Detailed structural and petrographic analysis of the Greenbrier Fault (GBF) reveal different fold and fabric styles and generations preserved in the Great Smoky Group (GSG) hanging wall and Snowbird Group (SG) footwall. Four planar fabrics (S0, S1, S2, and S3) are completely overprinted within meters of the contact by shear zone-related fabrics. Bedding (S0) is defined by planar laminations in the SG siltstones. S1 is weak, not associated with folding of S0, and defined locally by sub-parallel alignment of biotite. S2 (slaty cleavage) is deflected into a disjunctive planar (in GSG) or continuous planar (in SG) S3 foliation characterized by mica formation and dynamic recrystallization of quartz. Metamorphic microstructures indicate lower greenschist to upper amphibolite facies Taconian metamorphism is syn- to post-S2, and pre-S3. Local lower greenschist facies retrograde metamorphism precedes S3 formation. A meter scale, ductile mesoscopic shear zone in SG at the GSG-SG contact is characterized by S/C fabric; this is the youngest deformational event and postdates retrograde mineral assemblages indicating postmetamorphic motion along the contact. Premetamorphic fault fabrics indicative of GSG thrusting onto the SG were absent or completely reconstituted during metamorphism and deformation. The Metcalf phyllite and Pigeon siltstone were also compared to test the hypothesis that the Metcalf phyllite is tectonized Pigeon siltstone. Major and trace element abundances are similar between the lithologies, with the exception of depletion of Ca, Na and Zr in the Metcalf. The system appears to have been open with respect to these elements. It is concluded that the Metcalf phyllite is the tectonized equivalent of the Pigeon siltstone based on lateral continuity, the strong macroscopic and microscopic resemblance of weakly deformed Metcalf to the Pigeon, similar mean values and ranges in major, minor, and trace elements, and identical rock densities.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-79).

Well-cuttings data and wireline logs in conjunction with limited core and outcrop data are used to generate a regional, three dimensional high resolution sequence framework for Upper Mississippian (Chesterian), Big Lime carbonates, West Virginia, U.S.A.. The analysis was done using the washed coarse fraction (1-2 mm) of cuttings for each sample interval, which were separated into Dunham rock types, counted to determine relative abundance and the data presented as percent lithology plotted against depth for each well. Digitized wireline logs and the cuttings-percent logs were slipped to take into account drilling lag and lithologic columns produced from the combined data. Sequence stratigraphic cross sections through the basin and into the outcrop belt, with a resolution of 10 feet were then produced. Sequence stratigraphic time slices were generated as isopachs maps of the sequences, and of lowstand-transgressive, and highstand tracts with major facies shown. This data was then used to document the stratigraphic response of the foreland basin to tectonics and, with isotope data from the slope section, evaluates evidence for glacio-eustasy during the transition into ice-house times. The major mappable sequences are fourth-order sequences, a few meters to over 90 meters (300 feet) thick. They consist of updip red beds and eolianites, lagoonal muddy carbonates, ooid grainstone and skeletal grainstone-packstone shoal complexes, deeper ramp and slope wackestone-mudstone, and laminated argillaceous lime mudstone. Maximum flooding surfaces on the ramp slope occur at the base of deeper water facies that overlie lowstand- to transgressive siliciclastic or carbonate complexes, whereas on the ramp, maximum flooding surfaces cap near-shore shale or lime mudstone beneath widespread grainstones. The highstand systems tracts contain significant grainstone units, interlayered with extensive lagoonal lime mudstones. In spite of differential subsidence rates across the foreland, fourth-order eustatic sea level changes documented by isotopic signals in basinal facies, controlled regional sequence development. Thrust-load induced differential subsidence of fault-blocks of the foreland basement controlled the rapid basinward thickening of the depositional wedge while subtle structures such as arches at high angles as well as parallel to the margin, affected thicknesses and facies development. / Ph. D.

