No description available.

Les travaux réalisés, en partenariat Anjou Recherche (Veolia Environnement) et Euro Dieuze Industrie (SARP Industries) visent à établir un protocole de récupération du molybdène et du vanadium contenus dans des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement usés. En premier lieu, la lixiviation oxydante directe d’un catalyseur CoMoS/Al2O3 a été testée. L'utilisation de peroxyde d’hydrogène permet la solubilisation conjointe de 89% du molybdène et 83% du cobalt contenus dans l’échantillon non broyé. La lixiviation du molybdène par une solution d’hypochlorite de sodium après broyage du catalyseur est sélective et totale. La mise en solution des deux métaux ciblés est aussi envisageable par lixiviation sodique après grillage oxydant. L’efficacité du traitement thermique conditionne alors les rendements de dissolution. Dans notre cas, le grillage industriel des catalyseurs n'est pas total. Il est alors possible de compléter la lixiviation sodique par une étape d’oxydation par NaClO. Enfin, l’étude des conditions de grillage a permis de montrer que 90% du molybdène contenus dans un catalyseur CoMo pouvaient être solubilisés par lixiviation sodique. Le molybdène et le vanadium contenus dans les lixiviats sodiques peuvent être récupérés sous forme de sels calciques. Après abattement du phosphore et de l’arsenic, il est possible de séparer les métaux valorisables par précipitation préférentielle de CaMoO4 à pH=7. Un vanadate de calcium est ensuite précipitable à pH=12. Il a ainsi été établi un protocole complet de valorisation des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement usés, de la mise en solution du molybdène et du vanadium jusqu’à l’obtention de sels calciques directement utilisables en métallurgie / This work deals with industrial waste beneficiation and was performed with the support of the Centre de Recherche sur l’Eau of Veolia Environnement (Anjou Recherche) and Euro Dieuze Industrie (SARP Industries – Veolia Propreté). The feasibility of the molybdenum and vanadium recovery was studied from spent hydrotreating catalysts. Several leaching routes were investigated. First, oxidative leaching of a sulphided spent Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was performed using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. H2O2 enables to leach up to 89 % of molybdenum and 83 % of cobalt from an unroasted sample without preliminary grinding. With NaClO, molybdenum recovery is selective and total but the sample must be grinded. Molybdenum and vanadium can also be recovered by oxidative roasting followed by alkaline leaching. In this case, thermal treatment effectiveness is the limiting factor. Industrial roasting of spent catalysts is usually not total. So, sodium hydroxide leaching of molybdenum can be completed by an oxidative leaching step using sodium hypochlorite. Improvement of roasting temperature and duration leads to a molybdenum recovery yield of 90 % by a single alkaline leaching step. The obtained leachates contain both valuable metals (molybdenum and vanadium) in addition of several unacceptable pollutants. After phosphorus and arsenic removal, molybdenum can be selectively precipitate as CaMoO4 at a pH value of 7. Calcium vanadate can later be recovered at a pH value of 12. So, a complete spent hydrotreating catalysts beneficiation process was proposed, from molybdenum and vanadium dissolution to calcium salt precipitation. This salt can easily be used in special steel metallurgy

Transverse load distribution behavior amongst bridge girders is influenced by many parameters including girder material properties, spacing, skew, deck design, and stiffening element interactions. In order to simply and conservatively approximate the bridge superstructure load distribution between girders, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications contain load distribution factor (LDF) equations for many common bridge types. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) had recently developed a new design for bridge superstructures that utilizes a spread configuration of prestressed concrete slab beams. AASHTO does not contain LDFs for this type of bridge so the load sharing behavior of this superstructure must be investigated further. TxDOT has funded the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute (TTI) to design, model, construct, test, and analyze a full scale spread slab beam bridge. In addition to this testing, an existing slab beam bridge in Denison, Texas will be instrumented and observed for supplementary slab beam behavior data. To predict bridge behavior, computer models of the Riverside experimental bridge and of the Denison field bridge were developed using both the grillage and finite element methods of analysis. The experimental results from the Riverside and Denison bridges will not be collected by the conclusion of this thesis so a third bridge with existing experimental data, the Drehersville, Pennsylvania bridge, was also modeled for calibration purposes. The work presented by this thesis focuses on how to accurately model transverse load distribution relationships and LDFs for use in bridge design. The analysis covered is concentrated primarily on the grillage method, with the finite element analysis as part of the larger project scope. From this analysis it was determined that the grillage method was able to accurately model bridge LDFs as compared to FEM modeling and experimental results, for spread slab beam and spread box beam bridges. The critical loading configurations for all bridges placed two trucks side by side and as far to one edge of the bridge as possible. It was also determined that at an ultimate loading case, the load is distributed much more evenly across the deck than at service loading.

