espiga e altura da planta e diâmetro do colmo em pleno florescimento; índice de área foliar no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de persistência e senescência foliar, produção de massa de matéria seca por planta e por área no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de remobilização, índice de colheita, comprimento de espiga, diâmetros de espiga e do sabugo, comprimento do grão, número de fileiras, massa de mil grãos, massa de grãos por espiga, índice de espiga, estimativa do número de espigas e grãos por hectare, população de plantas... / The maximization of environmental resources exploration is necessary to maximize maize grain yield. Among the factors that interfere in response to the environment is the plant arrangement, understood by spatial arrangement and occupied area by the maize plant, interacting on the intraspecific competition by factors of the environment. Thus, the hypothesis of this work is that the equidistant plant spacing between maize plants can reduce the effects of intraspecific competition mainly at high densities, aiming improvement of maize grain yield. The objective of this essay was to compare the equidistant plant spacing and 0.80 m row width, in populations of 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plants ha-1. The essay was located in a clay red alfisol area, in the Experimental Lageado Farm of the Agronomic Science College, UNESP-Botucatu-SP, in 2007/2008 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block in four replications, in 4.5 x 10 m plots. It was evaluated plant and ear height, the relationship between ear and plant height and stem diameter at the flowering; leaf area index at the flowering and physiological maturity, leaf persistence and leaf senescence index, dry matter production per plant and per area at physiological maturity, steam remobilization index, harvest index, ear length, ear and cob diameter, grain length, number of grain rows, a thousand grains weight, grain weight per ear, ear index, ear and grain number per hectare, final plant population, percentage of stalk lodged plants, grain yield, as well the correlations between source and sink characteristics with yield. All parameters evaluated were affected by plant densities, except the mobilization and harvesting index. The spatial arrangements affected the relationship between ear and plant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souzaschlick_gd_me_botfca.pdf: 1162676 bytes, checksum: ea5596a01761141a74d3a02f1103f6ca (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o lançamento de novas cultivares de mamona de porte baixo e frutos indeiscentes, adequados para o cultivo em grandes áreas e colheita mecanizada, fez-se necessário estabelecer quais os melhores espaçamentos e populações de plantas, para que cada um desses materiais possa atingir a máxima produtividade. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre fileiras e da população de plantas no crescimento e produtividade de cultivares de mamona de porte baixo na safra de verão (novembro) e em safrinha (março). Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos, com dois cultivares (FCA-PB e IAC 2028), em duas épocas de cultivo (safra de verão e safrinha), conduzidos durante os anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09. O delineamento experimental utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro espaçamentos entre fileiras (0,45, 0,60, 0,75 e 0,90 m) e as subparcelas por quatro populações iniciais de plantas (25.000, 40.000, 55.000 e 70.000 plantas ha-1). O trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido em condições de campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, campus de Botucatu, SP. Na safra de verão foi possível observar que: para a cultivar FCA-PB, o aumento da população de plantas, independente do espaçamento entre fileiras, diminuiu a população final de plantas, a matéria seca da parte aérea, o número de racemos por planta e de frutos por racemo; o aumento da população de plantas nos espaçamentos de 0,60 e 0,75 m entre fileiras aumentou a altura de inserção do primeiro racemo; a maior produtividade de grãos e de óleo da mamoneira FCA-PB foi obtida com população inicial entre 55.000 e 70.000 plantas... / The release of new dwarf castor bean cultivars and indehiscent fruit is suitable for growth in large scale with and mechanized harvest, therefore there is a need to establish which row spacing and plant population is the best for each of these materials can achieve the maximum yield. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the row spacing and plant population in the growth and yield of dwarf castor bean cultivars in the summer (November) and out-of-season (March) cropping. Therefore, four experiments were performed, i.e., two cultivars (FCA-PB e IAC 2028) in two cropping seasons (summer and out-of-season), conducted during 2007/08 and 2008/09 agricultural years. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with split-plot and four replications. Plots comprised four row spacings (0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90 m), and subplots comprised four initial plant populations (25,000, 40,000, 55,000, and 70,000 plants per hectare). In summer cropping season was observed: in the FCA-PB cultivar, plant population increasing, regardless of row spacing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, racemes per plant and fruits per raceme; the plant population increasing, at 0.60 and 0.75 m row spacings, increased the height of the first raceme insertion; the highest grain and oil yields were obtained with a population among 55,000 and 70,000 plants per hectare and 0.45 or 0.60 m row spacings. In the IAC 2028 cultivar, the plant population increasing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, number of fruits per raceme, mass of 100 grains... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-02-07T15:03:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE Alexandre Terracciano Villela.pdf: 6767676 bytes, checksum: 4087c5639e3fa053e11ce3ce40f871b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-02-08T12:51:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Alexandre Terracciano Villela.pdf: 6767676 bytes, checksum: 4087c5639e3fa053e11ce3ce40f871b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T12:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Alexandre Terracciano Villela.pdf: 6767676 bytes, checksum: 4087c5639e3fa053e11ce3ce40f871b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Alimento de grande importância na dieta da população brasileira, o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é cultivado preferencialmente por agricultores familiares no Rio Grande do Sul. Diversos são os motivos que levam os produtores em grande escala a terem um maior acesso às tecnologias geradas pela pesquisa, tanto de órgãos públicos como privados, em relação aos agricultores familiares. Assim, no início dos anos 1990, a equipe de melhoramento genético da Embrapa Clima Temperado, com a contribuição da Emater/RS, órgão oficial de extensão, colocaram em prática o Sistema de Unidades Demonstrativas de Feijão – SUDF – possibilitando aos agricultores familiares conhecerem as cultivares disponibilizadas pela pesquisa e, consequentemente, escolherem as melhor adaptadas às condições ambientais de suas propriedades. A Unidade Demonstrativa - UD – passou a ser composta por dezessete das cultivares já recomendadas por órgãos de pesquisa localizados na Região Sul do Brasil, além da cultivar em uso pelo agricultor, usada como termo de comparação. As parcelas constituíram-se de quatro fileiras de 4 m, com 0,50 m entre fileiras e com uma densidade de 12 sementes por metro linear. O SUDF foi concebido para ser uma metodologia dinâmica, de modo a permitir o acréscimo ou a eliminação anual de cultivares. Assim, sempre que uma nova cultivar tornava-se disponível pela pesquisa, poderia ser acrescida. Da mesma forma, cultivares poderiam ser eliminadas quando algum fator considerado como determinante assim o sugerisse. UDs foram instaladas em todas as doze regiões administrativas da Emater-RS. O presente trabalho analisa o comportamento em cada uma das regiões, de dezessete das cultivares oriundas da pesquisa e que compuseram o SUDF, mais a cultivar usada pelo agricultor, que igualmente serviu como testemunha, totalizando dezoito cultivares. As cultivares oriundas da pesquisa foram: Rio Tibagi, Guateian 6662, FT 120, BR-Ipagro 1 Macanudo, BR-Ipagro 3 Minuano, Iapar 44, BR-Ipagro 35 Macotaço, BR-Fepagro 44 Guapo Brilhante, TPS Nobre (também identificada como FT Nobre), Diamante Negro, BRS Valente, Soberano e BRS Expedito, cultivares de grãos pretos; e Carioca, Iraí, Iapar 31 e Pérola, cultivares com outras cores de tegumento. Os resultados apontam que embora em cada uma das regiões grupos distintos de cultivares tenham revelado maiores produtividades, nove delas, as cultivares BR-Ipagro 35 Macotaço, BRS Expedito, BR-Ipagro 3 Minuano, BR-Ipagro 1 Macanudo, Soberano e FT Nobre, de grãos pretos, e Carioca e Iapar 31, de grãos cariocas, estiveram, maciçamente no grupo de produtividade superior. A comparação entre as cultivares integrantes do SUDF e a cultivar do agricultor, revelou que em seis das doze regiões administrativas da Emater – RS, pelo menos uma das cultivares do SUDF superou a produtividade desta última, abrindo a perspectiva de um avanço na média de produtividade do feijão no Estado. / ood source of great importance in the Brazilian population diet, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown preferably by family farmers in Rio Grande do Sul State. There are several reasons that lead to large-scale producers to have greater facility in accessing technologies released by research institutions, both public and private, in relation to family farmers. As so, in beginning 1990s, the common bean breeding team of Embrapa Temperate Climate, with the contribution of Emater / RS, the official extension institution, put into practice the Common Bean Demonstration Unity System - SUDF - enabling farmers to get acquainted with the new released cultivars by research, with the possibility of selection of those best suited to the environment of their farms.The Demonstration Unity – DU, was composeed by seventeen of the cultivars released for cultivation by research institutions located at Brazil’s Southern Region, as well as by the farmer’s cultivar, also the check cultivar. The plots consisted of four 4m-rows, with 0.50m between rows and a density of 12 seeds per meter. The SUDF was designed to be a dynamic methodology as to allow for the addition or elimination of cultivars annually according to the needs. DUs have been sown at all of the Emater- RS’s Administration Regions. So, the present work analyses seventeen of the cultivars derived from the research, plus one cultivar under use by the farmer, totaling eighteen cultivars. The cultivars available for research were: Rio Tibagi, Guateian 6662, FT 120, BR-Ipagro 1 Macanudo, BR-Ipagro 3 Minuano, Iapar 44, BR-Ipagro 35 Macotaço, BR-Fepagro 44 Guapo Brilhante, TPS Nobre (or FT Nobre), Diamante Negro, BRS Valente, Soberano and BRS Expedito, black seeded cultivars; and Carioca, Iraí, Iapar 31 and Pérola cultivars with differente seed coat colors. Results reveal that despite the fact that at each of the Administrative Regions distinct groups of cultivars were the most yielding ones, the cultivars BR-Ipagro 35 Macotaço, BRS Expedito, BR-Ipagro 3 Minuano, BRIPAGRO 1 Macanudo, Soberano e FT Nobre, black seeded, and Carioca and Iapar 31, of carioca type, have been mainly at the high yield group. Comparison between the farmer’s cultivar and the SUDF cultivars shows that at six of the twelve regions, at least one of SUDF cultivars outyield the farmer’s cultivar, opening the perspective of a common bean mean yield gain for Rio Grande do Sul. Key words: Ph