Turnpike building in Greenbrier and Monroe counties coincided with the period of their springs' greatest development and prosperity. The development of both the springs and the turnpikes in this region reflected the cyclical nature of the national economy. The springs of Greenbrier and Monroe counties at the heart of the antebellum Virginia Springs Tour provided a seasonal internal marketplace for the region. Turnpikes were built primarily to connect these springs with each other and with the state's major road arteries through southwestern Virginia. Without other internal improvements prior to the Civil War, this region fared comparably with the rest of western Virginia and the state as a whole in their bid for state assistance for turnpikes. Generally turnpike investments at both the local and the state level provided better access to the springs. Though inextricably connected through the springs tour, Greenbrier and Monroe Counties fared differently in their struggle for internal improvements. / Master of Arts

As espécies do gênero Smilax L., conhecidas popularmente como salsaparrilha, são empregadas na medicina popular desde o século XVI, porém essas plantas ainda são exploradas de maneira extrativista. Com o aumento da comercialização de plantas medicinais cresce a necessidade de trabalhos que certifiquem a qualidade da matéria prima. A caracterização anatômica e o perfil químico certamente fornecem uma base mais segura nessa certificação. Visando auxiliar no atendimento da demanda e apontar propostas do manejo sustentável em áreas de ocorrência natural de Smilax fluminensis Steud. os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) analisar a morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos e indicar as características de valor diagnóstico para essa espécie; b) analisar o perfil químico de S. fluminensis através da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada com Detector de Arranjo de Diodos utilizando-se extratos metanólicos (EMeOH) de raízes, rizóforos e ramos aéreos; c) realizar estudos de germinação de sementes e de propagação vegetativa por estacas de ramos aéreos e subterrâneos e, d) acompanhar ao longo de um ano a capacidade de rebrotamento das plantas no campo. As análises ao microscópio de luz foram realizadas utilizando-se as técnicas usuais para o preparo de lâminas semipermamentes e permanentes. Para as análises no microscópio eletrônico de varredura, amostras de folhas foram fixadas em Karnovsky, desidratadas em série etílica e submetidas ao método do ponto crítico de CO2, montadas sobre suportes de alumínio e metalizadas. As sementes foram submetidas a diferentes temperaturas, sob fotoperíodo diário de oito horas e na ausência de luz. Para o enraizamento de estacas, foram utilizados ramos aéreos e subterrâneos com aproximadamente 20 cm, com duas regiões nodais submetidas ao tratamento com ácido indolbutírico a 100 ppm ou apenas em água destilada. Dentre os caracteres anatômicos que permitiram a delimitação da espécie destacam-se: estômatos anisocíticos e paracíticos presentes na epiderme da face abaxial; cera epicuticular na forma de grânulos globosos; mesofilo homogêneo com ampla câmara subestomática; presença da bainha amilífera nos primeiros entrenós do caule aéreo; presença de endoderme com reforço em U; ausência de meristema de espessamento no rizóforo adulto; presença de exoderme com estrias de Caspary nas raízes brancas e ausência de córtex interno nas raízes marrons. Em relação ao perfil químico, os extratos obtidos apresentaram picos correspondentes às substâncias: ácido clorogênico, ácido cafeico, rutina, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico e ácido trans-cinâmico. As melhores porcentagens de germinação foram 80% em 20-30º C no claro e 85% a 30ºC no escuro. Apenas as estacas de ramos subterrâneos enraizaram. Ao final de um ano de acompanhamento das plantas no campo, todas apresentaram em média 4.05 novos brotamentos. As espécies cujas partes utilizadas para o preparo dos medicamentos são as raízes correm maior risco de extinção como é o caso de S. fluminensis. Portanto, a capacidade de propagação por sementes, por estacas e de regeneração de ramos aéreos após a remoção de parte das estruturas subterrâneas aliada ao perfil químico confirma o seu potencial para a exploração econômica de maneira sustentável, sendo uma alternativa para reduzir o extrativismo predatório dessa espécie nativa. / The Smilax L. species, popularly known as salsaparrilha, have been used in folk medicine since the sixteenth century; however, these plants have still been handled in extractive way. With the increasing commercialization of medicinal plants, there is need to study to certify the raw material quality. Anatomical analyses and chemical profile characterization certainly provides a more secure basis to this certification. Aiming to meet the demand and to point proposals for sustainable management of natural occurrence of Smilax fluminensis Steud., the objectives of this study were: a) to analyze the morph-anatomy of vegetative organs and indicate the features of diagnostic value for this species, b) to examine the chemical profile of S. fluminensis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Diode Array Detector using methanol extracts (EMeOH) of roots, rhizophore and stems c) to conduct studies of seed germination and vegetative propagation on cuttings of aerial and subterranean stems and d) to monitor, over a year, the resprouting ability of plants in the field. We carried out the analyses under a light microscopy using the usual techniques for preparing semi-permanent and permanent slides. To perform the analyses under a scanning electron microscopy, leaf samples were fixed in Karnovsky, dehydrated in ethanol series and subjected to critical point method of CO2, mounted on aluminum supports and coated with gold. Seeds were exposed to different temperatures under a daily photoperiod of eight hours and in the absence of light. To analyze the sprouting, aerial and subterranean stems were used with about 20 cm of length, with two nodal regions subjected to treatment with IBA at 100 ppm or in distilled water. Among the anatomical features that enable delimitation of the species are: anisocytic and paracytic stomata in the epidermis of the abaxial surface, epicuticular wax in the form of granules globules, homogeneous mesophyll with large substomatal chambers, presence of starch sheath in the first internodes of the aerial stem, the presence of endoderm-reinforced U and the absence of primary thickening meristem in the adult rhizophore, exodermis with Casparian strips in roots, and the absence of inner cortex in brown roots. Regarding the chemical profile, extracts showed peaks corresponding to the following substances: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and trans-Cinnamic acid. The best germination was 80% at 20-30ºC under light and 85% at 30ºC in the dark. Only roots sprouted. After one year of monitoring the plants in the field, all had an average of 4.05 new aerial shoots. The species whose roots are used for the preparation of medicines face a greater risk of extinction as is the case of S. fluminensis. Therefore, the ability to spread by seeds, cuttings and shoots regeneration after removal of aerial stems combined with the chemical profile confirms its potential for economic use in a sustainable manner, and an alternative to reduce the predatory extraction of native species.

