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Basic emotion words in SesothoMlangeni, Khatamela Christopher 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify the basic emotion verbs in Sesotho. Five
basic emotions verb are identified: anger, anxiety, disgust, sadness, and fear. The
verbs, expressions, as well as idiophones that express these emotions, are
identified. Furthermore, the emotion words are semantically and syntactically
analyzed.
The outlay of the nine chapters is as follows: Chapter One is an Introduction in
which reference is made to the aim of this study, methods used in compiling the
data, and the analysis of the data. Chapter Two offers an overview of the basic
emotions. A psychological overview of the work of the following scholars is
undertaken: Le Doux (1998), Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962),
Plutchik (1980), and Izard (1971); as well as a linguistic overview of the work of
the following scholars: Kovecses (1989), Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986), and
Goddard (1998). Chapter Three deals with the lexical semantics which will be
used in analyzing the different emotion words.
Chapter Four deals with anger words. It starts with an overview of anger as
treated by the following scholars: Taylor and Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989),
and Lakoff and Kovecses (1987). The treatment of the data (the expression of
anger in Sesotho) starts with the definition of anger, followed by expressions of
anger and the verbs of anger which are analyzed semantically and syntactically.
Another form of the expression of anger, namely the threat, is also analyzed
semantically and syntactically.
Chapter Five deals with anxiety, Chapter Six with disgust, Chapter Seven with
sadness and Chapter Eight with fear. In all these instances, the definition of the
emotion word is followed by relevant expressions and verbs which are
semantically and syntactically analyzed.
The last chapter, Chapter Nine, offers conclusions regarding the five different
types of emotion words in Se otho. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie stu die is om die basiese emosie-werkwoorde in Sesotho te
behandel. Vyf basiese emosies word geidentiflseer, naamlik toorn/woede,
angstigheid, walging, droefheid en vrees. Die werkwoorde en uitdrukkinge, sowel
as idiofone wat hierdie emosies uidruk, word geidentifiseer. Voorts word die
emosie-woorde semanties en sintakties geanaliseer.
Die uitleg van die nege hoofstukke is soos volg: Hoofstuk Een is die Inleiding,
met besonderhede betreffende die doel van die stud ie, metodes gebruik in die
inwin en opstel van die data, sowel as die analise van die data. Hoofstuk Twee
behandel die basiese emosies oorsigtelik. 'n Psigologiese oorsig so os verwant in
die werk van die volgende deskundiges word onderneem: Le Doux (1998),
Johnson-Laird en Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962), Plutchik (1980) en Izard
(1971); daar is ook 'n linguistieke oorsig van die werk van Kovekses (1989),
Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986) en Goddard (1998). Hoofstuk Drie behandel die
leksikale semantiek wat in die analise van die verskillende emosie-woorde
gebruik sal word.
Hoofstuk Vier behandel die woede-woorde. Dit begin met 'n oorsig van woede
soos behandel in die werk van Taylor en Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989) en
Lakoff en Kovecses (1987). Die behandeling van die data begin met 'n definisie
van woede, en word gevolg deur 'n semantiese en sintaktiese analise van
uitdrukkinge en werkwoorde wat woede uitdruk. 'n Ander vorm van woedeuitdrukking,
naamlik die dreigement, word ook semanties en sintakties
geanaliseer.
Hoofstuk Vyf behandel angstigheid, Hoofstuk Ses walging, Hoofstuk Sewe
droefheid, en Hoofstuk Agt vrees. In elke hoofstuk word 'n definisie van die
emosie-woord gevolg deur 'n behandeling van relevante werkwoorde en
uitdrukkinge wat semanties en sintakties geanaliseer word.
Die laaste hoofstuk, Hoofstuk Nege, bring sekere gevolgtrekkinge betreffende die
vyf ver killende tipes van emo ie-woorde in Sesotho.
