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The negative wh-constructionCheung, Yam-Leung, January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-203).
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Paths and categoriesPesetsky, David Michael. January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references.
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A predication theory for English resultative and Cantonese resultative dou-constructions.January 1997 (has links)
by Belinda Nga Yee Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-116). / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- θ-Theory and Arguments --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Argument Structure / Lexical Syntactic Representation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Lexical Syntactic Representation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- ENGLISH RESULTATIVES --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Features of English Resultatives --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Categories for Resultative Phrase --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Resultative Phrase as Complement --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Transitive Resultatives --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Intransitive Resultatives --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Subject of Predicate Expression --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Syntactic Structure of Resultatives in the Literature --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Change-of-State Linking Rule --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Incompatibility of Verbs with Resultatives --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Classification of Verbs --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Incompatibility of Resultative Phrases with Stative Verbs --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Resultative Phrases as Delimiters --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Incompatibility of Resultative Phrases with Verbs of Inherently Directed Motion --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR : --- A PREDICATION THEORY FOR ENGLISH RESULTATIVES --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- Bowers' Syntax of Predication --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- An Extension of Bowers' Predication Theory to English Resultative Constructions --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction of Double Predication Structure --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Notion of Causativity --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- More about Conflation and Resultative Verbs --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Weakness of Bowers' Structure --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- A Modified Structure for Intransitive Resultatives with an Unergative --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- A Suggested Structure for Transitive Resultatives --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- A Suggested Structure for Intransitive Resultatives with an Ergative --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.72 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CANTONESE RESULTATIVE CONSXRUCTIONS --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Dou-Constructions --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Syntactic Properties of Dou-constructions --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Null Elements in Cantonese --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- The Status of V1 --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Directional Complements --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- A PREDICATION THEORY FOR CANTONESE RESULTATIVES --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Syntactic Derivations of Dou-Resultative Constructions with Intransitive --- p.90 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Syntactic Derivations of Dou-Resultative Constructions with Transitive --- p.93 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Base Positions for NP2 and NP3 --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Redupiication and V' Constraint --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4 --- Passive Resultatives --- p.100 / Chapter 6.5 --- A Note on Resultative Dou-Constructions with a Causative --- p.105 / Chapter 6.6 --- A Remark on V-V Compounds --- p.107 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.109 / REFERENCES --- p.111
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Mass nouns in TshivendaSiaga, Henry T. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the mass nouns in Tshivenda. The specific mass nouns in each
nominal class will then be investigated to see whether they have certain morphological
and syntactic features which are different from count nouns.
Chapter one is the introduction of this study. It describes the aim, organisation and
method of the study.
Chapter two is the overview of the literature on mass nouns. It gives overview of the
most prominent words on mass nouns in general. Some of the prominent works on this
alternation include the following: Pelletier (1979a, 1979b,); Ware (1979), Cartwright
(1979), McCawley (1979) Chierchia (1982), Link (1983) and Eschenbach (1993).
Chapter three investigates which nouns may be mass nouns, the purpose of the
classification of nouns in wordnet, nominal classes in Tshivenda and the morphological
and syntactic features of mass and count nouns.
Chapter four is the conclusion of the study, the summary as well as investigation into
the morphological, syntactic and semantic feature of plurality. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die meervoudige naamwoorde in Tshivenda. Die spesifieke
meervoudige naamwoorde sal elkeen in sy normale klas geondersoek word om te sien
of hulle sekere morfologiese en sintaktiese eienskappe het, wat nie ooreen stem met
tel naamwoorde.
Hoofstuk 1 is die inleiding van hierdie studie. Dit beskryf die doelwit, organisasie en
metode van die studie.
Hoofstuk 2 is ‘n oorsig van die literatuur aangaande meervoudige naamwoorde.
Hierdie is ‘n oorsig van die mees prominente meervoudige naamwoorde in die
algemeen. Sommige van die prominente werke van hierdie nasie sluit die volgende in:
Pelletier 91979a; 1979b), Ware (1979), Cartwright (1979), McCawley (1979), Chierchia
(1982), Link (1983) en Eschenbach (1993).
