Spelling suggestions: "subject:"granulometry"" "subject:"granulometrys""
51 |
Físico - química da água e caracterização dos sedimentos de uma micro - bacia costeira de Mata Atlântica com múltiplos usos do solo, Jacuecanga, Angra dos Reis, RJD’Angelo, Raffaela Araujo 11 May 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-11T17:24:08Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertação Completa.pdf: 4492376 bytes, checksum: 676d473676c9c53901a55c556909987f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T17:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertação Completa.pdf: 4492376 bytes, checksum: 676d473676c9c53901a55c556909987f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Alterações na cobertura original do solo, devido o desenvolvimento de atividades
antrópicas, e o lançamento
de esgoto
doméstico
diretamente em rios,
são fatores que
causam a
redução na qualidade de água e sedimentos em ecossis
temas aquáticos. A bacia do rio
Jacuecanga (Angra dos Reis, R.J) vem sofrendo
com
crescentes alterações no uso do solo,
principalmente,
pelo crescimento populacional e o desenvolvimento de diferentes atividades
industriais
, o que pode acarretar a degradaçã
o dos seus recursos hídricos
.
Esse estudo propõe
a caracterização
da matéria orgânica presente
no canal principal d
esse sistema fluvial
, e de
seus principais afluentes
e ainda na sua região estuarina. Foram avaliados parâmetros físico
-
químicos da água e
marcadores orgânicos moleculares, elementares e isotópicos nos
sedimentos com o objetivo de compreender a influência das modificações da cobertura
primária do solo sobre o aporte de material orgânico terrígeno para esses sistemas aquáticos.
Foram realizada
s cinco campanhas para a coleta de águas em 16 estações nos rios Jacuecanga,
Caputera e Vermelho, contemplando as diferentes situações climatológicas do ano e um
evento de chuva. Coletas dos sedimentos superficiais foram realizadas em 14 estações no rio e
15 na enseada. A
estação (RJ2) localizada a jusante da Vila Caputera
apresentou
tendências a
eutrofização devido
ao
desmatamento, exp
osição do solo e ocupação humana
desordenada
caracterizada pelo
maior aporte de carbono, nitrogênio, MPS e DBO
. N
a zona est
uarina, o
adensamento urbano da Vila de Jacuecanga
foi relacionado aos
altos percentuais de carbono e
nitrogênio, principalmente durante eventos de chuva.
As
águas pluviais que drenam o pátio da
Transpetro e são lançadas no rio Jacuecanga no final do trech
o de água doce apresentou
características alternadas entre
as campanhas,
com
períodos de
alta condutividade, e o
período
s
com elevada concentração de MPS, sem
,
no entanto
,
interferir de forma relevante na
qualidade das águas do rio Jacuecanga.
Da mesma for
ma a
entrada lateral de águas oriundas
da lagoa de estabilização
e as águas do
rio Vermelho
com
baixa concentração de oxigênio e
elevado teor de material orgânico não demonstr
aram
alterações significativas
n
o rio
Jacuecanga. N
os sedimentos do rio Jacuecang
a
, o
predomínio da fração arenosa seguida do
cascalho demonstra a intensa hidrodinâmica e ausência de depósitos orgânicos ao longo da
bacia. Na porção estuarina foi registrado elevação nos teores de matéria orgânica com a
identificação de fontes de restos
vegetais e de coprostanol a partir do maior adensamento
urbano que ocorre em sua margem direita.
Os sedimentos da enseada localizados próximo à
foz do rio Jacuecanga e influenciados pela dispersão da pluma apresentaram maiores teores de
matéria orgânica de
qualidade terrígena (restos vegetais e efluentes domésticos). Os
sedimentos marinhos, mais distantes da foz do rio, apresentaram menores teores de matéria
orgânica com características fitoplânctonicas, sendo os sedimentos localizados na zona da
água de mi
stura com valores intermediários. Foi verificada contaminação fecal na estação
mais próxima a foz do rio e influência
fecal em duas estações pró
ximas, porém situadas em
frente ao canal de drenagem da Vila de Jacuecanga pertencente à bacia hidrográfica vizi
nha / Changes in the original land use and cover due to human activities development and
and launch of domestic sewage directly into rivers, are factors causing the reduction in water
quality and sediments in aquatic ecosystems. The Jacuecanga river basin (Angra
dos Reis, RJ)
has been suffering with growing changes in land use, mainly by population growth and
development of different industrial activities, which can lead to degradation of its water
resources. This study proposes the characterization of organic ma
tter present in the main
channel of this river system, its tributaries and its estuary. We evaluated the physical
-
chemical
and
sediments
molecular markers
as
molecular,
elemental and isotopic compositions with the
aim of understanding the influence of chan
ges in the primary coverage of the ground on the
input of terrigenous organic material for these aquatic systems. A total of five
samples were
obtained
at 16 stations on the rivers Jacuecanga, Caputera and
Vermelho rivers
,
contemplating the various climate
conditions of the year and a rain event. Sampling of surface
sediments were performed at 14 stations in
the river and
15
at
the bay. The station (RJ2)
located downstream of Vila Caputera showed trends of eutrophication due to deforestation,
soil exposure
and disorderly urban occupation characterized by greater intake of carbon,
nitrogen, BOD and
SPM
. In the estuarine zone, the density of the urban
Vila
Jacuecanga was
related to high percentages of carbon and nitrogen, especially during rain events. Rainwat
er
draining Transpetro
Plant
are discharged into the river at the end of the stretch
of
Jacuecanga
freshwater
and
showed features alternating between the dry
season with
high conductivity,
and the rainy season with high concentrations of
SPM
, but did not
interfere
relevant
ly
in
water quality of river Jacuecanga. Likewise, the side entrance of water coming from the
stabilization pond and the waters of the
Vermelho
River with low oxygen and high content of
organic material did not show significant changes in
river.
In the sediments of
Jacuecanga
river
were observed the p
redominance of the sandy fraction demonstrat
ing
the intense
hydrodynamics and lack of organic deposits along the basin. In the estuarine portion was
recorded high
er
organic matter content with
the identification of sources of
vegetal remains
and coprostanol from the greater urban density that occurs in the right margin. The sediments
of
bay
located near the mouth of the river Jacuecanga and influenced by the plume showed
higher levels of terrig
enous organic matter quality (
vegetal remains
and effluents). Marine
sediments, most distant from the river mouth, had lower levels of organic matter with
phytoplankton characteristic
. S
ediments located in the zone of mixing water
presented
intermediate va
lues. Fecal contamination was checked at the station nearest the river mouth
and fecal influence
in two nearby stations, but located outside the drainage channel of the
Village of Jacuecanga belonging to neighboring
watershed.
|
52 |
In-situ and ex-situ multi-scale physical metrologies to investigate the destructuration mechanisms of lignocellulosic matrices and release kinetics of fermentescible cellulosic carbon / Métrologies physiques multi-échelles in-situ et ex-situ pour étudier les mécanismes de déstructuration des matrices lignocellulosiques et les cinétiques de libération de carbone cellulosique fermentescibleNguyen, Tien Cuong 21 November 2014 (has links)
La bioconversion des biomasses lignocellulosiques est actuellement un grand défi pour le développement de technologies de bio-raffinage. Le manque de connaissances des mécanismes de liquéfaction et de saccharification est l’un des principaux facteurs qui pénalisent le développement des procédés de bio-raffinage. Ce travail est centré sur le développement d’analyses physiques et biochimiques in-situ (viscosimétrie, focus beam reflectance measurement) et ex-situ (rhéometrie, granulométrie laser, morphogranulométrie, sédimentation…) pour améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de déstructuration desfibres lignocellulosiques et caractériser les cinétiques de libération de carbone fermentescible. Des substrats modèles (cellulose microcristalline, papier Whatman) et industriels (pâte à papier, bagasse de canne à sucre) ont été utilisés avec différentes conditions d'hydrolyse (1% à 30%w/v, 0.1 à 0.5mL enzyme/ g cellulose). Les résultats obtenus ont permis:- de proposer et de valider les mesures in-situ de la viscosité de la suspension et de la distribution des longueurs de corde des particules, ainsi que sa conversion en distribution de diamètre.- de montrer l'impact de la nature et de la concentration de substrat et des ratios enzyme/substrat sur les évolutions des paramètres physico-biochimiques lors de l'hydrolyse. Ces effets ont été quantifiés sur les limitations de transfert.- d'établir un modèle phénoménologique de comportement rhéologique des suspensions initiales- de montrer que les cinétiques physico et bio-chimiques sont des cinétiques du second ordre- de montrer que, pour des hydrolyses à haute teneur en matière sèche, on peut réduire considérablement la limitation des transferts liée aux hautes concentrations et contrôler la cinétique de production de glucose par une stratégie d’ajouts cumulés desubstrat. / In the context of biofuels and chemicals production of petroleum substitutes from renewable carbon, bioconversion of lignocellulose biomasses is currently a major challenge. The limited knowledge of liquefaction and saccharification mechanisms stands as the main factor which penalizes bio-refinery progress. The present work is centred on the development of in-situ(viscosimetry, focus beam reflectance measurement) and ex-situ (rheometry, diffraction light scattered, morphometry, decantation…) physical and biochemical analysis to expand our understanding of the destructuration mechanisms of lignocellulose fibres and to characterise the release kinetics of fermentable cellulosic carbon. Model (microcrystalline cellulose,Whatman paper) and industrial (paper-pulp, sugarcane bagasse) lignocellulose matrices under a large range of hydrolysis conditions (1% up to 30%w/v and 0.1 up to 0.5mL enzyme/g cellulose) were studied during 24h hydrolysis experiments (pertinent period to appreciate transfer limitations). Our scientific results allow:- to propose and validate the in-situ measurements of the suspension viscosity and chord length distribution together with its conversion into particle size distribution.- to demonstrate the impact of the substrate nature and concentration and of the enzymatic ratios on the evolution of physical- and biochemical parameters during hydrolysis. Their impacts on transfer phenomena were quantified.- to establish phenomenological models for rheological behaviour of initial suspensions.- to describe all physical (viscosity, particle size) and biochemical (substrate and product) kinetics by second order reaction models.- to demonstrate that, for high dry matter concentration hydrolysis, a cumulative feeding substrate strategy allows considerably reducing the transfer limitations linked to high concentrations and to control the glucose production kinetics.
|
53 |
Studium možností efektivního využívání a aktivace aktivních příměsí do betonu / Research of effective use and activation of activ concrete additionsMikhailova, Olesia January 2014 (has links)
The theoretical part describes the admixtures that are used in cement replacement. Here also summarizes the findings on the influence of granulomentry, grain shape and fineness of admixtures on the density of the cement matrix. The practical part is experimentally verified the influence of fineness admixtures and grain size on the mechanical properties of concrete. Also, the rheological properties of cement are compared with admixtures depending on the type and dosage and time.
|
54 |
Atributos visuais para recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas / Visual features for content-based mammographic images retrievelKinoshita, Sérgio Koodi 11 August 2004 (has links)
Atributos visuais de textura e forma foram investigados para a recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas (CBIR). Para a similaridade de imagens, foi considerada a estrutura de densidade mamária, representada principalmente pelos tecidos fibro-glandulares. A pesquisa consistiu de três etapas: (1) Preparação e processamento das imagens; (2) Extração e seleção de atributos visuais de textura e forma; (3) Implementação de um sistema de recuperação de imagem. A primeira etapa consistiu dos processos de retirada de ruído do fundo da imagem, segmentação da região da mama, detecção da região de músculo peitoral, localização do mamilo e da segmentação da região de tecidos fibro-glandulares. Utilizou-se a equação de Difusão Anisotrópica com filtro de Wiener para retirada e suavização de ruídos encontrados na imagem e preservação da borda da mama. Para a segmentação da região da mama, foram utilizadas as técnicas de limiarização de Princípio de Máxima Entropia, Método de Preservação de Momento, Método de Otsu, Método interativo de Ridler & Carvard, Método de Reddi e Método da Matriz de Co-ocorrência. A melhor imagem foi escolhida numa tarefa supervisionada. A detecção automática da região do músculo peitoral foi feita com a combinação do operador de Canny e a transformada de Radon como detector de linha. A posição do mamilo foi detectada com a transformada de Radon como detector de direção de densidade. A segmentação da região de tecidos fibro-glandulares foi feita também com as técnicas de limiarização do Princípio de Máxima Entropia, Método de Preservação de Momento, e Método de Otsu. Momentos Estatísticos extraídos do Histograma, Medida de Granulometria, Momentos Estatísticos extraídos do Domínio de Radon, Momento de Hu, e Textura de Haralick foram investigados como atributos de textura. Medida de Área, Circularidade e Razão de Diâmetro foram investigados como atributos de forma. A rede de Mapas Auto-Organizáveis de Kohonen foi utilizada como sistema de recuperação de imagem. Foram utilizadas, neste trabalho, 1080 imagens do projeto de Banco de Imagens do HCFMRP-USP, módulo Mamografia. O treinamento e teste foram feitos com a técnica de \"leaving-one-out\" e os melhores resultados obtidos foram: Taxa de precisão de 91,07% para a combinação dos cinco grupos de atributos de Forma, Estatísticos Extraídos do Histograma, Momento de Hu, Espectral no Domínio de Radon e de Medida de Granulometria; taxa de precisão e revocação do coeficiente de correlação médio representadas pela área sob a curva com valor de 0,02351 dos grupos de atributos de forma, de Textura de Haralick e Momento de Hu. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a relevância de nosso trabalho e seu potencial de utilização para a recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas. / Visual texture based on texture and shape features were investigated for content-based mammographic images retrieval (CBIR). For similarity of images, the mammary density structures were considered, mainly represented by fibro-glandular tissues. This research consisted of three stages: (1) Images preparation and processing; (2) Extraction and selection of the visual features; (3) Implementation of a retrieval system. The first stage consisted of noisy removing from the image background, breast region segmentation, pectoral muscle region detection, nipple localization and the fibro-glandular tissues region segmentation. The equation of Anisotropic Diffusion was used with Wiener filter for noisy removing with the breast region edge preservation. For the breast region segmentation, the Thresholding techniques were used of Maximum Entropy Principle, Moment Preserving Method, Otsu Method, Ridler & Carvard Method, Reddi Method and Co-occurrence Matrix Method. The better image was chosen in a supervised task. The automatic pectoral muscle region detection was made with the Canny operator and Radon Transform combination as straight line detector. The nipple position was detected with the Radon Transform as density direction detector. The fibro-glandular tissues region was also defined with the thresholding techniques of the Maximum Entropy Principle, Moment Preserving Method, and Otsu Method. The Statistical Moments extracted from the Histogram, Measured of Granulometry, Statistical Moments extracted in Radon Domain, Moment of Hu, and Haralick Textures were investigated as texture features. Area, Circularity and Diameter Ratio were investigated as shape features. The Self-Organizing Maps of Kohonen was used as image retrieval system. One thousand and eighty images of the HCFMRP-USP Database Project, Mammography Module, were used in this work. The training and test processes were realized with the \"leaving-one-out\" technique and the best results obtained were: The precision rate of 91,07% for the combination of the five following features group: Shape, Statistical Moments extracted of the Histogram, Moment of Hu, Statistical Moments extracted in Radon Domain and Measure of Granulometry; precision and revocation rates of the average coefficient of correlation represented by the area under the curve with value of 0,02351 for the three following features group: Shape, Haralick Textures and Moment de Hu. The results obtained indicated the relevance of our work for the content-based mammographic images retrieval.
|
55 |
Atributos visuais para recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas / Visual features for content-based mammographic images retrievelSérgio Koodi Kinoshita 11 August 2004 (has links)
Atributos visuais de textura e forma foram investigados para a recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas (CBIR). Para a similaridade de imagens, foi considerada a estrutura de densidade mamária, representada principalmente pelos tecidos fibro-glandulares. A pesquisa consistiu de três etapas: (1) Preparação e processamento das imagens; (2) Extração e seleção de atributos visuais de textura e forma; (3) Implementação de um sistema de recuperação de imagem. A primeira etapa consistiu dos processos de retirada de ruído do fundo da imagem, segmentação da região da mama, detecção da região de músculo peitoral, localização do mamilo e da segmentação da região de tecidos fibro-glandulares. Utilizou-se a equação de Difusão Anisotrópica com filtro de Wiener para retirada e suavização de ruídos encontrados na imagem e preservação da borda da mama. Para a segmentação da região da mama, foram utilizadas as técnicas de limiarização de Princípio de Máxima Entropia, Método de Preservação de Momento, Método de Otsu, Método interativo de Ridler & Carvard, Método de Reddi e Método da Matriz de Co-ocorrência. A melhor imagem foi escolhida numa tarefa supervisionada. A detecção automática da região do músculo peitoral foi feita com a combinação do operador de Canny e a transformada de Radon como detector de linha. A posição do mamilo foi detectada com a transformada de Radon como detector de direção de densidade. A segmentação da região de tecidos fibro-glandulares foi feita também com as técnicas de limiarização do Princípio de Máxima Entropia, Método de Preservação de Momento, e Método de Otsu. Momentos Estatísticos extraídos do Histograma, Medida de Granulometria, Momentos Estatísticos extraídos do Domínio de Radon, Momento de Hu, e Textura de Haralick foram investigados como atributos de textura. Medida de Área, Circularidade e Razão de Diâmetro foram investigados como atributos de forma. A rede de Mapas Auto-Organizáveis de Kohonen foi utilizada como sistema de recuperação de imagem. Foram utilizadas, neste trabalho, 1080 imagens do projeto de Banco de Imagens do HCFMRP-USP, módulo Mamografia. O treinamento e teste foram feitos com a técnica de \"leaving-one-out\" e os melhores resultados obtidos foram: Taxa de precisão de 91,07% para a combinação dos cinco grupos de atributos de Forma, Estatísticos Extraídos do Histograma, Momento de Hu, Espectral no Domínio de Radon e de Medida de Granulometria; taxa de precisão e revocação do coeficiente de correlação médio representadas pela área sob a curva com valor de 0,02351 dos grupos de atributos de forma, de Textura de Haralick e Momento de Hu. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a relevância de nosso trabalho e seu potencial de utilização para a recuperação baseada em conteúdo de imagens mamográficas. / Visual texture based on texture and shape features were investigated for content-based mammographic images retrieval (CBIR). For similarity of images, the mammary density structures were considered, mainly represented by fibro-glandular tissues. This research consisted of three stages: (1) Images preparation and processing; (2) Extraction and selection of the visual features; (3) Implementation of a retrieval system. The first stage consisted of noisy removing from the image background, breast region segmentation, pectoral muscle region detection, nipple localization and the fibro-glandular tissues region segmentation. The equation of Anisotropic Diffusion was used with Wiener filter for noisy removing with the breast region edge preservation. For the breast region segmentation, the Thresholding techniques were used of Maximum Entropy Principle, Moment Preserving Method, Otsu Method, Ridler & Carvard Method, Reddi Method and Co-occurrence Matrix Method. The better image was chosen in a supervised task. The automatic pectoral muscle region detection was made with the Canny operator and Radon Transform combination as straight line detector. The nipple position was detected with the Radon Transform as density direction detector. The fibro-glandular tissues region was also defined with the thresholding techniques of the Maximum Entropy Principle, Moment Preserving Method, and Otsu Method. The Statistical Moments extracted from the Histogram, Measured of Granulometry, Statistical Moments extracted in Radon Domain, Moment of Hu, and Haralick Textures were investigated as texture features. Area, Circularity and Diameter Ratio were investigated as shape features. The Self-Organizing Maps of Kohonen was used as image retrieval system. One thousand and eighty images of the HCFMRP-USP Database Project, Mammography Module, were used in this work. The training and test processes were realized with the \"leaving-one-out\" technique and the best results obtained were: The precision rate of 91,07% for the combination of the five following features group: Shape, Statistical Moments extracted of the Histogram, Moment of Hu, Statistical Moments extracted in Radon Domain and Measure of Granulometry; precision and revocation rates of the average coefficient of correlation represented by the area under the curve with value of 0,02351 for the three following features group: Shape, Haralick Textures and Moment de Hu. The results obtained indicated the relevance of our work for the content-based mammographic images retrieval.
|
56 |
Investigation of physical mechanisms during deconstruction of pretreated lignocellulosic matrix and its ability to liberate a fermentable carbon substrate in a bio-process / Compréhansion des mécanismes de destructuration de la matière cellulosique après prétraitement et de son aptitude à libérer un substrat carbone fermentescible dans un bioprocédéLe, Tuan 10 May 2017 (has links)
La biomasse lignocellulosique comprend les sous-produits agricoles et industriels pouvant être utilisés comme matière première dans des bioprocédés variés destinés à produire des molécules d'intérêt énergétique ou chimique. Ces ressources lignocellulosiques, peuvent notamment être fournies par l'industrie papetière qui est particulièrement adaptée pour les bio-raffineries modernes car elle est en capacité de produire en grande quantité un substrat ayant une faible teneur en lignine et sans composés inhibiteurs. La bagasse de canne à sucre est également un substrat prometteur par sa composition chimique simple et son abondance dans les pays tropicaux. Lors de l'utilisation de ces substrats, l'hydrolyse enzymatique constitue une étape cruciale permettant la transformation des fibres de cellulose en une source de carbone fermentescible. Si les aspects biochimiques de cette étape d'hydrolyse font l'objet de nombreuses recherches et de développements, les réactions sous haute teneur en matière sèche font apparaître des limitations physiques qui sont beaucoup moins étudiées et analysées mais constituent des verrous scientifiques et technologiques qui freinent actuellement l'utilisation de cette ressource abondante et durable. Ce travail s'inscrit dans ce contexte et propose l'étude de cette étape d'hydrolyse enzymatique de la lignocellulose en s'intéressant conjointement aux aspects biochimiques et physiques de façon à aller vers une compréhension et une maîtrise des transferts (de masse, de chaleur) dans les réactions à forte concentration en substrat. La stratégie adoptée a consisté à réaliser et analyser des réactions d'hydrolyse sous différentes conditions opératoires en travaillant dans un premier temps sur des concentrations intermédiaires (suspension semi-diluée), c'est-à-dire en introduisant, mais de façon limitée, les complexités dues aux interactions entre particules/fibres de lignocellulose. Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite utilisés pour élaborer une stratégie adaptée aux fortes concentrations. Les aspects physiques analysés sont essentiellement le comportement rhéologique du milieu réactionnel ainsi que la morpho-granulométrie des objets en suspension. Différentes métrologies, tant in-situ que ex-situ, ont été mises en œuvre et apportent des résultats complémentaires. Les études ont été menées sur un substrat de référence, le papier Whatman, et deux substrats à vocation industrielle: la pâte à papier et la bagasse de canne à sucre. La stratégie d'étude porte sur les aspects suivants: (i) le suivi de l'évolution des comportements rhéologiques et des propriétés morphologiques des suspensions au cours de l'hydrolyse, (ii) l'étude des mécanismes d'hydrolyse lors de la dégradation des substrats, (iii) l'étude de l'impact de la composition et de la structure des substrats sur les cinétiques de solubilisation et d'hydrolyse, (iv) la quantification de la contribution des différentes activités enzymatiques, seules ou en mélange par une approche physique multi-échelle et (v) le contrôle et l'optimisation des conditions d'alimentation dans un procédé discontinu alimenté (fed-batch) afin d'atteindre des conditions de milieu concentré. Les chapitres 1 et 2 de ce document sont consacrés à une étude bibliographique du sujet et à la présentation des matériels et méthodes mis en œuvre. Le troisième chapitre présente les résultats obtenus et leur analyse. Il est constitué de trois sections: tout d'abord une étude des propriétés des différents enzymes ou cocktail d'enzymes utilisés, des substrats retenus et des suspensions avec, notamment, la détermination des régimes semi-dilués et concentrés. Ensuite sont présentées et analysées les hydrolyses effectuées en milieu semi-dilué. Les mécanismes d'hydrolyse (fragmentation, solubilisation, hydratation et séparation des agglomérats) sont étudiés pour diverses concentrations et divers enzymes/cocktails. Enfin les résultats en milieu concentré sont présentés dans une dernière section. / Lignocellulosic biomass consists of several agriculture and industrial by-products that can be used as raw material for several bioprocesses to obtain range of products. Among lignocellulosic sources, the pulp & paper industry is appropriated for modern bio-refining thank to pulp with low lignin content and free of inhibitory compounds. Besides, sugarcane bagasse is a very promising feedstock because of its simple chemical composition and its abundancy especially in tropical countries. In the bioconversion of lignocellulose, enzymatic hydrolysis is a crucial step that allows the transformation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fibers into fermentable carbon sources. The lack of knowledge about physical limitations and hydrolysis mechanisms, especially at high dry matter content, stands as the main barrier which forbids the scale-up of bio-refinery processes. Thus, the efficient and sustainable use of lignocellulosic resources is currently a major challenge and need to be investigated. In this context, this PhD focused on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose by both physical and biochemical approaches. The strategy consisted in carrying out and in analyzing the hydrolysis reactions under different operating conditions with semi-dilute suspensions. Then, obtained results were used to develop a hydrolysis strategy for concentrated suspensions. Different methodologies, in- and ex-situ analyses, were implemented and provided complementary results. From physical approach, analyses consisted in rheological behavior of suspensions as well as the morpho-granulometry of particles. The study was carried out on a reference substrate, Whatman paper, and on two industrial substrates, paper pulp and sugarcane bagasse. The strategy aimed to investigate different stakes: (i) evolution of rheological behaviors and the morphological properties of suspensions, (ii) hydrolysis mechanisms during the degradation of substrates, (iii) impact of substrate composition and structure on solubilization and hydrolysis kinetics, (iv) quantification of the contribution of single enzyme and enzyme mixture activities by multi-scale physical approaches and (v) control and optimization of feeding parameters for fed-batch process in order to access to concentrated suspension. Chapters 1 and 2 of this document are devoted to a research bibliographic and presentation of materials and methods. The third chapter presents obtained results and discussion in three sections. The first one is a study of the properties of different enzymes and substrates, in particular, the determination of semi-dilute and concentrated regime. Subsequently the enzymatic hydrolysis at semi-dilute regime is presented to highlight the hydrolysis mechanisms (fragmentation, solubilization, solvation and agglomerate separation) in relationship with enzyme mixtures and dosages. Finally, results in concentrated regime are discussed in the final section.
|
57 |
Sledování melitelnosti slínkových minerálů / Study of the grindability of the clinker mineralsČervinková, Lenka January 2017 (has links)
The thesis deals with the influence of free various technological grinding processes of pure clinker minerals. The goals is to synthetically prepare pure clinker minerals and monitor the effect of the duration of the grinding process and monitor the impact of grinding technology on their crystallinity. A laser granulometry and XRD analysis are used for evaluation.