Three outstanding problems related to the tectonic evolution of the Western Blue Ridge in the eastern Great Smoky Mtns. (GSM) include: (1) the nature of the Greenbrier Fault, previously interpreted as a younger over older pre-Taconic thrust fault with ~24 km of displacement between the Snowbird and Great Smoky Groups; (2) the relationship of regional metamorphism, expressed by the growth of porphyroblastic index minerals, to folding and foliation development in pelitic metasediments; (3) the relation of deformation to regional Taconian metamorphism. These problems were addressed in previous studies that did not have detailed mapping and petrography as a context. By using 1:24000 bedrock mapping in the eastern GSM in the area of the Greenbrier Fault and where regional metamorphic isograds are telescoped as a context, it can be concluded that: (1) the Greenbrier Fault exhibits an unconstrainable amount of post-metamorphic slip along the contact of the Great Smoky and Snowbird Groups and is not a major tectonic feature within the western Blue Ridge; (2) there is no direct spatial/coeval relationship between porphyroblast growth and foliation formation/matrix deformation that is consistent throughout the study area; (3) further work and mapping outside of the study area (S and SE) is needed when considering the relation of deformation to regional Taconian metamorphism, because of the non-pelitic nature of the Great Smoky and Snowbird Groups.

Orientadores: Beatriz Appezzato da Gloria, Wagner Vilegas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_AlineRedondo_D.pdf: 8169642 bytes, checksum: 3763bc90bcd0436544c75a9b4dae7c78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Não informado. / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