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Identifying verbs early in language learning : the roles of action and argument structureMcPherson, Leslie M. (Leslie Margaret) January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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Identifying verbs early in language learning : the roles of action and argument structureMcPherson, Leslie M. (Leslie Margaret) January 1995 (has links)
This dissertation describes and evaluates a thesis about the means of identifying verbs early in learning a language, and a first language in particular. The thesis is presented briefly in the first section. The second section provides a critical review of theories about children's early part-of-speech identifications. Section 3 presents a new theory of verb identification. I argue that learners initially identify members of a category, predicator, that subsumes verbs and adjectives. Predicators have argument structures. Learners identify a predicator through an inference that the word must take noun-phrase arguments because the phrase containing the word is interpreted into a nonseparable phenomenon--a property or relation that exists or occurs only by virtue of one or more individuals (i.e., the bearers of the property, or the participants in the relation), the referent(s) of the argument(s). Actions are prototypical of that which is nonseparable (being dependent for their realisation upon one or more participants), and so words for actions will usually be identified as predicators. This tendency will be augmented when an unfamiliar predicator appears in an utterance with its one or more noun-phrase arguments, and the noun phrases are interpretable (by the learner) into the one or more individuals that are the participants in an ongoing action (or other nonseparable phenomenon); under these conditions, the learner should readily divine that the novel word is a predicator and the noun phrases are its arguments. These conjectures form the nonseparability hypothesis. To identify verbs in particular, a learner must first discover a distinction between verbs and adjectives, where it exists in a language, through distributional analyses within phrases. Subsequently, details of syntax and morphology will reveal to the learner a predicator's subcategory (verb or adjective). Section 4 contains reviews of literatures that provide support, in varying degree, for the theor
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Break and bend verbs in XitsongaMalungani, Evelyn Tintswalo 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The break and bend verbs in Xitsonga forms part of the larger verb class of verbs of change
of state. Such verbs show two events, i.e. a process and a transition. These verbs have
been investigated in Xitsonga with regard to the following properties: the syntactic categories
within which they may appear, the levels of representation within lexical semantics and their
semantic features.
The break verbs in Xitsonga appear in three syntactic categories, i.e. transitive verbs, verbal
roots with transitive and intransitive suffixes and ideophones, which may appear as derived
verbs with transitive and intransitive suffixes. The bend verbs appear only as transitive or
intransitive verbs, but they may have a shadow argument with the phrase [hi NP] which gives
rise to instrument-subject alternation. Most of the bend verbs may also appear in structures
with inalienable possession.
The break verbs have five semantic features: break, split and crack, smash and crush,
demolish, tear. The bend verbs have six semantic features: bend, bend or fold, bend or twist,
be crooked, lean over, kneel.
The break verbs, which may also appear, as ideophones are clear examples of ergative verbs
in Xitsonga. Such verbs denote a change of state and they occur as both transitive and
intransitive verbs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die breek- en buigwerkwoorde in Xitsonga vorm deel van die groter klas van werkwoorde,
bekend as verandering-van-toestand ('change-of-state') werkwoorde. Hierdie soort
werkwoorde vertoon twee tipes gebeure ('events'), naamlik proses en oorgang ('transition').
Hierdie werkwoorde word vir Xitsonga ondersoek met betrekking tot die volgende
eienskappe: die sintaktiese kategorieë waarin hulle mag verskyn, die vlakke van
representasie in die leksikale semantiek, en die semantiese kenmerke van hierdie
werkwoorde.
Breekwerkwoorde in Xitsonga verskyn in drie sintaktiese kategorieë, naamlik transitiewe
werkwoorde, werkwoordstamme met transitiewe en intransitiewe suffikse, en ideofone, wat as
afgeleide werkwoorde met transitiewe en intransitiewe suffikse mag verskyn. Die buigwerkwoorde
mag slegs as transitiewe of intransitiewe werkwoorde verskyn, maar hulle mag 'n
skadu-argument neem met die frase [hi NP], wat die instrument-subjek alternasie kan
realiseer. Die meeste buigwerkwoorde kan ook in strukture verskyn wat onvervreembare
besit illustreer.
Die breekwerkwoorde het vyf semantiese kenmerke: breek, kloof, kraak, slaan en druk,
verwoes en skeur. Die buigwerkwoorde het ses semantiese kenmerke: buig, vou, draai,
gebuig wees, oorleen en kniel.
Die breekwerkwoorde, kan ook as ergatiewe werkwoorde verskyn in Xitsonga. Sulke
werkwoorde dui verandering-van-toestand aan, en hulle mag as beide transitiewe en
intransitiewe werkwoorde verskyn.
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The break and bend verbs in TshivendaMukwevho, Mulatedzi 12 1900 (has links)
Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The thesis is organized into five chapters: the first chapter deals with the aims
of the study, the theoretical framework that has been assumed in this study as
well as the organisation of the thesis. The second chapter gives an overview
of the assumptions of lexical semantics with specific reference to the
Generative Lexicon. Chapter 3 is concerned with the break verbs while
chapter 4 deals with the bend verbs in Tshivenda. Chapter 5 gives the
conclusions of the study.
With regard to the break verbs in Tshivenda: these verbs have been
classified into seven subgroups with regard to specific semantic features.
Syntactically, the break verbs in Tshivenda are mainly transitive verbs while a
large group have a transitive-intransitive alternation with the suffixes [-I-/-w-].
The break verbs may also regularly appear with the iterative suffixes [Vkan-
Nkany-]. Most of the break verbs also regularly appear in two other
alternations i.e. the possession alternation and the instrument-subject
alternation.
The bend verbs in Tshivenda are organized into five subgroups with regard to
their semantic features. All bend verbs in Tshivenda are transitive verbs, but it
has been shown that these verbs are in reality ergative verbs which assign
two internal theta-roles. These verbs also regularly appear in the possession
alternation and the instrument-subject alternation.
Both the break and bend verbs have furthermore been treated within the
main components of the Generative lexicon, i.e. argument structure, event
structure, lexical conceptual paradigm and lexical inheritance structure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhandeling is verdeel in vyf hoofstukke: die eerste hoofstuk handeloor
die doelstellings van die studie, die teoretiese raamwerk wat aanvaar is as
uitgangspunt vir hierdie studie asook die organisasie van die verhandeling.
Die tweede hoofstuk gee 'n oorsig oor die aannames van die leksikale
semantiek met spesiale verwysing na die Generatiewe leksikon. Hoofstuk drie
bestudeer die breek werkwoorde terwyl hoofstuk vier handeloor die
buigwerkwoorde in Tshivenda. Hoofstuk vyf gee die konklusies van die studie.
Met betrekking tot die breek werkwoorde in Tshivenda: hierdie werkwoorde is
geklassifiseer in sewe subgroepe met verwysing na spesifieke semantiese
kenmerke. Sintakties is die breek werkwoorde in Tshivenda grotendeels
transitiewe werkwoorde terwyl 'n groot groep deelneem aan 'n transitieweintransitiewe
alternasie met die suffikse [-I-/-w-]. Die breek werkwoorde kan
verder ook reëlmatig voorkom met die iteratiewe suffikse (Vkan-Nkany-].
Meeste van die breek werkwoorde verskyn ook reëlmatig in twee ander
alternasies nl. die possessiewe alternasie en die instrument-subjek alternasie.
Die buig werkwoorde in Tshivenda is verdeel in vyf subgroepe na aanleiding
van hulle semantiese kenmerke. Alle buig werkwoorde in Tshivenda is
transitiewe werkwoorde maar dit is aangetoon dat hierdie werkwoorde in
werklikheid ergatiewe werkwoorde is wat twee interne theta-rolle toeken.
Hierdie werkwoorde kom ook reëlmatig voor in die possessief alternasie en
die instrument-subjek alternasie.
Beide die breek en buig werkwoorde is verder behandel binne die
hoofkomponente van die Generatiewe leksikon, nl. Argument struktuur,
gebeurtenis struktuur, leksikaal konseptueie paradigma en leksikaal erfenis
struktuur.
