Šis darbas aprašo pagrindinius Grid paslaugų kūrimo metodus, kurie bando pasiūlyti operacinius suderinamumus, stabilumą ir produktyvumą, nepaisant to, kad pasaulinio tinklo paslaugos yra jauna technologija su keliais standartais. Tikimės, kad Grid paslaugos sukurtos iš pasaulinio tinklo paslaugų parodys vykdymo problemas, bent jau pradžioje, ir kad eksperimentavimas ir alternatyvų kūrimas, pareikalaus efektyvesnių pasaulinio tinklo paslaugų realizacijų. Pasiūlytas modelis sukurtas Grid architektūros pagrindu, taip išvengiant rizikos perkurti visą infrastuktūrą. / This work has described an approach to building Grid Services that attempts to promote interoperability, stability and productivity, despite the fact that Web Services are a young technology with few standards. We anticipate that Grid services built from Web Services will show performance problems, at least initially, and that experimentation and development of alternate, more efficient implementations of some of these Web Services will be necessary. Proposed model is based on existing Grid architecture, without the risk of rebuilding the whole infrastructure.

Advances in technologies have made an unprecedented range and variety of computing resources available. A number of fields have sought to take maximum advantage of these resources, with grid computing being one of the more successful. However, the increasing complexity of these heterogeneous, distributed systems has compromised users’ ability to manage them effectively. Autonomic computing, which seeks to hide the complexity of systems by making them self-managing, offers a potential solution. In order to produce autonomic managers for grid systems, realistic input is required for development and testing. This thesis proposes a model that can be used to provide simulated input, utilizing existing system logs. The simulator adheres to the standards and specifications recognized in both autonomic and grid services, and provides the detailed, accurate information that is required by developers.

L'objectif de cette thèse est la gestion et le dimensionnement optimaux d'un Système de Stockage d'Énergie (SSE) couplé à une production d'électricité issue d'Énergies Renouvelables Intermittentes (EnRI). Dans un premier temps, un modèle technico-économique du système SSE-EnRI est développé, associé à trois scénarios types d'injection de puissance au réseau électrique : lissage horaire basé sur la prévision J-1 (S1), puissance garantie (S2) et combiné (S3). Ce modèle est traduit sous la forme d'un programme d'optimisation non linéaire de grande taille. Dans un deuxième temps, les stratégies heuristiques élaborées conduisent à une gestion optimisée - selon les critères de fiabilité, de productivité, d'efficacité et de profitabilité du système - de la production d'énergie avec stockage, appelée “charge adaptative” (CA). Comparée à un modèle linéaire mixte en nombres entiers (MILP), cette gestion optimisée, applicable en conditions opérationnelles, conduit rapidement à des résultats proches de l'optimum. Enfin, la charge adaptative est utilisée dans le dimensionnement optimisé du SSE - pour chacune des trois sources : éolien, houle, solaire (PV). La capacité minimale permettant de respecter le scénario avec un taux de défaillance et des tarifs de revente de l'énergie viables ainsi que les énergies conformes, perdues, manquantes correspondantes sont déterminées. Une analyse de sensibilité est menée montrant l'importance des rendements, de la qualité de prévision ainsi que la forte influence de l'hybridation des sources sur le dimensionnement technico-économique du SSE. / This thesis aims at presenting an optimal management and sizing of an Energy Storage System (ESS) paired up with Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (IReN). Firstly, wedeveloped a technico-economic model of the system which is associated with three typical scenarios of utility grid power supply: hourly smoothing based on a one-day-ahead forecast (S1), guaranteed power supply (S2) and combined scenarios (S3). This model takes the form of a large-scale non-linear optimization program. Secondly, four heuristic strategies are assessed and lead to an optimized management of the power output with storage according to the reliability, productivity, efficiency and profitability criteria. This ESS optimized management is called “Adaptive Storage Operation” (ASO). When compared to a mixed integer linear program (MILP), this optimized operation that is practicable under operational conditions gives rapidly near-optimal results. Finally, we use the ASO in ESS optimal sizing for each renewable energy: wind, wave and solar (PV). We determine the minimal sizing that complies with each scenario, by inferring the failure rate, the viable feed-in tariff of the energy, and the corresponding compliant, lost or missing energies. We also perform sensitivity analysis which highlights the importance of the ESS efficiency and of the forecasting accuracy and the strong influence of the hybridization of renewables on ESS technico-economic sizing.

The service oriented computing paradigm is a new model for distributed computing and due to its simplicity and powerful features, it is being popular and has a wide variety of implementation in different scenarios. The already built system is studies in detail, which was totally implemented using the Grid Technology. The idea of the current work is how we can implement the same functionality in the non-real time environment. The basic idea is to merge the web services and grid services to formulate the unique concept of context dependent quality of service (QoS) for both real time and non-real time solutions. When we merge these different types of services, the main focusing point is to define the service level agreement (SLA) when these different qualified services want to interact with each other. This document discusses and formulates the theoretical aspects, which in future work, can be consider for the practical implementation.