Hoofstuk 3 identifiseer meervoudige naamwoorde. Die doel van die klasifikasie van
naamwoorde in woordnet, normale klassie in Tshivenda en die morfologiese en
sintaktiese eienskappe van meervoudigheid.
Hoofstuk 4 is die konklusie van die studie, die opsomming as ook die ondersoek in
die morfologiese, sinktaktiese en semantieke eienskappe van meervoudigheid.
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Negative constructions in isiXhosaJobela, Mthuthuzeli Todd 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims at the investigation of negation in IsiXhosa with the main emphasis on
negative morphemes and negative constituents.
This study exammes negative morphemes that effect negation m verbs such as
copulative and non-copulative verbs in all moods and tenses. This investigation will
take the Noun Phrase as the centre of focus. NP will be examined with both specified
and unspecified noun as head.
Chapter one deals with the brief overview of negation in syntax with special emphasis
on negation as an inflectional category and on the structure of functional phrases.
Chapter two investigate the negative morphemes in the different moods with different
tenses. These moods will be considered with regard to copulative and non-copulative
verbs. Secondly this chapter explores negative construction involving the copulative
verb and its complements which include the NP, adjective, relative, PP with NGA and
PP with na. Deficient verbs properties are explored.
Chapter three aims at investigating the possibilities of putting different constituents of
a sentence in the negative. These possibilities include subject inversion, clefting and
etc. Modal structure theory is applied.
Chapter four aims at summarizing the findings contained in the previous chapters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het as doel 'n ondersoek na die negatief in Xhosa, veral die negatiewe
morfeme en die negatiewe konstituente. Dit ondersoek negatiewe morfeme wat 'n
invloed het op die negatief in werkwoorde soos die kopulatiewe en nie-kopulatiewe
werkwoorde in alle modi en tye. Hierdie ondersoek het as fokuspunt die
naamwoordgroep. Die naamwoordgroep is ondersoek met 'n gespesifiseerde en niegespesifiseerde
naamwoord as kern.
Hoofstuk een gee 'n kort oorsig oor die negatief in sintaksis met spesiale nadruk op die
negatief as 'n infleksie kategorie en op die struktuur van funksionele frases.
Hoofstuk twee ondersoek die negatiewe morfeme in die verskillende modi met
verskillende tye. Hierdie modi is ondersoek met verwysing na kopulatiewe en niekopulatiewe
werkwoorde. Tweedens, ondersoek hierdie hoofstuk die negatiewe
konstruksie met die kopulatiewe werkwoord en sy komplemente wat insluit die
naamwoordgroep, adjektief, relatief en preposisionele groepe met nga en na. Die
eienskappe van hulpwerkwoorde is ook ondersoek.
Hoofstuk drie ondersoek die moontlikhede om verskillende konstituente van 'n sin in
die negatiefte plaas. Hierdie moontlikhede sluit in subjeksinversie en split.
Hoofstuk vier gee 'n opsomming van die bevindings in die vorige hoofstukke.
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A pragmatic analysis of apologies in XhosaMdemka, Xoliswa Leonora 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the speech act of apology in Xhosa. The main aim of the study is
to examine some of the characteristics of apologies in remedial interchanges based on a
Xhosa corpus within the field of pragmatics. The study is concerned with the expressions
people use when they apologize in Xhosa, and the effectiveness of apologies in
remediating the negative effects of transgressions.
In order to examine the effectiveness of apologies in Xhosa, a questionnaire has been
drawn up within which students of selected High schools in the Western Cape have
completed the offence and the apology. Data was collected through the selection of four
High schools in the Western Cape and Grade 11 learners were asked to complete the
questionnaires.
In this study, these questionnaires are analyzed and assessed. The findings based on this
research are presented to identify the characteristics of apologies in remedial interchanges
based on a Xhosa corpus within the field of pragmatics.
The study is organized as follows:
Chapter 1 features the statement of the problem and the aim of the study.
Chapter 2 is concerned with an overview of the theoretical framework on which the study
is based, i.e. pragmatics, and within pragmatics specifically the speech act and the theory
of politeness.
Chapter 3 examines the speech act of apology as indicated by the literature on this speech
act.