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Dry bean is one of the most important cash crops and source of protein for small holder farmers. Low yields of dry bean are often reported to be associated with lack of inoculation (Arbuscular mycorrihizal fungi) of seeds prior to planting. Soil phosphorus (P) unavailability is one of the major factors limiting yield of dry bean. Field and Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the response of dry bean cultivars to inoculation and phosphorus application under dry land farming conditions at the Syferkuil experimental farm of University of Limpopo. Both greenhouse and field experiments were carried out as a split-split plot arrangement in randomised complete block design with four replications. Main plot treatment comprised of two dry bean cultivars VIZ, red speckled bean and small white haricot. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation levels (inoculated and uninoculated) were assigned in the sub-plot whilst the sub-sub plot was applied with five phosphorus rates at 0, 20; 40; 60 and 80 kg/ ha using single superphosphate (10.5 % P). The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical software (ANOVA) STATISTIX 10.0.Dry bean cultivars (red speckled bean and small white haricot bean) were evaluated in a field experiment for their growth, nodulation and yield responses to AM fungi inoculation and different rates of P fertiliser. The results revealed that the red speckled bean had higher number of nodules (45 %), stem diameter 26.96 cm and higher leaf area of 21.05 cm2 as compared to small white haricot bean. The application of P at the rate of 40 kg/ha produced higher grain yield of 743.47 kg/ha as compared to small white haricot bean with 572 kg/ha. The growth parameters such as yield, soil chemical and biological properties did not significantly respond to inoculation (P≤0.05). Red speckled bean and small white haricot bean were evaluated in greenhouse experiment for their growth and nodulation on inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer treatment In the greenhouse experiment phosphorus fertilizer rate showed significant effect on chlorophyll content, leaf fresh and dry weight. The dry bean cultivars were found to be significant to number of nodules, plant vigour and root dry weight. The red speckled bean showed higher growth parameters as compared to small white haricot bean. The application of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) at varying rates did not have any significant influence on all parameters measured in the experiment on both trials. The study needs to be repeated after 4 to 5 years. The findings of this study concluded that P should be applied at the rate of 40 kg P/ha in order to improve the production of dry bean. / NRF (National Research Foundation)

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Resumo: Com a crescente adoção da prática de rotação de culturas, o arroz de terras altas tem se tornado uma opção viável na região do Cerrado, e para que haja um maior investimento e retorno na cultura do arroz de terras altas, é fundamental o ajuste das melhores épocas de semeadura e a escolha de cultivares adequados. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a melhor época de semeadura e o cultivar que expresse seu potencial produtivo, sendo adaptável e estável, além de possuir boa qualidade industrial, em região de Cerrado de baixa altitude. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria (MS), durante o ano agrícola 2016/17. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro épocas de semeadura (outubro, novembro, dezembro e fevereiro), cada uma com oito cultivares de arroz (BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005, IPR 117, IAC 500, IAC 203, BRSGO Serra Dourada e ANa 7211) e quatro repetições. As semeaduras realizadas em outubro e novembro proporcionaram maiores valores de nitrogênio foliar, massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, espiguetas totais e cheias por panícula, fertilidade de espiguetas e eficiência produtiva de grãos. A semeadura em outubro proporcionou as maiores massas de cem grãos. Houve acamamento na semeadura em novembro e incidência de escaldadura na semeadura em dezembro. Os cultivares BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005 e IPR 117 destacaram-se no teor de nitrogênio foliar, espiguetas cheias por panícula e apresentaram adaptabilidade geral às d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the increasing adoption of crop rotation practice, upland rice has become a viable option in the Cerrado region, and for there to be a greater investment and return on upland rice cultivation, it is fundamental to adjust the best sowing times and the choice of suitable cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best sowing season and the cultivar that expressed its productive potential, being adaptable and stable, besides having good industrial quality, in a low altitude Cerrado region. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, during the agricultural year 2016/17. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four sowing times (October, November, December and February), each with eight rice cultivars (BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005, IPR 117, IAC 500, IAC 203, BRSGO Serra Dourada and ANa 7211) and four replicates. Seeds in October and November provided higher values of leaf nitrogen, aerial part dry mass, total and full spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility and productive efficiency of grains. Seeding in October provided the largest hundred grain weight. Lodging occurred at sedding in November and scald incidence occurred in December. BRS Emeralda , ANa 5015, ANa 6005 and IPR 117 cultivars are highlighted in the leaf nitrogen content, full spikelets per panicle and had general adaptability to different sowing times. The highest yields were observed in the sowing in October, especiall... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre