M.Tech. / Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L) Moench) and millets are drought resistant cereals (Kent and Evers, 1994) that can grow in areas with poor soils and inconsistent rainfall (Dendy, 1995) where other crops fail. They serve as staple food for many people in tropical sub- Saharan Africa and Asia (Klopfenstein and Hoseney, 1995). Traditionally, bread is made from wheat, which is a temperate cereal not able to grow well in these tropical regions. Leavened bread is seldom made from anything other than wheat (Alais and Linden, 1991) and this is because of the unique visco-elastic property of wheat flour (Hoseney, 1994). Unfortunately in tropical regions such as South Africa wheat is imported at a premium price. The aim of this study was to produce a wheat-finger millet composite flour which is suitable for bread making. Finger millet grain (FMV6) was milled with a laboratory hammer mill fitted with a 0.8 mm screen. The following wheat-finger millet composite doughs were made using standard bread making methods, 0:100 (Control); 90:10; 80:20; 70:30, respectively. Selected quality attributes of the composite dough and the bread thereof were analysed using standard methods. The formulation with 10% finger millet showed better results than other formulations. One formulation (80:20) was selected for improvement which included mixing ingredients at elevated temperatures (50°C and 93°C) and addition of 0.002% of a lipase enzyme, lipopan F; 0.3% vital wheat gluten and a combination of 0.002% lipopan F and 0.3% gluten. All formulations (including the basic formulation) contained Fungamyl Super MA (enzyme combination which contained fungal a-amylase and a xylanase). As the mixing temperatures were elevated, loaf volume decreased but when the industrial baking enzymes were introduced there was an improvement in peak time, dough stability and loaf volume. Image analysis showed that there was an improvement in crumb structure and bubble size distribution after the application of enzyme lipopan F. The crumb colour was lighter and softer when a combination of enzyme lipopan F and vital wheat gluten was applied. The bread made from formulation 80:20 with addition of a combination of enzyme lipopan F and vital wheat gluten (WFM2GL) was more acceptable than other formulations except the control bread. The bread had a high score in taste, crust appearance and mouth feel. The results suggest that there is a potential for producing a composite bread by substituting wheat flour with finger millet flour (up to 20%); mixing at 25°C with application of a combination of a lipase and vital wheat gluten. However, more work is needed to improve the quality of the bread to a greater extent.

Phenolics in finger millet (FM) grain, including tannins, may impact significantly on its antimicrobial properties, functionality and health-promoting potential. Unfortunately, the location of tannins in the grain is unknown and there is limited information on the influence of variety on grain phenolic composition and antioxidant activity (AA). The effect of phenolics in FM grain on its malt fungal load and on the functional quality of its food products, including baked goods, is barely known. Twenty two FM grain types of varied visual kernel colour were analysed to determine the influence of grain type on phenolic composition, AA, and tannin localisation in the grain. Condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavan-4-ols were detected. Light coloured grain types had no tannins and had much lower total phenolics (TP) relative to the pigmented types, and types that stained black with the Bleach test had much higher tannin content and much higher AA. The grains that stained black with the Bleach test and had high tannin content (0.60 to 2.08 mg catechin eqivalents/100 mg, db) had a dark coloured testa layer, indicating that the tannins were located in that layer. The results indicate that occurrence of tannins in FM is a varietal property and the tannins are predominantly responsible for the AA of the grain. Germinative energy (GE), enzymic activity, and total fungal count [TFC], and infection levels of 12 FM grain types of varied phenolic content were measured to determine the impact of phenolics in FM grain on its malt quality. The malt quality of high-phenol FM types was much higher than that of the low-phenol types, with respect to enzymic activity. TFC was negatively correlated with grain total phenolics (TP) and amount of phenolic type (APT) and there were some negative correlations between fungal species infection levels and TP and APT (p<0.05). GE and enzymic activity were positively correlated with TP and APT (p<0.05) and negatively correlated with TFC (p<0.01). The data indicate that phenolics in FM grain impact positively on its malt quality by contributing to its antifungal activity. Cookies in which wheat cake flour was substituted with 15, 35 and 55% (w/w) of either a non-tannin or a high-tannin FM flour were analysed to assess the impact of FM phenolics on cookie quality and AA (health-promoting potential). FM-substituted cookies, particularly those with high levels of the high-tannin FM, were inferior to cake flour cookies (control), with respect to spread, texture and integrity and their dark colour decreased their acceptance by a consumer panel. However, the acceptability of cookies containing up to 35% of either FM type was similar to that of control cookies. Cookies containing the high-tannin FM had antioxidant activities that were similar to or higher than the antioxidant activities of several plant products on the market. Thus, potentially health-promoting cookies can be made by substituting up to approximately 35% wheat with a high-tannin FM. The study indicates that high-phenol FM grain types have good malt quality, which is partly due to the antifungal activity of their phenolics. Although FM phenolics, particularly tannins, seem to affect cookie quality negatively, they contribute significantly to their health-promoting potential. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Food Science / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13360号 / 論農博第2891号 / 新制||農||1080(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5299(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 中﨑 鉄也, 教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 土井 元章 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / P.V. Vara Prasad / Productivity of grain crops is highly sensitive to changing climates and crop management practices. Response of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] to high temperature stress, and intensive management practices such as increased seeding rates and fertilizer application are not clearly understood. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of (a) season-long, and short episodes of high temperature stress on growth and yield traits of finger millet, (b) seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer application rates on grain and biomass yield, and (c) to evaluate the finger millet minicore collection for high grain and biomass yield. Controlled environment studies were conducted to determine the effects of high temperature stress on physiological, growth and yield traits. Field studies were conducted in Manhattan and Hays (Kansas) and Alupe (Kenya) to determine the effects of seeding and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth and yield traits. Finger millet minicore collection was evaluated under field conditions in India, for phenology, growth and yield traits. Season long high temperature stress of 36/26 or 38/28°C compared to 32/22°C decreased panicle emergence, number of seeds per panicle, grain yield and harvest index. Finger millet was most sensitive to short episodes (10 d) of high temperature (40/30°C) during booting, panicle emergence and flowering stages, resulting in lower number of seeds, and grain yield. Finger millet responded to the interaction between environmental (locations) and temporal (years) factors. In general, locations with higher rainfall had greater grain and biomass yield than those with low rainfall. There was no influence of seeding rates (3.2 or 6.0 kg ha[superscript]-1) at Hays and Alupe. However, in one of the two years in Manhattan, higher seeding rate of 6.0 kg ha[superscript]-1 increased grain yield compared to 3.2 kg ha[superscript]-1. There was no influence of nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60 or 90 kg ha[superscript]-1) on grain or biomass yield at all three locations. However, higher fertilizer rates had greater percentage lodging. The finger millet minicore collection displayed large ranges for most quantitative traits including days to flowering, plant height, number of fingers panicle[superscript]-1, grain yield, biomass yield, and lodging; and had >60% heritability. Some of the genotypes from the minicore collection have the potential to increase grain and biomass yield and abiotic stress tolerance of finger millet.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Pasture Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is believed to be adapted to the arid and semi-arid regions, highly tolerant to pests, diseases and drought. It has the potential to produce a high forage biomass with fewer inputs under good production practices. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of finger millet as a fodder crop on the Pietersburg Plateau under rainfed and irrigation conditions, planted in rows and broadcast. The study was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018) at the Syferkuil Experimental Farm (SEF), University of Limpopo. Treatments consisted of two watering treatments (irrigation and rainfed) and two planting methods (broadcast and row planting). Seeding rate was 10 kg ha-1 with the inter row spacing of 25 cm. Irrigation had a significant effect on the dry matter production of finger millet (P ≤ 0.05). During 2017 growing season, under rainfed condition, the crop experienced zero production due to low rainfall. The total dry matter production of finger millet under rainfed conditions in 2018 was 3371 kg ha-1 for row planting and 3770 kg ha-1 for broadcasting. The dry matter production of finger millet under irrigation and row planting was 5318 kg ha-1 compared to 3371 kg ha-1 produced under row planting in the rainfed conditions. Broadcasting under irrigation produced 4890 kg ha-1 whereas broadcasting under rainfed conditions yielded 3770 kg ha-1. Planting method had no significant effect on the dry matter production of finger millet (P ≤ 0.05). The total dry matter production in 2017 was 5668 kg ha-1 and 5122 kg ha 1 under row planting and broadcast respectively, 2018 season produced the total dry matter production of 5122 kg ha-1 under row planting and 4892 kg ha-1 under broadcast. Finger millet planted under rainfed in rows had the CP% of 14.76 and 16.87% when broadcasted. In all the treatments CP% was higher than 10%. The ADF% was 33.02% under rainfed conditions and it ranged between 30.99% and 31.53% in 2017 and 2018 for row planting under irrigation. Finger millet can be considered an alternative fodder crop for livestock farmers in the Pietersburg Plateau

PhD (Food Science and Technology) / Department of Food Science and Technology / Finger millet (FM) (Eleusine coracana) grains are the staple food in Africa and India for communities with low socio-economic growth. The grains have high content of calcium, dietary fibre, carbohydrates that are rich in protein, fat, iron, phosphorus, vitamin and essential amino acids. Flours from milky cream (MC), brown and black varieties of FM were fortified with vitamin (vit) B₂ and zinc oxide (ZnO) in order to restore the nutrients that were lost during milling and sieving processes. The main aim of the study was to analyse the physical, nutritional composition and functional properties of flours from three (3) FM varieties fortified with vit B2 and ZnO. Pearl millet was used for comparison with the results obtained from this study. MC, brown and black varieties of FM flour treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design (CRD) in three (3) replicates. Physical properties: dimensional properties, colour attributes, kernel weight, bulk density (BD), true density, porosity, surface area, kernel volume, aspect ratio, sphericity and moisture content of the FM grains were analysed. Vitamins and minerals were also analysed. Functional properties: colour attributes, bulk density (BD), water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), swelling capacity (SC), swelling index (SI), foaming capacity (FC), foaming solubility (FS), dispersibility (Dis), viscosity (cool & hot paste), pasting properties, thermal properties and microscopic structure of FM flours were determined. Data generated were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Moisture content of MC FM grain and flour was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than brown and black varieties but was within the specified range of <12%. This indicated the long storage shelf-life of the grains and flours. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black varieties. MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. The information obtained from this study will help in designing suitable equipment for planting, harvesting, storage, processing and packaging of grains. Pearl millet grain was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MC FM was significantly higher iii in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), Hº (hue angle) and ZnO values compared to brown and black flours. MC raw fortified finger millet (RFFM) and instant fortified finger millet (IFFM) flours were significantly higher in vitamin B2. People prefer fortified MC flour because most of people living in South Africa use white maize as their staple food and it is similar to MC. Colour is the most important quality parameter in food processing industries and it is also attracts the consumer’s choice and preference. The vitamins and minerals that were lost during sieving, drying and milling were replaced by the two (2) fortificants added which may help to reduce the micronutrient deficiencies. Milky cream FM flours showed significantly high (p < 0.05) values in BD, WAC, OAC, SI, FC and dis. These are the fundamental physico-chemical properties that reflect the interaction between the composition and molecular structure. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black variety. The MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. Pearl millet was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MCFM variety was significantly higher in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), and Hº (hue angle) values as compared to other FM varieties. Moisture content of MC flour was significantly higher as compared to brown and black FM flours. Pasting properties of MC raw finger millet (RFM) and RFFM flours showed significantly higher in peak viscosity (PV) (3518 cP), final viscosity (FV) (6554 cP), breakdown viscosity (BDV) (703 cP) and setback viscosity (SV) (3868 cP) as compared to other RFM and RFFM flours. Brown instant finger millet (IFM) and IFFM flours had significantly higher of PV (723 cP), trough viscosity (TV) (655 cP) and FV (983 cP). IFFM flours had significantly higher values of PV (712 cP), TV (614 cP) and FV (970 cP), respectively. The instant pearl millet (IPM) and instant fortified pearl millet (IFPM) showed significantly higher value in BDV (330 cP and 131 cP) and SV (362 cP and 346 cP), respectively. Thermal properties of black RFM was significantly higher in onset temperature (To) (74.31), peak temperature (TP) (81.94ºC) and conclusion temperature (Tc) (89.64) and RFFM starches were significantly high in To (81.80ºC), TP (84.22ºC) and TC (92.81ºC), respectively. Milky ivcream IFM starch showed significantly higher values in TO (84.57ºC), TP (87.27ºC), Tc (92.81ºC) and ΔH (7.63ºC) compared to other starches. Brown IFFM flour was significantly higher value in To (85.88ºC) and TP (87.14ºC). The starch of IFPM was significantly higher in enthalpy of gelatinisation (6.91ºC) and PHI (2.94ºC) as compared to other FM starches. Brown IFM flour showed significantly higher value in gelatinisation temperature range (13.50ºC). The microscopic structure revealed that RFM and RFFM flours had oval and smooth surfaces. RFM and RFFM flours showed positive effect after fortificants were added because the starch granules, protein bodies and protein matrix were visible and formed crystal. IFM and IFFM flours had some holes, dents and rough surfaces. Instant fortified flours showed negative effect after fortificants were added due to technological processes such as recooking and remilling of flours. Different variations observed on physical, nutritional and functional properties after adding the fortificants may affect the physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of food produced from fortified flour. There is need to fortify FM flours with ZnO which may help to replace the value lost during milling and sieving operations. It is possible that the availability of ZnO could reduce the incidence of some non-communicable diseases. / NRF

Worldwide, millets are regarded as significant grains; however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse contents of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets comprise of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals present in millet grains have positive effects on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merit the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. In Chapter 1, the topic of the research was introduced, stating the importance of the study and to motivate on the significance of millet grains. Aims and objectives were also listed. Chapter 2 presented extensive literature review on millet and their uses in human and livestock nutrition. In addition, the use of tannin as alternative feed was also reviewed. Different studies have been conducted to investigate the suitability of millet grain as an energy source, in the animal industry. However, studies on the Southern African types of millet are limited; this might be due to lack of information on their nutritional composition and their suitability as animal feed. Overall, the aim of this study was to profile the nutritional characteristics of selected millet grains in South Africa and Zimbabwe, their suitability as energy source for human and livestock and to study the effect of pearl millet type on the performance indices