Chapter 4 investigates apologies in Xhosa with attention to the apology strategies and the
analysis of the Xhosa data.
Chapter 5 summarizes the findings obtained from chapters 2 - 4. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die spraakhandeling van Apologie in Xhosa. Die hoofdoelstelling
van die studie is om die kenmerke van apologiee te ondersoek in die veld van
die pragmatiek in remediale interaksie gebaseer op 'n Xhosa korpus. Die studie het
belang by die uitdrukkings wat mense gebruik wanneer hulle apologie aanteken in Xhosa,
en die doeltreffendheid van apologiee in die rernedierinq van die negatiewe effek van
oortredings.
Ten einde die doeltreffendheid van apoloqiee in Xhosa te ondersoek, is 'n vraelys opgestel
waarin leerders van geselekteerde Hoerskole in die Wes-Kaap die oortreding- en die
apologie-beskrywing moes invul. Data is versamel deur Graad 11 leerders van vier
verskillende Hoerskole in die Wes-Kaap te vra om vraelyste oor Apologiee in Xhosa te
voltooi.
In die studie is die vraelyste ontleed en ge-evalueer. Die bevindinge wat op die navorsing
gebaseer is, is aangebied ten einde die eienskappe van apoloqiee te identifiseer soos
gebaseer op remediale interaksie soos dit gegrond is op die Xhosa korpus.
Die studie is soos volg georganiseer:
Hoofstuk 1 formuleer die probleemstelling en die doelstellings van die studie.
Hoofstuk 2 bied In oorsig van die teoretiese raamwerk waarop die studie gebaseer is, dit is
die spraakhandelingsteorie van beleefdheid binne die bree veld van die pragmatiek.
Hoofstuk 3 eksamineer die spraakhandelingsteorie van apolcqiee soos dit verwys word in
die literatuur.
Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek apoloqiee in Xhosa met spesifieke aandag aan die apologiestrateqiee
en die analise van die Xhosa data.
Hoofstuk 5 gee 'n opsomming van die belangrikste bevindinge verkry uit hoofstukke 2 - 4. / INTSHWANKATHELO
Esi sifundo sihlola isenzo ntetho sokungxengxeza esiXhoseni. Eyona njongo yesi sifundo
kukuphononga ezinye zeempawu zezingxengxezo ekulungiseleleni utshintsho
olubhekiselele kwingqokelela esiXhoseni kumba wePragmatiki. Isifondo esi sibhekiselele
kwintetho esetyenziswa ngabantu xa bengxengxeza esiXhoseni, kunye nefuthe
lezingxengxezo ekulungiseleleni iimpembelelo ezigqithisileyo ezingavumiyo.
Ukuze kuphononongwe ifuthe lezingxengxezo esiXhoseni, kuye kwasungalwa iphepha
lemibuzo apho kukho isono kunye nesingxengxezo. Eli phulo belisenziwa ngabafundi
bezikolo ezikhethiweyo zamabanga aphakgmileyo kwiNtshona koloni. Ulwazi luqokelelwe
ngokuthi kukhethwe kwizikolo ezine zamabanga aphezulu eNtshona Koloni apho abafundi
bebanga le-9 bebecelwa ukuba bazalise amaphepha emibuzo.
Kwesi sifundo, la maphepha emibuzo ayacalulwa kwaye ahlolwe. Iziphumo ezibhekisele
kolu phando ziye zaziswe ukwalatha iimpawu zezingxengezo ukulungiselela utshintsho
olubhekisele kwingqokelela yezibhalo ezithile zesiXhosa kumba we Pragmatiki.
Isifundo sicangciswe ngolu hlobo:
Isahluko sokuqala sibonisa intetho yengxaki kunye neenjongo zesifundo.
Isahluko sesibini sinxulumene neridlela esisekelwe kuyo esi slfundo oko kukuthi,
iPragmatiki yaye nalapha kwiPragmatiki ngokukodwa kwisenzo ntetho kunye nethiyori
yentetho echubekileyo.