La gestion de ressources distribuées à l'échelle planétaire dans plusieurs organisations virtuelles implique de nombreux défis. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle pour la gestion dynamique de services dans un environnement de grille pair-à-pair à large échelle.Ce modèle, nommé P2P4GS, présente l'originalité de ne pas lier l'infrastructure pair-à-pair à la plate-forme d'exécution de services.De plus, il est générique, c'est-à-dire applicable sur toute architecture pair-à-pair. Pour garantir cette propriété, vu que les systèmes distribués à large échelle ont tendance à évoluer en termes de ressources, d'entités et d'utilisateurs, nous avons proposé de structurer le système de grille pair-à-pair en communautés virtuelles (clusters).L'approche de structuration est complètement distribuée et se base uniquement sur le voisinage des noeuds pour l'élection des responsables de clusters appelés PSI (Proxy Système d'Information). D'autre part, afin de bien orchestrer les communications au sein des différentes communautés virtuelles et aussi permettre une recherche efficace et exhaustive de service, lors de la phase de structuration, un arbre couvrant constitué uniquement des PSI est maintenu. Les requêtes de recherche vont ainsi être acheminées le long de cet arbre.Outre la découverte de services, nous avons proposé des mécanismes de déploiement, de publication et d'invocation de services. Enfin, nous avons implémenté et analysé les performances de P2P4GS. Afin d'illustrer sa généricité, nous l'avons implémenté sur Gia, Pastry et Kademlia des protocoles pair-à-pair opérant de manières totalement différentes.Les tests de performances ont montré que le P2P4GS fournit une bonne résistance aux pannes et garantit un passage à l'échelle en termes de dimensionnement du réseau et également de coût de communications. / Resource management management worldwide distributed in several virtual organizations is a key issue.In this thesis, we propose a model for dynamic services management in large-scale peer-to-peer Grid environments.This model named P2P4GS, presents originality not to link peer-to-peer infrastructure to the execution services platform.In addition, the middleware is generic i.e. it able to be applied on any peer-to-peer architecture.Meanwhile, the increasing size of resources and users in large-scale distributed systems has lead to a scalability problem.To ensure scalability, we propose to organize the peer-to-peer Grid nodes in virtual communities so called clusters.The structuring approach is completely distributed, and only requires local knowledge about nodes neighborhood for election of cluster managers called ISP (Information System Proxy).On the other hand, in order orchestrate communications in the various virtual communities and also enable an efficient service discovery,during structuring process, a spanning tree only constituted of ISP is maintained. Therefore, search queries will be routed along the spanning tree.Besides the service discovery, we proposed service deployment, publication and invocation mechanisms.Finally, we implemented and analyzed the performance of P2P4GS.To illustrate that P2P4GS is generic, we implemented protocols that operating in fully different way. These protocols are Gia, Pastry and Kademlia.Performance tests show that, on the one hand, our approach provides good fault tolerance and ensures the scalability in terms of the clusters distribution and communication cost.

This thesis assessed the life-cycle environmental impact of a lithium-ion battery pack intended for energy storage applications. A model of the battery pack was made in the life-cycle assessment-tool, openLCA. The environmental impact assessment was conducted with the life-cycle impact assessment methods recommended in the Batteries Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules adopted by the European Commission (2016). The findings in this study showed that the most important parameter in the cradle-to-grave assessment was the use-stage losses, which can be reduced by using electricity grids with high sharesof renewable energy or by increase the round-trip efficiency of the battery system. However, for the cradle-to-gate assessment, five impact categories were found to be relevant. These categories were: climate change, acidification, fossil resource use, resource use (minerals and metals) and particulate matter. Furthermore, within these impact categories, four materials contributed to more than 65 % of all impact. These key materials were; nickel, aluminium, cobalt and graphite. Therefore, a recommendation to battery manufacturers is to prioritise sourcing these four key materials from sustainable suppliers to reduce the overall cradle-to-gate environmental impact. Lastly, by integrating recycling of the battery pack in the end-of-life-stage, it was possibleto achieve a net reduction of 9-20 % of the cradle-to-grave climate change, acidification and fossil resource use compared to not including recycling. Therefore, the development of efficient and large-scale recycling will likely play a major role in reducing the environmental impact from lithium-ion batteries in the future.

Energy Storage Battery Systems (BESS) will have an important role in the transformation from conventional energy systems to the decentralized energy systems of the future with a larger share of renewable energy sources. At the same time, the high investment costs for batteries are a challenge to the development and transformation of the Swedish energy system. This study examines the technical and economic performance of a battery system in a case study, where it is connected to a waste vacuum machine with daily power peaks that are higher than the base demand. The purpose of the battery system is to combine it for peak shaving and for Svenska Kraftnät's market for grid services. This study also examines how a service-based business model, where the ownership of the battery is transferred to a third party, affects value proposition, value creation and value capture. The results from this study show that actual cost savings are realized through peak shaving as well as opportunities for revenue by offering the battery for grid services. Furthermore, scenario modeling shows on certain operational insights, that at a certain level of compensation for grid services, it is most profitable to perform as high peak shaving as possible. Offering the battery as a service is shown to provide additional benefits for customers and companies, while society and the environment benefit above all from the battery technology itself. / Stationära batterisystem (BESS) kommer ha en viktig roll i transformationen från konventionella energisystem till framtidens decentraliserade energisystem med större andel förnyelsebara energikällor. Samtidigt är de höga investeringskostnaderna för batterier ett hinder för utvecklingen och transformationen av det svenska energisystemet. Denna studie undersöker ett batterisystems tekniska och ekonomiska prestanda i en case studie, där det är kopplat till en sopsug med dagliga effekttoppar som är högre en basbehovet. Syftet med batterisystemet är att kombinera det för effektkapning och för Svenska Kraftnäts balansmarknad. Denna studie undersöker även hur en tjänstebaserad affärsmodell, där ägarskapet av batteriet flyttas till en tredje part påverkar värdeerbjudande, värdeskapande och värdefångst. Resultatet från denna studie visar att faktiska kostnadsbesparingar blir realiserade genom effektkapning samt möjligheter till intäkter genom att erbjuda batteriet för stödtjänster. Vidare visar scenariomodellering på vissa operationella insikter, att det till en viss nivå av ersättning för stödtjänster är det mest lönsamt att utföra så hög effektkapning som möjligt. Att erbjuda batteriet som tjänst visas ge ytterligare fördelar för kunder och företag, medan samhället och miljön gynnas framför allt av själva batteritekniken.

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