Although a tropical cyclone may conceptually be regarded as an axisymmetric vortex, there is substantial evidence that asymmetric dynamics play an important role. In this thesis, dynamical impacts of rotating convective asymmetries are examined in this thesis. Two types of rotating convective asymmetries are considered: rotating eyewall convective maximum which is located in the core region of the storm and spiral bands which are located outside the core. Both of them can be characterized as rotating asymmetric convective heat sources, and they are superimposed on a balanced, axisymmetric vortex to approximate the effect of rotating eyewall convective maximum and spiral bands on tropical cyclone by using a simple nonhydrostatic three-dimensional, but linear model that is based on vortex anelastic equations. The evolution of rotating convective asymmetric heat sources on a balanced, axisymmetric vortex, which is modeled after tropical cyclones, is investigated to examine angular momentum transport by gravity waves that radiate away from the core region. Results show that gravity waves can transport angular momentum away from a tropical cyclone, but a very small amount, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than the estimate by recent studies. The significantly large difference may largely be due to the difference between two-dimensional and three-dimensional adjustment processes. Assuming that the effects of spiral bands on tropical cyclone wind field are caused by the response to diabatic heating in their convection, rotating asymmetric heat sources are constructed to reflect observations of spiral bands. These heat sources are rotated around a realistic but idealized balanced axisymmetric vortex. Simulation results show that the response of tropical cyclone wind field to idealized spiral band heat sources can successfully capture a number of observed well-known features of spiral band circulation, such as overturning secondary circulation, descending mid-level inflow, and cyclonic tangential acceleration. Comparison to full-physics numerical simulations confirms the validity of this method which provides a simple dynamical framework to better understand the impact of spiral bands in tropical cyclone.

The boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere that is in direct contact with the ground via turbulent motion. At mid-latitudes the boundary layer is usually one or a few kilometers deep, while in the Arctic it is much more shallow, typically a few hundred meters or less. The reason is that here the absolute temperature increases in the lowest kilometer, making the boundary layer semi-permanently stably stratified. The exchange of heat, momentum and tracers between the atmosphere, ocean and ground under stable stratification is discussed from an observational, modeling and climate-change point of view. A compilation of six observational datasets, ordered by the Richardson number (rather than the widely used Monin-Obukhov length) reveals new information about turbulence in the very stably stratified regime. An essentially new turbulence closure model, based on the total turbulent energy concept and these observational datasets, is developed and tested against large-eddy simulations with promising results. The role of mesoscale motion in the exchange between the atmosphere and surface is investigated both for observations and in idealized model simulations. Finally, it is found that the stably stratified boundary layer is more sensitive to external surface forcing than its neutral and convective counterparts. It is speculated that this could be part of the explanation for the observed Arctic amplification of climate change.

The ionosphere-thermosphere can be considered to a certain degree as a system, which is externally-driven by the extreme-ultraviolet solar radiation. The main components in the regular variation are connected to the solar cycle, solar rotation and the diurnal cycle. However, anomalies and periodicities of several days, which cannot be related to changes in the solar activity at all times, were detected in ionospheric parameters. It is assumed that the total variation in the ionosphere is partly forced by waves coming from below. This thesis provides a clearer picture of the seasonal changes of wave phenomena observed in the ionosphere and its possible relation to lower atmospheric structures. Since such global disturbances in the middle atmosphere are termed as planetary waves (PW), such features in the ionosphere are declared as planetary wave type oscillations (PWTO), although a direct connection is excluded.Northern hemispheric maps of the Total Electron Content (TEC) derived from GPS-signals that are currently used for monitoring the ionospheric F-region in relation to space weather provide a basis for investigating PWTO applying space-time analysis methods to separate stationary and traveling wave components from the data. Compared to analyses of PW obtained by regular stratospheric reanalyses the seasonal behavior and possible coexisting wave activities during the considered period of time (2002-2008) are presented. Such a climatological consideration has revealed that recurring events in the course of the solar cycle are rare, but it seems that the westward propagating quasi 16-day wave with zonal wavenumber 1, analysed from stratospheric MetO reanalyses, and the ionosphere are indirectly coupled. Generally, the correspondence of other components are restricted around the solar maximum 2002-2005. There are some suggestions, how the middle and upper atmosphere are connected by PW. Sounding of the middle atmosphere by remote sensing techniques from satellites (e.g. SABER on TIMED) deliver a suitable basis to investigate the coupling by the modulation of gravity waves (GW). By calculating the potential energy for a certain wave spectrum, characterized by vertical wavelength shorter than 6 km, and determining proxies of traveling waves permits to investigate a possible mechanism. The results reveal that GW partly penetrate the lower thermosphere carrying a modulation by PW. In some cases, especially during the first three winter, near solar maximum, stratospheric PW show a good correlation to indirect signals in the lower thermosphere and to PWTO in the ionospheric F-region near 300 km.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-128) / Microfiche. / xii, 128 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: p. 227-245. / xiii, 245 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes the observations of gravity waves and turbulence in the lower atmosphere and their analysis using theory and modeling studies. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics, 2000?