No description available.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des deux étapes principales des procédés de transformation de la chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) en cuivre, le grillage et la fusion scorifiante, pour répondre à un problème archéologique. Pour chaque étape, des simulations expérimentales sont effectuées en laboratoire en modélisant les conditions d'un réacteur protohistorique. D'une part, la cinétique de grillage est étudiée par thermogravimétrie couplée à l'analyse physicochimique des produits intermédiaires. D'autre part, les simulations de fusion scorifiante sont principalement menées pour mesurer l'influence respective de deux sources d'oxygène sur la microstructure des produits obtenus : la quantité initiale d'oxyde et la pO2 de l'atmosphère régnant dans le système. Ces simulations expérimentales aboutissent à : - La caractérisation des réactions chimiques mises en jeu lors du procédé, et la proposition de leur mécanismes réactionnels. - L'élaboration de référentiels expérimentaux qui mettent en évidence les correspondances entre conditions opératoires et produits obtenus. Ces référentiels sont reproduits en conditions protohistoriques afin de vérifier leur pertinence. Ces données physico-chimiques sont ensuite exploitées pour répondre à une problématique archéologique en particulier : la métallurgie extractive du cuivre dans les Alpes et le Sud de la France au Chalcolithique et à l'âge du Bronze Ancien.

Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently designing its highway bridge structures using the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, and it is expected that TxDOT will make transition to the use of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications before 2007. The objectives of this portion of the study are to evaluate the current LRFD Specifications to assess the calibration of the code with respect to typical Texas U54 bridge girders, to perform a critical review of the major changes when transitioning to LRFD design, and to recommend guidelines to assist TxDOT in implementing the LRFD Specifications. This study focused only on the service and ultimate limit states and additional limit states were not evaluated. The available literature was reviewed to document the background research relevant to the development of the LRFD Specifications, such that it can aid in meeting the research objectives. Two detailed design examples, for Texas U54 beams using the LRFD and Standard Specifications, were developed as a reference for TxDOT bridge design engineers. A parametric study was conducted for Texas U54 beams to perform an in-depth analysis of the differences between designs using both specifications. Major parameters considered in the parametric study included span length, girder spacing, strand diameter and skew angle. Based on the parametric study supplemented by the literature review, several conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made. The most crucial design issues were significantly restrictive debonding percentages and the limitations of approximate method of load distribution.The current LRFD provisions of debonding percentage of 25 percent per section and 40 percent per row will pose serious restrictions on the design of Texas U54 bridges. This will limit the span capability for the designs incorporating normal strength concretes. Based on previous research and successful past practice by TxDOT, it was recommended that up to 75% of the strands may be debonded, if certain conditions are met. The provisions given in the LRFD Specifications for the approximate load distribution are subject to certain limitations of span length, edge distance parameter (de) and number of beams. If these limitations are violated, the actual load distribution should be determined by refined analysis methods. During the parametric study, several of these limitations were found to be restrictive for typical Texas U54 beam bridges. Two cases with span lengths of 140 ft. and 150 ft., and a 60 degree skew were investigated by grillage analysis method.