of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In Chapter 3, the general materials and methods used to reach the scientific conclusion for this study was summarised. In Chapter 4, physical and chemical analysis were conducted on millet grains obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe, the results revealed that the physiochemical characteristics of the millet grain qualify it as a suitable candidate in replacing maize as an energy source. To further understand the characteristics of the millet grain, Chapter 5 analysed the phenolic compounds available in the millet grain obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results showed that the grain is endued with valuable phenolic compounds beneficial in the nutrition of both human and animals and aid as health benefit. Chapter 6 investigated the various inclusion levels of pearl millet in a bid to establish the most suitable combination for the poultry sector. Pearl millet grain used in this experiment went through different breeding improvements and selections conducted at the Grain Crop Institute in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Pearl millet grain was used as the main source of energy for Ross 308 broiler chicks for a period of 42 days with performance indices investigated. The results revealed that pearl millet can be incorporated in the diets of broiler chickens, in replacement of maize, without adversely affecting the performance. In addition, the economic justification of replacing maize with pearl millet was studied. The cost of the grains was determined and the cost per weight gain was determined. The results showed that indeed it is economically sound to replace maize with pearl millet in the diet of poultry. The quadratic function best fitting optimum treatment combination in relation to performance parameters such as body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and internal organs was also examined. In Chapter 7, the research was generally discussed to tie up the conclusions of the experiments conducted. General recommendations were also given on the compounds of millet varieties and their health benefits to both humans and animals. / Kuwo wonke umhlaba, amabele athathwa njengezinhlamvu ezibalulekile, kodwa awasetshenziswa kakhulu. Uhlamvu lwebele lunemisoco eminingi kanye nenzuzo yempilo ngama-phenolic compound, okwenza ukuthi afaneleke kakhulu njengokudla kwabantu kanye nemfuyo. Imisoco eminingi equkethwe kanye nama-phenolic compound atholakala eminweni kanye nezinhlamvu zebele ayizinkomba ezinhle zokuthi izinhlobo zamabele ezitholakalayo zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni njengokudla kanye nokudla kwabantu noma imfuyo. Amaphenolic properties atholakala kumabele aqukethe ama-phenolic acids, ama-flavonids, kanye nama-tannins, ayinzuzo kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-phenolic properties amabele anomsebenzi wezinga eliphezulu lama-antioxidant. Ama-phytochemicals atholakala kwizinhlamvu zamabele anenzuzu enhle kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu ngokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol kanye nama-phytate emzimbeni. Ukudingeka kakhulu kombila kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwizimboni eziningi, kubangele ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ngezinye izinhlamvu ukwehlisa ingcindezi. Ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, sithathwa amabele kwidayethi yezilwane ezehlukene kwaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngokusebenza. Kamuva nje, izinhlamvu zamabele zifakelwe kwezinye izidlo ezisetshenziswa ukwenza iziphuzo zomdabu. Kwisahluko 1, isihloko socwaningo sethulwa khona, ukuchaza ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokuqikelela ngokubaluleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele. Izinhloso nezinjongo nazo zifakelwe kuhla. Isahluko 2, sethula ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo ngamabele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kubantu kanye nokudla kwemfuyo. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tannin njengokunye ukudla kwemfuyo kuye kwabuyekezwa. Kwenziwe ucwaningo olwehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngokufaneleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kwimboni yezilwane. Kodwa, ucwaningo ngezinhlobo zamabele eNingizimu ne-Afrika alukenziwa ngokwanele; lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuswelakala kolwazi ngemisoco equkethwe kanye nokufaneleka njengokudla kwezilwane. Kanti ngokwengamele, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukwenza iprofayili yemisoco ngezinhlamvu zamabele athile eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, ukufaneleka kwawo njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kubantu kanye nemfuyo, kanye nokwenza ucwaningo ngemiphumela yenhlobo yamabele ngama-performance indices wamachwane e-ROss 308. Kwisahluko 3, kusetshenziswe imetheriyali kanye namamethodi asetshenzisiwe ukufinyelela isiphetho sezesayense kulolu cwaningo, kwafinyezwa. Kwisahluko 4 kwenziwe uhlaziyo lokubambekayo kanye namakhemikhali ngezinhlamvu zamabele ngokutholakale eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, imiphumela ikhombise ukugqama kwe-physiochemical kwezinhlamvu zamabele ukufaneleka kwazo njengekhandideti ekuthatheni isikhundla sombila njengomthombo wamandla. Ukuqhubeka nokuqondisisa ukuphawuleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele, iSahluko 5 sihlaziye ama-phenolic compound kwizinhlamvu zamabele aseNingizimu Afrika neZimbabwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlamvu lwamabele lunama-phenolic compound ayinzuzo ekudleni okunomsoco kubantu kanye nezilwane, kanye nokuba wusizo lwenzuzo kwimpilo. Isahluko 6 siphenyisise ngamazinga okubandakanywa kwamabele ukwenzela ukuthola ukufaneleka kwawo kumkhakha wezinkukhu. Izinhlamvu zamabele e-pearl zisetshenziswe kule ekspirimenti, eyenziwa ezigabeni ezehlukene zokuthuthukisa ukuzalisa kanye nokhetho olwenziwe ngabe-Grain Crop Institute ePotchefstroom, eNingizimu Afrika. Amabele e-pearl asetshenziswe njengomthombo omkhulu we-eneji kumachwane eRoss 308 isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu 42 kanti kwaphenyisiswa ngokusebenza kwama-indices. Imiphumela iveze ukuthi amabele epearl angafakelwa kwidayethi yamachwane, ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukufaneleka kwezomnotho ngokuthatha isikhundla zombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kuye kwacwaningwa. Izindleko zezinhlamvu ziye zabekwa kanti futhi nesisindo ngezinhlamvu kuye kwabekwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kuyinto enhle kwezomnotho ukuthatha isikhundla sombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kwidayethi yezinkukhu. Ukusebenza kwe-quadratic function kufaneleke kakhulu kwi-optimum treatment combination mayelana nama-parameter okusebenza afana nokwenyuka kwesisindo somzimba, ukuguqula i-feed conversion ratio kanye nezitho zangaphakathi nazo ziye zahlolwa. KwiSahluko 7, ucwaningo kuye kwaxoxwa ngalo ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zama-ekspirimenti enziwe. Izincomo ezinabile, ziye zanikezwa ngama-compound ezinhlobo zamabele kanye nezinzuzo zawo kwezempilo kubantu kanye nezilwane / Lefaseng ka bophara, leotša le bonwa bjalo ka mabele a bohlokwa kudu; le ge go le bjale, ke dibjalo tšeo di sa bjalwego kudu. Dithoro tša leotša di tletše ka phepo ye ntši le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di nago le mohola maphelong, gomme se sa dira gore di be maleba bjalo ka dijo le phepo. Dikagare tša lona tšeo di fapafapanego le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di whetšagalago ka gare ga leotša la finger le la pearl ke dilaetši tše kaone tša gore mehutahuta ya leotša yeo e hwetšagalago e bohlokwa ge e kgethwa bjalo ka sejo le phepo. Diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšwago ka agre ga leotša di na le diesiti tša fenoliki, difolabanoite, le dithaninse, tšeo di lego mohola go maphelo a batho. Dinyakišišo di laeditše gore diteng tša fenoliki tša leotša di na le mošomo wa godimo wa dihlwekišammele tšeo di bitšwago dianthioksitente. Difaethokhemikhale tšeo di lego gona ka gare ga dithoro tša leotša di na le diabe tše kaone go maphelo a batho ka go fokotša kholesterole le difaetheite mmeleng. Dinyakwa tša ka pela go lefela le mešomo ya lona ka diintastering tše ntši di dirile gore go be le nyakego ye kgolo ya dithoro tše dingwe tšeo di ka emelago lefela legato, go nolofatša kgatelelo yeo e beilwego go lefela. Go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le la finger ka dijong tša diphoofolo tšeo di fapafapanego go feleleditše ka seabe se sekaone ka ga go šoma ga lona. Go fihla mo lebakeng le, dithoro tša leotša di tsentšwe ka dijong tše dingwe gomme tša šomišwa go dira dino tša setšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 1, hlogotaba ya dinyakišišo e tsebagaditšwe, ya fa bohlokwa bja dinyakišišo tše le lebaka mabapi le bohlokwa bja dithoro tša leotša. Maike mišetšo le dinepo le tšona di filwe. Kgaolo ya 2 e hlagišitše tekodišišo ya dingwalwa ye e tseneletšego ka ga leotša le mešomo ya lona go phepo ya batho le ya diphoofolo. Godimo ga fao, tšhomišo ya tannin bjalo ka phepo ya boikgethelo le yona e lekodišišitšwe. Dinyakišišo tše di fapafapanego di dirilwe go nyakišiša go ba maleba ga thoro ya leotša bjalo ka methopo wa enetši, ka intastering ya diphoofolo. Le ge go le bjale, dinyakišišo tš0e di dirilwego mabapi le mehuta ya leotša ka Borwa bja Afrika ke tše nnyane; se se ka ba se bakwa ke tlhoklego ya Tshedimošo mabapi le sebiopego sa phepo ka hare ha leotša le go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka phepo ya diphoofolo. Ka kakaretšo, maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go lebeledišiša dikokwane tša phepo tša dithoro tša leotša tšeo di kgethilwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka methopo wa enetši go batho le go diruiwa le go nyakišiša ka ga seabe ka ga mohuta wa leotša wa pearl go go šoma ga dipalopalo go dikgogo tša nama tša Ross 308. Ka go Kgaolo ya 3, ditlabelo le mekgwa ka kakaretšo yeo e šomišitšwego go fihlelela sephetho sa tša mahlale sa dinyakišišo tše di filwe kakaretšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 4, tshekatsheko ya naga le ya dikhemikhale e dirilwe mabapi le dithoro tša leotša tšeo di hweditšwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, dipoelo di utollotše gore dikagare tša dikhemikhale tša thoro ya leotša di le dira le be lebele leo le loketšego go tšeela legato lefela bjalo ka methopo wa enetši. Go kwešiša go tšwela pele dikagare tša thoro ya leotša, Kgaoilo ya 5 e sekasekile diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšagalago ka gare ga thoro ya leotša leo le hwetšago ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore thro ya leotša le tletše ka dikagare tša fenoliki tšeo di lego mohola go phepo ya bobedi batho le diphoofolo le gore le thuša bjalo ka kholego ya tša phepo. Kgaolo ya 6 e nyakišišitše maemo a mehutahuta a kakaretšo a leotša la pearl ka nepo ya go hwetša motswako wa maleba kudu ka lekaleng la dikgogo. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl tšeo di šomišitšwego ka mo tekodišišong ye di sepedišitšwe ka go dikaonafatšo tše di fapanego tša monontšha gomme dikgetho di dirilwe ka go Sehlongwa sa Dibjalo tša Dithoro ka Potchefstroom, ka Afrika Borwa. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl di šomišitšwe bjalo ka mothopo wa enetši go matswiana a nama a Ross 308 mo matšatšing a 42 fao go dirilwego dinyakišišo ka ga dipalopalo tša go gola ga dikgogo. Dipoelo di laeditše gore leotša la pearl le ka tsenywa ka dijong tša dikgogo tša nama, go tšeela legato lefela, ka ntle le go ama gampe go gola ga dikgogo. Godimo ga fao, lebaka la tša ekonomi la go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le nyakišišitšwe. Theko ya dithoro e hweditšwe gomme theko ka boima bjo itšego le yona e hweditšwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore ka nnete go tloga go kwagalago kudu go tša ekonomi go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl. Mošomo wa tekanelo wa wo o loketšego bokaone motswako wa tlhokomelo ya godimo mabapi le mahlakore a kgodišo ya dikgogo a go swana le boima bja mmele, go nona, rešio ya go fetošetša dijo le ditho tša ka gare le ona o lekodišišitšwe. Ka go Kgaolo ya 7, dinyakišišo di hlalošitšwe ka kakaretšo gore go fihlelelwe sephetho ka ga ditekodišišo tšeo di dirilwego. Ditšhišinyo ka kakaretšo le tšona di filwe mabapi le dikagare tša mehutahuta tša leotša le dikholego tša ona go tša maphelo go bobedi batho le diphoofolo / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. Agr. (Animal Science)

O presente experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade agrícola da soja em sistema de semeadura direta com antecipação da adubação fosfatada e potássica na cultura de Eleusine coracana, sustentando-se a hipótese de que a produtividade da soja não é reduzida devido à antecipação da adubação de base para a cultura de Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (capim-pé-de-galinha). O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (USP/ESALQ), no município de Piracicaba-SP, localizada à margem direita do Rio Tietê, na cabeceira da represa de Barra Bonita-SP, entre as coordenadas 22º 45’e 22º 50’ de latitude Sul, e 48º 00’ e 45º 05’de longitude Oeste, durante o ano agrícola de 2001/2002, em LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico. A adubação, segundo a recomendação oficial para o estado de São Paulo, consistiu da aplicação de 90 kg de P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg de K2O ha-1 e de micronutrientes (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn). O experimento adotou delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em diferentes níveis de antecipação da adubação da soja, para a cultura do capim-pé-de-galinha, totalizando 12 tratamentos: T1 = nenhuma adubação; T2 = adubação convencional na soja; T3 = 50% de K, no capim-péde- galinha; T4 = 100% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T5 = 50% de P, no capim-pé-degalinha; T6 = 50% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T7 = 50% de P e 100 % de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T8 = 100% de P, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T9 = 100% de P e 50% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T10 = 100% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T11 = 100% de P e K + micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T12 = adubação foliar com micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha. As características avaliadas foram: a) capim pé-de-galinha: produção de matéria seca; b) soja: estande final, altura final de planta, porcentagem de plantas com haste verde, grau de acamamento, número de ramificações por planta, número de vagens chochas por planta, número de vagens de 3 cavidades com 3, 2 e 1 grão, número de vagens de 2 cavidades com 2 e 1 grão, número de vagens de 1 cavidade com 1 grão, número total de vagens por planta, número total de grãos por planta, peso de grãos por planta, peso de mil grãos e produtividade agrícola. As principais conclusões são: a) a adubação fosfatada e potássica da cultura da soja, antecipadas parcial ou totalmente para a semeadura do capim Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., podem incrementar a produtividade agrícola de matéria seca do capim-pé-degalinha; b) a antecipação parcial ou total das adubações fosfatada e potássica da soja para a semeadura do Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., nas condições em que foi instalado o experimento, não reduz a produtividade agrícola de grãos de soja; c) Trabalhos de pesquisa agronômica envolvendo estudos sobre adubação de agroecossistemas devem ser incentivados. / The present research evaluated soybean yield in a no-tillage system with previous potassium and phosphorus fertilization on the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop. The hypothesis was that soybean yield does not decrease due to previous fertilization on the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (finger millet) crop. The experiment was carried out during the 2001/2002 growing season at the Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The area is located at the right side bank of the Tietê river, at the beginning of the Barra Bonita Dam, between the coordinates 22º 45’and 22º 50’ latitude south, and 48º 00’ and 45º 05’ longitude west, in an Oxisol. The soybean fertilization was done according to the São Paulo State offical recommendation: 90 kg of P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg of K2O ha-1 and micronutrients (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn). The experiment designed in randomized complete blocks, with three replicates. The treatment consisted of differents levels of soybean pre-fertilization, on the finger millet crop, totalizing 12 treatments: T1 = no fertilization; T2 = conventional fertilization, on Soybean; T3 = 50% of K, on finger millet; T4 = 100% of K, on finger millet; T5 = 50% of P, on finger millet; T6 = 50% of both P and K, on finger millet; T7 = 50% of P and 100 % of K, on finger millet; T8 = 100% of P, on finger millet; T9 = 100% of P and 50% of K, on finger millet; T10 = 100% of P and K, on finger millet; T11 = 100% of P and K + micronutrients, on finger millet; T12 = fertilization with micronutrients, on finger millet. The evaluated chacaracters were: a) finger millet: dry matter production; b) soybean: final stand, final plant height, percentage of plants with green stems, bending, number of branches per plant, number of empty pods, number of pods with 3 cavities with 3, 2 and 1 grain, number of pods with 2 cavities with 2 and 1 grain, number of pods with 1 cavity with 1 grain, total number of pods per plant, total number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, mass of 1,000 grains and total yield. The main conclusions are: a) phosphorus and potassium pre-fertilization on soybean, totally or partial applied to the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop, can increase the finger millet dry matter yield; b) total or partial pre-fertilization of soybean phosphorus and potassium on Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop, under experimental conditions tested, does not decrease the soybean yield; c) more studies about fertilization in agroecosystems should be encouraged.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adubação antecipada sobre a produção de matéria seca da cultura de Eleusine coracana, os caracteres produtivos, a qualidade fisiológica das sementes e a produtividade da cultura da soja em sucessão, sustentando-se a hipótese de que a produtividade da soja não é reduzida devido à antecipação da adubação de base para a cultura do capim-pé-de-galinha, foi conduzido o presente experimento na Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (USP/ESALQ), no município de Piracicaba-SP, durante os anos agrícolas de 2001/2002, 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico. A adubação consistiu da aplicação de 90 kg de P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg de K2O ha-1 e de micronutrientes (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn). O experimento adotou delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições e 12 tratamentos que consistiram em diferentes níveis de antecipação da adubação da soja para a cultura do capim-pé-degalinha: T1= nenhuma adubação; T2= adubação convencional na soja; T3= antecipação de 50% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T4= antecipação de 100% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T5= antecipação de 50% de P, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T6= antecipação de 50% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T7= antecipação de 50% de P e 100 % de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T8= antecipação de 100% de P, no capim-pé-degalinha; T9= antecipação de 100% de P e 50% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T10= antecipação de 100% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T11= antecipação de 100% de P e K + micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T12= antecipação da adubação foliar com micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha. As características avaliadas foram: a) capim pé-de-galinha: produtividade de matéria seca da parte aérea; b) soja: estande final, altura final de planta, grau de acamamento, número de ramificações por planta, número de vagens chochas por planta, número de vagens de 3 cavidades com 3, 2 e 1 semente, número de vagens de 2 cavidades com 2 e 1 semente, número de vagens de 1 cavidade com 1 semente, número total de vagens e de sementes por planta, peso de sementes por planta, peso de mil sementes e produtividade agrícola. As sementes de soja foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, de envelhecimento acelerado e de emergência em areia. Conclui-se: a) A antecipação das adubações fosfatada e potássica da soja para a semeadura do Eleusine coracana, incrementa a produtividade de matéria seca deste; b) A ausência de adubação do sistema de produção envolvendo a semeadura direta da soja em sucessão à cultura de cobertura com o capim-pé-degalinha conduz, ao longo das sucessivas safras, a perdas de produtividades agrícolas de matéria seca do capim-pé-de-galinha e de sementes de soja; c) A antecipação da adubação de base da cultura da soja para o capim-pé-de-galinha não interfere com a quantidade total de vagens formadas pelas plantas de soja; e, d) A antecipação da adubação de semeadura com fósforo e potássio da cultura da soja para a semeadura do capim-pé-de-galinha não interfere com a massa de mil sementes e nem com a produtividade agrícola da soja. / A research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effects of anticipated fertilization on the production of Eleusine coracana dry matter as well as it productive features. In addition to it, the physiological quality of the seeds and the culture yield were also evaluated, taking into account the hypothesis that soybean yield is not reduced due to the anticipated base fertilization of the finger millet culture. The experiment was conducted at the Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba/SP, during the growing seasons of 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, in an Oxisol. The fertilization consisted on the application of 90 kg of P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg of K2O ha-1 and micronutrients (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn). The experiment adopted a completely randomized blocks design with three repetitions and twelve treatments, which comprehended different levels of anticipated soybean fertilization for the culture of finger millet, as it follows: T1= without fertilization ; T2= traditional soybean fertilization; T3= anticipation of 50% of K on finger millet; T4= anticipation of 100% of K, on finger millet; T5= anticipation of 50% of P on finger millet; T6= anticipation of 50% of K and P on finger millet; T7= anticipation of 50% of P and 100% of K on finger millet; T8= anticipation of 100% of P on finger millet; T9= anticipation of 100% of P and 50% of K on finger millet; T10 = anticipation of 100% of P and K on finger millet; T11 = anticipation of 50% of K on finger millet; T11 = anticipation of 100% of P and K + micronutrients on finger millet; T12 = anticipation of foliar fertilization with micronutrients on finger millet. The evaluated characteristics were: a) finger millet: dry matter production; b) soybean: final stand, final plant height, lodging, number of branches per plant, number of empty pods per plant, number of pods with 3 cavities with 3, 2 and 1 seed, number of pods with 2 cavities with 2 and 1 seed, number of pods with 1 cavity and 1 seed, total number of pods per plant, seed weight per plant, mass of 1,000 seeds and total yield. Soybean seeds were submitted to germination tests, accelerated ageing tests and well as tests of sand emergency. It was concluded that: a) Phosphorus and potassium anticipated fertilization on soybean applied to the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop can increase the finger millet dry matter yield; b) The absence of fertilization on the soybean no-tillage yield system succeeding the finger millet cover culture can cause the decrease of total yield of finger millet dry matter and soybean seeds; c) The anticipation of base fertilization of soybean culture for finger millet does not interfere with the total amount of pods generated by soybean plants; and d) Phosphorus and potassium anticipated fertilization on soybean culture for finger millet crop do not interfere with the mass of 1,000 seeds and total soybean yield.

O presente experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade agrícola da soja em sistema de semeadura direta com antecipação da adubação fosfatada e potássica na cultura de Eleusine coracana, sustentando-se a hipótese de que a produtividade da soja não é reduzida devido à antecipação da adubação de base para a cultura de Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (capim-pé-de-galinha). O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (USP/ESALQ), no município de Piracicaba-SP, localizada à margem direita do Rio Tietê, na cabeceira da represa de Barra Bonita-SP, entre as coordenadas 22º 45’e 22º 50’ de latitude Sul, e 48º 00’ e 45º 05’de longitude Oeste, durante o ano agrícola de 2001/2002, em LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico. A adubação, segundo a recomendação oficial para o estado de São Paulo, consistiu da aplicação de 90 kg de P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg de K2O ha-1 e de micronutrientes (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn). O experimento adotou delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em diferentes níveis de antecipação da adubação da soja, para a cultura do capim-pé-de-galinha, totalizando 12 tratamentos: T1 = nenhuma adubação; T2 = adubação convencional na soja; T3 = 50% de K, no capim-péde- galinha; T4 = 100% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T5 = 50% de P, no capim-pé-degalinha; T6 = 50% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T7 = 50% de P e 100 % de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T8 = 100% de P, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T9 = 100% de P e 50% de K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T10 = 100% de P e K, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T11 = 100% de P e K + micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha; T12 = adubação foliar com micronutrientes, no capim-pé-de-galinha. As características avaliadas foram: a) capim pé-de-galinha: produção de matéria seca; b) soja: estande final, altura final de planta, porcentagem de plantas com haste verde, grau de acamamento, número de ramificações por planta, número de vagens chochas por planta, número de vagens de 3 cavidades com 3, 2 e 1 grão, número de vagens de 2 cavidades com 2 e 1 grão, número de vagens de 1 cavidade com 1 grão, número total de vagens por planta, número total de grãos por planta, peso de grãos por planta, peso de mil grãos e produtividade agrícola. As principais conclusões são: a) a adubação fosfatada e potássica da cultura da soja, antecipadas parcial ou totalmente para a semeadura do capim Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., podem incrementar a produtividade agrícola de matéria seca do capim-pé-degalinha; b) a antecipação parcial ou total das adubações fosfatada e potássica da soja para a semeadura do Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., nas condições em que foi instalado o experimento, não reduz a produtividade agrícola de grãos de soja; c) Trabalhos de pesquisa agronômica envolvendo estudos sobre adubação de agroecossistemas devem ser incentivados. / The present research evaluated soybean yield in a no-tillage system with previous potassium and phosphorus fertilization on the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop. The hypothesis was that soybean yield does not decrease due to previous fertilization on the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (finger millet) crop. The experiment was carried out during the 2001/2002 growing season at the Estação Experimental Anhembi, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The area is located at the right side bank of the Tietê river, at the beginning of the Barra Bonita Dam, between the coordinates 22º 45’and 22º 50’ latitude south, and 48º 00’ and 45º 05’ longitude west, in an Oxisol. The soybean fertilization was done according to the São Paulo State offical recommendation: 90 kg of P2O5 ha-1, 50 kg of K2O ha-1 and micronutrients (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn). The experiment designed in randomized complete blocks, with three replicates. The treatment consisted of differents levels of soybean pre-fertilization, on the finger millet crop, totalizing 12 treatments: T1 = no fertilization; T2 = conventional fertilization, on Soybean; T3 = 50% of K, on finger millet; T4 = 100% of K, on finger millet; T5 = 50% of P, on finger millet; T6 = 50% of both P and K, on finger millet; T7 = 50% of P and 100 % of K, on finger millet; T8 = 100% of P, on finger millet; T9 = 100% of P and 50% of K, on finger millet; T10 = 100% of P and K, on finger millet; T11 = 100% of P and K + micronutrients, on finger millet; T12 = fertilization with micronutrients, on finger millet. The evaluated chacaracters were: a) finger millet: dry matter production; b) soybean: final stand, final plant height, percentage of plants with green stems, bending, number of branches per plant, number of empty pods, number of pods with 3 cavities with 3, 2 and 1 grain, number of pods with 2 cavities with 2 and 1 grain, number of pods with 1 cavity with 1 grain, total number of pods per plant, total number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, mass of 1,000 grains and total yield. The main conclusions are: a) phosphorus and potassium pre-fertilization on soybean, totally or partial applied to the Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop, can increase the finger millet dry matter yield; b) total or partial pre-fertilization of soybean phosphorus and potassium on Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. crop, under experimental conditions tested, does not decrease the soybean yield; c) more studies about fertilization in agroecosystems should be encouraged.