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T20:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GLEUSON LIMA MARANHÃO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 2014401 bytes, checksum: bfec9d592ed3c9e262372aea5abdf23c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T20:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLEUSON LIMA MARANHÃO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 2014401 bytes, checksum: bfec9d592ed3c9e262372aea5abdf23c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02 / Capes / Este trabalho analisa os parâmetros horizontais observados e intrínsecos (período, comprimentos de onda e velocidade de fase) de ondas de gravidade periódicas detectadas na emissão do OI630 nm da aeroluminescência noturna. As observações foram realizadas em São João do Cariri (coordenadas geográfi cas: 7:4 S; 36:5 W, coordenadas geomagnéticas: 0:480 N; 35:8 E). Foram observadas 51 ondas de gravidade entre setembro de 2011 e abril de 2015 utilizando um imageador de aeroluminescência. Foi possível estudar os parâmetros de 31 delas utilizando o método de análise espectral. As características espectrais dessas ondas se assemelharam com observações feitas em outras localidades, i.e., os períodos observados caíram bem distribuídos entre 12 e 30 min, os comprimentos de onda horizontais entre 90 e 180 km e as velocidades de fase observadas entre 30 e 180 m/s. A maioria das ondas observadas apresentou direção de propagação para leste e nordeste. Medidas simultâneas de vento termosférico feitas por dois interferômetros Fabry-Perot, instalados em São João do Cariri e Cajazeiras (coordenadas geográfi cas: 6:9 S; 38:5 W, coordenadas geomagnéticas: 01:49 N; 33:4 E), também foram utilizadas para estimar os parâmetros intrínsecos das ondas de gravidade. O vento termosférico apresentou direção de escoamento predominantemente para sudeste. Os períodos observados das ondas de gravidade apresentaram mudanças, principalmente, entre 18 e 30 min comparados com os períodos intrínsecos. Todas as ondas com direção de propagação para norte e noroeste apresentaram redução na velocidade de fase horizontal observada quando comparadas com a velocidade de fase intrínseca. Da mesma forma, a maior parte das ondas com direção de propagação para nordeste apresentou redução na velocidade de fase observada. Por outro lado, a maioria das ondas com direção de propagação para sudeste apresentou aumento na velocidade de fase observada. Já para as ondas propagantes para leste, todas apresentaram aumento na velocidade de fase observada. / In this work, observed and intrinsic parameters(period, wavelength and phase speed) of gravity waves were studied using OI 630.0 nm airglow measurements. Those waves were observed at São João do Cariri (geographic coordinates: 7:4 S; 36:5 W, geomagnetic coordinates: 0:48 N, 35:8 L). A total of 51 gravity waves events were observed from September 2011 to April 2015 using an all sky airglow imager. Intrinsic parameters of 31 gravity waves were estimated using spectral analysis. The spectral characteristics of the waves are in agreement with observations made in other places around the world, i.e., the observed periods range between 12 and 30 minutes, the horizontal wavelengths from 90 to 180 km and the observed phase speed were from 30 to 180 m/s. Most of the observed waves showed the propagation direction to the east and northeast. Simultaneous measurements of the atmospheric wind made by two Fabry-Perot Interferometers, deployed at São João do Cariri and Cajazeiras ( geographic coordinates: 6:9 S; 38:5 W, geomagnetic coordinates: 01:49 N; 33:41 L), were also used to estimate the intrinsic parameters of the gravity waves. The termospheric wind blows predominantly to the southwest. The observed periods of the gravity waves showed changes, mainly between 18 and 30 min as compared to the intrinsic ones. All of the waves that had propagation direction to the north and northwest decreased their horizontal observed phase speed when they are compared to the intrinsic phase speed. Furthermore, most of the waves propagating to the northeast decreased their observed phase speed.On the other hand, most of the waves propagating to the southeast increased the observed phase speed.Thus, all of the waves propagating eastward had the observed phase speed increased.