Mémoire (M.Eng.)-- Universite du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Eng.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1996. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Soluções estruturais sofisticadas e racionais são exigências crescentes no cotidiano de projetistas de estruturas, como conseqüência da evolução dos projetos arquitetônicos e dos novos conceitos de gerenciamento das construções. As lajes nervuradas se enquadram nesta realidade como uma atraente alternativa, por propiciar economia de materiais e mão-deobra, com redução de perdas e aumento da produtividade, exigindo, porém, uma laboriosa modelagem numérica. Para entender melhor como funciona, na prática, este sistema construtivo, torna-se necessário obter um maior conhecimento sobre seu comportamento estrutural, bem como aperfeiçoar os modelos teóricos empregados para seu projeto e simulação. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a adequação de métodos de cálculo empregados na modelagem destas estruturas, verificando se os mesmos representam satisfatoriamente seu comportamento. Para tanto, foram instrumentadas três lajes nervuradas de concreto armado em escala natural e um modelo reduzido de microconcreto armado na escala 1:7,5 representativo de uma laje nervurada real. O estudo mediu deformações no concreto/microconcreto e deslocamentos verticais em seções características das estruturas, submetidas a diferentes tipos de carregamento. A modelagem numérica foi feita empregando-se o programa Sistema Computacional TQS versão 11.9.9, que utiliza a análise matricial de grelhas, e o programa SAP2000 versão 14.2.2, que utiliza o método dos elementos finitos. Os valores medidos de deslocamentos verticais apresentaram-se na mesma ordem de grandeza das previsões teóricas e as deformações específicas indicaram a presença de momentos fletores nas seções instrumentadas coincidentes com os previstos pela análise numérica. Os resultados indicaram que as previsões teóricas, obtidas através de análises lineares e não lineares, bem como os valores medidos experimentalmente, sugeriram comportamentos semelhantes das estruturas, comprovando que as modelagens numéricas foram satisfatórias na simulação do comportamento de lajes nervuradas de concreto armado. / Waffle slabs are, nowadays, a demand for structural designers, as a consequence of architectural design evolution and new building management concepts, in spite of its laborious numerical modeling. Therefore, it becomes necessary to know more about their structural behavior and to improve the theoretical models used for simulating these slabs. The objective of this work is to analyze the adequacy of two methods widely used in the modeling of waffle slabs, verifying if they represent the slab behavior satisfactorily. Three real scale waffle slabs, and also a reduced microconcrete model, were submitted to diffent loads and instrumented with strain and deflection gages. The numerical analysis was made using a grid model program developed by a local software company, specialized in concrete structural design, and a finite element model, developed by an american software company, specialized in concrete structural analysis. Numerically computed deflections presented a good estimate of the measured results and experimental strains defined bending moments coincident with the forecast of the theoretical models, in all structures. Results indicated that theoretical linear and nonlinear analysis and the measured values suggested a similar behavior for all structures, confirming that concrete waffle slabs may be numericaly simulated in a satisfactory way by such models.

Soluções estruturais sofisticadas e racionais são exigências crescentes no cotidiano de projetistas de estruturas, como conseqüência da evolução dos projetos arquitetônicos e dos novos conceitos de gerenciamento das construções. As lajes nervuradas se enquadram nesta realidade como uma atraente alternativa, por propiciar economia de materiais e mão-deobra, com redução de perdas e aumento da produtividade, exigindo, porém, uma laboriosa modelagem numérica. Para entender melhor como funciona, na prática, este sistema construtivo, torna-se necessário obter um maior conhecimento sobre seu comportamento estrutural, bem como aperfeiçoar os modelos teóricos empregados para seu projeto e simulação. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a adequação de métodos de cálculo empregados na modelagem destas estruturas, verificando se os mesmos representam satisfatoriamente seu comportamento. Para tanto, foram instrumentadas três lajes nervuradas de concreto armado em escala natural e um modelo reduzido de microconcreto armado na escala 1:7,5 representativo de uma laje nervurada real. O estudo mediu deformações no concreto/microconcreto e deslocamentos verticais em seções características das estruturas, submetidas a diferentes tipos de carregamento. A modelagem numérica foi feita empregando-se o programa Sistema Computacional TQS versão 11.9.9, que utiliza a análise matricial de grelhas, e o programa SAP2000 versão 14.2.2, que utiliza o método dos elementos finitos. Os valores medidos de deslocamentos verticais apresentaram-se na mesma ordem de grandeza das previsões teóricas e as deformações específicas indicaram a presença de momentos fletores nas seções instrumentadas coincidentes com os previstos pela análise numérica. Os resultados indicaram que as previsões teóricas, obtidas através de análises lineares e não lineares, bem como os valores medidos experimentalmente, sugeriram comportamentos semelhantes das estruturas, comprovando que as modelagens numéricas foram satisfatórias na simulação do comportamento de lajes nervuradas de concreto armado. / Waffle slabs are, nowadays, a demand for structural designers, as a consequence of architectural design evolution and new building management concepts, in spite of its laborious numerical modeling. Therefore, it becomes necessary to know more about their structural behavior and to improve the theoretical models used for simulating these slabs. The objective of this work is to analyze the adequacy of two methods widely used in the modeling of waffle slabs, verifying if they represent the slab behavior satisfactorily. Three real scale waffle slabs, and also a reduced microconcrete model, were submitted to diffent loads and instrumented with strain and deflection gages. The numerical analysis was made using a grid model program developed by a local software company, specialized in concrete structural design, and a finite element model, developed by an american software company, specialized in concrete structural analysis. Numerically computed deflections presented a good estimate of the measured results and experimental strains defined bending moments coincident with the forecast of the theoretical models, in all structures. Results indicated that theoretical linear and nonlinear analysis and the measured values suggested a similar behavior for all structures, confirming that concrete waffle slabs may be numericaly simulated in a satisfactory way by such models.