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Verb-stranding VP ellipsis : a cross-linguistic studyGoldberg, Lotus Madelyn January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
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The serial verb construction parameter /Stewart, Osamuyimen Thompson. January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Head movement, passive, and antipassive in EnglishBlight, Ralph Charles 28 August 2008 (has links)
Not available / text
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Verb-stranding VP ellipsis : a cross-linguistic studyGoldberg, Lotus Madelyn January 2005 (has links)
This thesis presents a study of a construction which I refer to as Verb-Stranding VP Ellipsis. The construction is studied here, specifically, in two distinct senses. First, in chapter two, diagnostics are proposed by which the VP Ellipsis ("VPE") construction can be identified—irrespective of whether the main verb involved is null or overt. It is proposed that these diagnostics can be used to rule out the possibility that the data at issue are cases of other types of null anaphora, such as null arguments, Stripping, Gapping, and Null Complement Anaphora. It emerges from this section of the thesis that Modern Hebrew, Modern Irish, and Swahili have V-Stranding VPE data which form a natural class with English's Aux-Stranding VPE, while Japanese, Korean, Italian, and Spanish do not. The second focus is the question of how V-Stranding VPE should be generated. Chapters 3 and 4 argue in favor of an analysis involving PF Deletion of a VP out of which the main verb has raised, and against an LF Copying treatment. These arguments, in part, involve the Verbal Identity Requirement on VP Ellipsis, a novel generalization involving strict identity in root and derivational morphology between the antecedent- and target clause main Vs of the construction. Within the previously known requirement that elided phrases express semantically Given information, I argue that this generalization results from the fact that the head of an elided phrase must itself express Given information—whether or not the head surfaces as phonologically null. / Dans cette étude, on considère en detail une construction que j'appelle « L'élision d'une expression verbale sans l'élision du verbe principal » (anglais « V-Stranding VP Ellipsis »). Cette construction est étudiée ici, spécifiquement, dans deux sens distincts. Dans le chapitre 2, on propose des diagnostics grace auxquels on peut identifier la construction « élision d'une expression verbale » (« EEV », anglais « VP Ellipsis »), que le verbe principal dans l'expression verbale soit manifeste ou élidé. On soutient que ces diagnostics peuvent être utilisés pour éliminer la possibilité que les données pertinentes soient des exemples d'autres types d'anaphore nulle, tels que argument du verbe nul, le « Stripping », le « Gapping », et le « Null Complement Anaphora ». Ainsi, on propose dans cette section que l'EEV sans l'élision du verbe dans les grammaires de l'hebreu, de l'irlaindais et du swahili forme une classe naturelle avec l'EEV avec l'élision du verbe en anglais. On soutient aussi que cette construction n'existent pas en japonais, en coréen, en espagnol, ou en italienne. Ensuite, on considère la question de comment génerer les exemples d'EEV sans l'élision du verbe. Dans les chapitres 3 et 4, on propose une analyse qui utilise la suppression d'une expression verbale au niveau de la Forme Phonologique (« la suppression FP », anglais « PF Deletion ») aprês le placement du verbe principal a une position en dehors de l'expression verbale, et on presente une explication de la raison pour laquelle une analyse qui utilise des copies de la Forme Logique (« copie FL », anglais « LF Copying ») n'est pas viable. Ceci implique, en partie, la Condition d'Identite Verbale, une généralisation proposé ici pour la premiêre fois, impliquant une identité stricte de la racine et dans la morphologie dérivationnelle entre les verbes principaux des propositions antécedentes et des propositions ciblés. Dans le cadre de la condition connue selon laquelle les syntagmes élidés expriment une information sémantique donnée (anglais « Given »), j e soutiens que la condition d'identité verbale resulte du fait que la tete d'un syntagme élidé doit elle-meme exprimer l'information donnée sémantiquement—que la téte soit phonologiquement manifeste ou nulle.
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The serial verb construction parameter /Stewart, Osamuyimen Thompson. January 1998 (has links)
This thesis investigates Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) where two or more finite verbs along with their complements occur in a single clause without any form of coordination or subordination. Two basic questions are addressed: (a) what types of SVCs are there, and how are they to be distinguished from other similar constructions? (b) what is the parameter that allows a language like Edo to have SVCs, and not English or French? / It is argued that true SVCs are those in which the verbs share internal as well as external arguments. Based on a battery of syntactic tests, it is proposed that there are two kinds of SVCs with distinct syntactic structures: resultative and consequential. This is contrary to the unified approach in previous works such as Baker (1989) and Collins (1997). It is argued that resultative SVCs are constrained to two verbs, the second of which is typically unaccusative, and they assign their internal theta roles to a single object---true internal argument sharing. Consequential SVCs are less constrained, and involve sequences of transitive verbs, with internal argument sharing realized via an empty category, pro, as the object of the second verb. Both kinds of SVCs contain two functional heads: an E(vent) head that binds the events denoted by the verbs which it dominates, and a Voice head that licenses the Agent of the events expressed by those verbs. / Some other constructions that have been classified as SVCs turn out to involve two separate clauses, each with their own E(vent) and Voice heads: covert coordinations, modal-aspectual verb constructions, and instrumental constructions. A syntactic structure for each of these non-SVCs is proposed. / Based on Pollock's (1989) approach to verb raising and the checking theory of Chomsky (1993, 1995), it is argued that SVCs can occur in languages where Tense (or other Infl categories) does not need to be checked. The parameter is as follows: non-SVC languages are those in which Infl must check features with the verb {English, French, Igbo, Chinese etc.}, versus SVC languages where it doesn't {Edo, Yoruba, Ewe, Akan etc.}
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