As espécies do gênero Smilax L., conhecidas popularmente como salsaparrilha, são empregadas na medicina popular desde o século XVI, porém essas plantas ainda são exploradas de maneira extrativista. Com o aumento da comercialização de plantas medicinais cresce a necessidade de trabalhos que certifiquem a qualidade da matéria prima. A caracterização anatômica e o perfil químico certamente fornecem uma base mais segura nessa certificação. Visando auxiliar no atendimento da demanda e apontar propostas do manejo sustentável em áreas de ocorrência natural de Smilax fluminensis Steud. os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) analisar a morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos e indicar as características de valor diagnóstico para essa espécie; b) analisar o perfil químico de S. fluminensis através da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada com Detector de Arranjo de Diodos utilizando-se extratos metanólicos (EMeOH) de raízes, rizóforos e ramos aéreos; c) realizar estudos de germinação de sementes e de propagação vegetativa por estacas de ramos aéreos e subterrâneos e, d) acompanhar ao longo de um ano a capacidade de rebrotamento das plantas no campo. As análises ao microscópio de luz foram realizadas utilizando-se as técnicas usuais para o preparo de lâminas semipermamentes e permanentes. Para as análises no microscópio eletrônico de varredura, amostras de folhas foram fixadas em Karnovsky, desidratadas em série etílica e submetidas ao método do ponto crítico de CO2, montadas sobre suportes de alumínio e metalizadas. As sementes foram submetidas a diferentes temperaturas, sob fotoperíodo diário de oito horas e na ausência de luz. Para o enraizamento de estacas, foram utilizados ramos aéreos e subterrâneos com aproximadamente 20 cm, com duas regiões nodais submetidas ao tratamento com ácido indolbutírico a 100 ppm ou apenas em água destilada. Dentre os caracteres anatômicos que permitiram a delimitação da espécie destacam-se: estômatos anisocíticos e paracíticos presentes na epiderme da face abaxial; cera epicuticular na forma de grânulos globosos; mesofilo homogêneo com ampla câmara subestomática; presença da bainha amilífera nos primeiros entrenós do caule aéreo; presença de endoderme com reforço em U; ausência de meristema de espessamento no rizóforo adulto; presença de exoderme com estrias de Caspary nas raízes brancas e ausência de córtex interno nas raízes marrons. Em relação ao perfil químico, os extratos obtidos apresentaram picos correspondentes às substâncias: ácido clorogênico, ácido cafeico, rutina, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico e ácido trans-cinâmico. As melhores porcentagens de germinação foram 80% em 20-30º C no claro e 85% a 30ºC no escuro. Apenas as estacas de ramos subterrâneos enraizaram. Ao final de um ano de acompanhamento das plantas no campo, todas apresentaram em média 4.05 novos brotamentos. As espécies cujas partes utilizadas para o preparo dos medicamentos são as raízes correm maior risco de extinção como é o caso de S. fluminensis. Portanto, a capacidade de propagação por sementes, por estacas e de regeneração de ramos aéreos após a remoção de parte das estruturas subterrâneas aliada ao perfil químico confirma o seu potencial para a exploração econômica de maneira sustentável, sendo uma alternativa para reduzir o extrativismo predatório dessa espécie nativa. / The Smilax L. species, popularly known as salsaparrilha, have been used in folk medicine since the sixteenth century; however, these plants have still been handled in extractive way. With the increasing commercialization of medicinal plants, there is need to study to certify the raw material quality. Anatomical analyses and chemical profile characterization certainly provides a more secure basis to this certification. Aiming to meet the demand and to point proposals for sustainable management of natural occurrence of Smilax fluminensis Steud., the objectives of this study were: a) to analyze the morph-anatomy of vegetative organs and indicate the features of diagnostic value for this species, b) to examine the chemical profile of S. fluminensis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Diode Array Detector using methanol extracts (EMeOH) of roots, rhizophore and stems c) to conduct studies of seed germination and vegetative propagation on cuttings of aerial and subterranean stems and d) to monitor, over a year, the resprouting ability of plants in the field. We carried out the analyses under a light microscopy using the usual techniques for preparing semi-permanent and permanent slides. To perform the analyses under a scanning electron microscopy, leaf samples were fixed in Karnovsky, dehydrated in ethanol series and subjected to critical point method of CO2, mounted on aluminum supports and coated with gold. Seeds were exposed to different temperatures under a daily photoperiod of eight hours and in the absence of light. To analyze the sprouting, aerial and subterranean stems were used with about 20 cm of length, with two nodal regions subjected to treatment with IBA at 100 ppm or in distilled water. Among the anatomical features that enable delimitation of the species are: anisocytic and paracytic stomata in the epidermis of the abaxial surface, epicuticular wax in the form of granules globules, homogeneous mesophyll with large substomatal chambers, presence of starch sheath in the first internodes of the aerial stem, the presence of endoderm-reinforced U and the absence of primary thickening meristem in the adult rhizophore, exodermis with Casparian strips in roots, and the absence of inner cortex in brown roots. Regarding the chemical profile, extracts showed peaks corresponding to the following substances: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and trans-Cinnamic acid. The best germination was 80% at 20-30ºC under light and 85% at 30ºC in the dark. Only roots sprouted. After one year of monitoring the plants in the field, all had an average of 4.05 new aerial shoots. The species whose roots are used for the preparation of medicines face a greater risk of extinction as is the case of S. fluminensis. Therefore, the ability to spread by seeds, cuttings and shoots regeneration after removal of aerial stems combined with the chemical profile confirms its potential for economic use in a sustainable manner, and an alternative to reduce the predatory extraction of native species.

No description available.

No description available.