|
58 |
Dynamique des masses d'eaux côtières libanaises soumises à l'impact d'un fleuve. / Dynamics of Lebanese coastal waters subjected to the impact of a riverGhsoub, Myriam 27 September 2019 (has links)
Le but principal de cette étude est de comprendre le fonctionnement de la zone interface, continuum terre-mer au Liban. Suite à l’anthropisation spécifiquement la construction des barrages, les apports du fleuve vers la mer en termes de quantité et qualité, sont modifiés de nos jours. Le fleuve Ibrahim, ayant le débit le plus important parmi les fleuves libanais, interrompu par trois barrages, a été choisi comme étude de cas représentant les fleuves côtiers libanais. Les différents paramètres retenus ont permis de dégager des résultats intéressants. Au niveau de l’eau de surface marine le panache fluvial est décelé par l’étude des paramètres hydrologiques des masses d’eaux superficielles. Les résultats montrent aussi que l’apport fluviatile est le contributeur principal en nutriments au niveau de la région côtière durant la saison humide, élucidé par les teneurs en nitrates et silice dissoute. D’autre part, le transfert des particules de la zone côtière vers le large, à travers la pente continentale, se fait par l’intermédiaire de couches néphéloïdes.L’origine des sédiments et de leurs constituants est mise en relief en analysant plusieurs paramètres sédimentaires. La combinaison des paramètres granulométriques et géochimiques organiques et inorganiques et l’application des tests statistiques a permis de distinguer entre deux environnements de dépôt. (1) Les environnements littoraux (≤ 30 m) ou zone de « bypass » où le sable fin et la matière organique autochtone dominent. (2) Les environnements profonds (≥ 60 m) ou zones de dépôts où la fraction fine et la matière organique allochtone dominent.Sur l’ensemble du suivi l’état chimique de l’eau du fleuve au niveau des deux stations échantillonnées, déduit des teneurs en nutriments et macrofaune benthique, est considéré comme bon à très bon d’après les normes internationales Finalement, l’analyse des éléments traces métalliques confirme la faible contribution anthropique dans les stations marines et fluviatiles échantillonnées malgré la densité de population croissante au niveau de la région côtière Libanaise. / The main purpose of this study is to understand the functioning of the coastal zone, land-sea continuum in Lebanon. Following the construction of dams, the contributions of the river towards the sea in terms of quantity and quality, are modified nowadays. The Ibrahim river, having the highest flow among the Lebanese rivers, interrupted by three dams, was chosen as a case study representing the Lebanese coastal rivers. The various parameters retained made it possible to obtain interesting results. At sea surface water level, the river plume is detected by studying the hydrological parameters of surface water.The results also show that the river is the main nutrient contributor in the coastal region during the wet season, elucidated by the nitrate and dissolved silica contents. On the other hand, the transfer of particles from the coastal zone to the open sea, across the continental slope, takes place through the nepheloid layers.The origin of sediments and their constituents is highlighted by analyzing several sediment parameters. The combination of organic and inorganic particle size and geochemical parameters and the application of statistical tests made it possible to distinguish between two deposition environments. (1) Coastal environments (≤ 30 m) or “bypass” area where fine sand and autochtonous organic matter dominate. (2) Deep environments (≥ 60 m) or deposit areas where the fine fraction and allochthonous organic matter dominate.The ecological state of the river water at the two sampled stations, deduced from the contents of nutrients and benthic macrofauna, is considered good to very good according to international standards. Finally, the analysis of metallic trace elements confirms the low anthropogenic contribution in the marine and river stations despite the increasing density of the population in the Lebanese coastal region.
|
59 |
Ekonomické aspekty environmentálního užití stavebních materiálů na bázi sekundárních surovin. / Economic aspects of environmental use of building materials based on secondary raw materials.Ťažký, Tomáš Unknown Date (has links)
The disses thesis is focused on usage of secondary raw materials from the electric power industry, specifically fly ash as a component for the building industry, concentrated on concrete. Two main streams are covered, environmental and economical. Reasons, which led to focus on the selected subject are coming mainly from the scarcity and availability of high-quality mineral resources, environmental pressure for usage of industry byproduct, reducing emissions and economical pressure to reduce production cost, especially raw materials. The main purpose of the work was to verify the possibility of increasing the usability of fly ash as a mineral additive in the technology of concrete production with materials retrieved from coal fired power plants and applying mechanical activation of fly ash. The main goal of the experimental part of work was to demonstrate improvement of fresh and hardened concrete properties as a main condition to support economic efficiency of mechanical activated fly ash. Base on previous facts the methodology was covering two main areas, the experimental and the assessment. Relatively large sets of tests were performed, using a wide range of tested high temperature fly ash and fluidized bed combustion fly ash granulometrically treated, by mixing and grinding. Results of the testing confirmed focused parameters for concrete and mortar mechanical properties, total economical efficiency of the targeted solution and the subject of the dissertation. In the experiment section has been retrieved valuable findings contributing to the overall knowledge of the faculty, also for the practical application. The results of the tests confirmed the achievement of the planned target parameters, both in terms of physical and mechanical properties of experienced mortars and concretes, as well as the overall economic efficiency of the proposed design and the topic of the disses thesis. Within the experimental work, valuable professional knowledge and benefits w
|
Page generated in 0.0326 seconds