Isahluko sesithathu siphonononga izenzo ntetho zokucela uxolo nje ngokuba zibonisiwe
kuncwadi kwizenzo ntetho. Isahluko sesine sihlola izingxengxezo kwisiXhosa ngokunika ingqalelo kubuchule
bokungxengxeza kwakunye nohlalutyo Iwezingxengxezo kwisiXhosa. Isahluko sesihlanu sishwankathela iziphumo ezifumaneke kwizahluko 2 uku ya ku 4.
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Basic emotion words in SesothoMlangeni, Khatamela Christopher 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify the basic emotion verbs in Sesotho. Five
basic emotions verb are identified: anger, anxiety, disgust, sadness, and fear. The
verbs, expressions, as well as idiophones that express these emotions, are
identified. Furthermore, the emotion words are semantically and syntactically
analyzed.
The outlay of the nine chapters is as follows: Chapter One is an Introduction in
which reference is made to the aim of this study, methods used in compiling the
data, and the analysis of the data. Chapter Two offers an overview of the basic
emotions. A psychological overview of the work of the following scholars is
undertaken: Le Doux (1998), Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962),
Plutchik (1980), and Izard (1971); as well as a linguistic overview of the work of
the following scholars: Kovecses (1989), Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986), and
Goddard (1998). Chapter Three deals with the lexical semantics which will be
used in analyzing the different emotion words.
Chapter Four deals with anger words. It starts with an overview of anger as
treated by the following scholars: Taylor and Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989),
and Lakoff and Kovecses (1987). The treatment of the data (the expression of
anger in Sesotho) starts with the definition of anger, followed by expressions of
anger and the verbs of anger which are analyzed semantically and syntactically.
Another form of the expression of anger, namely the threat, is also analyzed
semantically and syntactically.
Chapter Five deals with anxiety, Chapter Six with disgust, Chapter Seven with
sadness and Chapter Eight with fear. In all these instances, the definition of the
emotion word is followed by relevant expressions and verbs which are
semantically and syntactically analyzed.
The last chapter, Chapter Nine, offers conclusions regarding the five different
types of emotion words in Se otho. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie stu die is om die basiese emosie-werkwoorde in Sesotho te
behandel. Vyf basiese emosies word geidentiflseer, naamlik toorn/woede,
angstigheid, walging, droefheid en vrees. Die werkwoorde en uitdrukkinge, sowel
as idiofone wat hierdie emosies uidruk, word geidentifiseer. Voorts word die
emosie-woorde semanties en sintakties geanaliseer.
Die uitleg van die nege hoofstukke is soos volg: Hoofstuk Een is die Inleiding,
met besonderhede betreffende die doel van die stud ie, metodes gebruik in die
inwin en opstel van die data, sowel as die analise van die data. Hoofstuk Twee
behandel die basiese emosies oorsigtelik. 'n Psigologiese oorsig so os verwant in
die werk van die volgende deskundiges word onderneem: Le Doux (1998),
Johnson-Laird en Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962), Plutchik (1980) en Izard
(1971); daar is ook 'n linguistieke oorsig van die werk van Kovekses (1989),
Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986) en Goddard (1998). Hoofstuk Drie behandel die
leksikale semantiek wat in die analise van die verskillende emosie-woorde
gebruik sal word.
Hoofstuk Vier behandel die woede-woorde. Dit begin met 'n oorsig van woede
soos behandel in die werk van Taylor en Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989) en
Lakoff en Kovecses (1987). Die behandeling van die data begin met 'n definisie
van woede, en word gevolg deur 'n semantiese en sintaktiese analise van
uitdrukkinge en werkwoorde wat woede uitdruk. 'n Ander vorm van woedeuitdrukking,
naamlik die dreigement, word ook semanties en sintakties
geanaliseer.
Hoofstuk Vyf behandel angstigheid, Hoofstuk Ses walging, Hoofstuk Sewe
droefheid, en Hoofstuk Agt vrees. In elke hoofstuk word 'n definisie van die
emosie-woord gevolg deur 'n behandeling van relevante werkwoorde en
uitdrukkinge wat semanties en sintakties geanaliseer word.
Die laaste hoofstuk, Hoofstuk Nege, bring sekere gevolgtrekkinge betreffende die
vyf ver killende tipes van emo ie-woorde in Sesotho.