Surface gravity waves exist in the oceans as multi-directional nonlinear phenomena. Understanding how these two properties interact is intrinsically important in itself. Furthermore, an understanding of this relationship may be used to gain insight into other oceanic phenomena. This thesis first describes an experimental investigation into the relationship between directionality and non-linearity (Part I). This relationship was then used as a tool to estimate the directional spreading of field data (Part II). Experiments have been conducted in which directionally spread focused wave groups were created in a wave tank. The relationship between the degree of directional spreading and the second-order bound harmonics of the wave groups was examined, in particular the formation of a `set-up'. These measurements were then compared to predictions from second-order theories, finding good agreement. The two-dimensional structure of the bound waves was explored giving new insight into the underlying physics. Experiments were then carried out for directionally spread crossing wave groups. It is believed that the crossing of two sufficiently separated wave groups may be the cause of an anomalous set-up in the second-order bound waves observed for some extreme and potentially freak waves. This set-up is reproduced experimentally. Again, the results of these test agreed very well when compared to second-order theory. The insight gained from the foregoing experiments was then utilised in the analysis of field data. A method, which requires only a single measurement to estimate the observed degree of directional spreading, was applied to a large dataset of field measurements from the North Alwyn platform in the North Sea. This method was then compared to conventional approaches, which require multiple concurrent measurements. The method that requires only a single measurement was shown to be effective, and presents a promising approach to gaining additional insight about the directional spreading of point observations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO NEWTON SILVA DE LIMA.pdf: 3998686 bytes, checksum: 02eee0382b300c88f69d3be40e62ec7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-05-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work studies the behavior of gravity waves (GW) in the ionosphere over the city of Manaus (2,9oS, 60oW). For that purpose, ionograms which are specters of frequency in function of the altitude and the secular variation of the height for a set of fixed frequencies (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8 MHz). The observations were analyzed carried through by a system of called radar ionosonde. This system operates in the radio frequency band between 1and 20 MHz. The studied period comprehends a part of solar cycle 23, that is, since August of 2002 until December of 2006. Additionally, it was also observed that the ionosphere presents strong disturbances during geomagnetically quiet periods. These disturbances are attributed to the propagation of gravity waves which are generated in the lower atmosphere and propagate up to the high atmosphere and ionosphere. / Este trabalho investiga o comportamento de ondas de gravidade (OG) na ionosfera sobre a cidade de Manaus (2,9oS, 60oW). Para tal, foram analisados ionogramas que são espectros de freqüência em função da altitude e a variação temporal da altura, para um conjunto de freqüências fixas (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8 MHz). As observações foram realizadas por um sistema de radar chamado ionossonda; que pera na faixa de rádio freqüência entre 1 e 20 MHz. O período estudado compreende uma parte do ciclo solar 23, ou seja, desde agosto de 2002 até dezembro de 2006. Observou-se que a ionosfera apresenta fortes perturbações durante períodos geomagneticamente calmos. Estas perturbações são atribuídas a propagação de ondas de gravidade que são geradas na baixa atmosfera e se propagam até a alta atmosfera e ionosfera.