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SOME UNIVERSALS OF HONORIFIC LANGUAGE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO JAPANESE.WENGER, JAMES RODNEY. January 1982 (has links)
This examination of several languages permits the identification of universal characteristics of honorific forms, as well as possible explanations for those universals. The Japanese honorific system is described in some detail and contrasted with the honorific systems of ten other languages which are more briefly described: Javanese, Madurese, Thai, Korean, Dzongkha, Tibetan, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada, and Guugu Yimidhirr. Data from those eleven languages explains how honorifics appear and spread through languages. An examination of Japanese indicates certain restrictions governing which parts of the vocabulary are elaborated as honorifics. Those restrictions are primarily semantic, although a few lexical and phonological factors must also be considered. Certain regularities in the appearance of honorifics could be observed in all of the languages. The honorific forms are always marked compared to the ordinary forms. Reference type honorifics always appear in a language prior to the addressee type. Reference honorifics appear first in the semantic domains related to humans; and the elaboration of honorific forms occurs in a certain implicational order. Naming (e.g. with titles) occurs first, followed by the elaboration of pronouns, verbs, nouns, and other parts of speech. All languages containing reference honorifics appear to elaborate parts of speech in that order. Among reference honorifics, the presence of non-actor forms always indicated the presence of actor forms. These synchronic implicational statements about honorifics have diachronic significance. In accounting for universal honorific forms, a limited set of explanations are necessary. These include general cognitive processes such as marking and degree of salience and common cultural behavior. For example, the concepts of power and solidarity can be used to describe a cultural universal of personal relations both linguistically and non-linguistically. The degree of elaboration of honorifics in different languages is also explained. The presence of honorifics in non-kinship based societies depends on a vertically organized social structure and ideology. In addition, the internal structure of the language may also affect the extent of honorific elaboration. If reference honorifics in a given language function to disambiguate NPs in discourse, they are elaborated to a greater extent than in languages where they only index social relationships.
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Generalized floating quantifiers.Fukushima, Kazuhiko. January 1991 (has links)
A syntactic and semantic treatment of Japanese floating quantifiers is provided from a perspective of unification based grammatical theories and model theoretic semantics. The inventory of floating quantifiers under consideration includes not only familiar cardinals but also other quantificational elements such as universals. Syntactically, floating quantifiers are taken to be adverbial endocentric modifiers for some V-projections. Scrambling phenomena involving multiple floating quantifiers will also be accounted for without employing movement rules of any sort. Floating quantifiers function as semantic (but not syntactic) determiners (seen in the Generalized Quantifier theory) which establish a proper relationship between two sets (corresponding to a common noun and a one-place predicate) one of which functions as a domain of quantification. In addition to presenting the specifics of the syntactic and semantic accounts for the phenomena in question, this thesis considers consequences of the proposed account and offers a new perspective on a universal theory of quantification. A typological classification of language is proposed which establishes the opposition between 'floating quantifier oriented' vs. 'determiner oriented' languages. From this perspective, a comparison between Japanese and English is carried out and some typological differences between the two are shown to follow from the envisaged opposition.
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Partial vowel harmonies as evidence for a Height Node.Wiswall, Wendy Jeanne January 1991 (has links)
In this dissertation I examine partial vowel assimilations, where more than one but less than all vowel features pattern together in a phonological rule. The result of this dissertation research is the 'Height Node Geometry'. The particular innovation this geometry makes is to group the height features ( (high) and (low)) under a separate Height Node, as opposed to having the height features report to the Dorsal Node or the Place Node. Motivation for the Height Node Geometry comes from analyses of several phonological processes. First, removing the height features from under the Dorsal Node and the Place Node facilitates a more natural explanation for reduplication in the Petit Diboum dialect of Fe?fe?-Bamileke. Second, placing the height features above the Place Node but still directly or indirectly under the Supralaryngeal Node provides an account for Tunica partial translaryngeal harmony. Finally, vowel harmony in Ewe involves spreading of (+high) and (+low) in the same environment, arguing for a simpler rule of node spread; hence, I propose that the height features stem from a separate Height Node, instead of directly to the Supralaryngeal Node.
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