Abduction / Adultery / Assault / Constitution / Defamation / Delict / Grounds of justification / Indigenous law / Intention / Legal maxims / Legal system / Legal values / Living law / Malicious damage to property / Negligence / Rape / Remedies / Seduction / Theft / Trespass / Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / In die studie word bepaal of die verskynsel wat algemeen as delik getipeer word, bekend is aan die inheemse reg en of daar na inheemse deliktereg in die gewone sin van die woord verwys kan word. Aangesien die lewende reg van 'n groep beinvloed kan word deur die mate van verwestersing wat plaasgevind het, is 'n mikrostudie in 'n semistedelike gebied gedoen ten einde te bepaal of eie waarde-oordele verplaas en vervang word wanneer daar van Westerse regsinstellings gebruik gemaak word. lnligting is ingesamel deur middel van gesprekvoering met 'n paneel van kundige mans en vrouens en is getoets aan beskikbare literatuur. Daar is gepoog om nie net die regsbeginsels te identifiseer en te omskryf nie, maar om ook kennis te neem van daardie kultuurinstellings en sosiale prosesse wat buite die reg funksioneer. Alhoewel dit moontlik is om die algemene beginsels van 'n delik te identifiseer asook die verskeie subjektiewe regte waarop inbreuk gemaak kan word, moet die eiesoortige aard daarvan deurentyd in gedagte gehou en verreken word teen die ongespesialiseerde aard van die inheemse reg. Daar is gevind dat die inheemse deliktereg van die bestudeerde groep duidelike tekens toon van aanpassings by nuwe omstandighede, maar tog met behoud van beproefde regsbeginsels en menslike waardes. / This study ascertains whether the phenomenon typified as indigenous law of delict is known to indigenous law and whether reference may be made to indigenous law of delict in the usual sense of the word. As the living law may be influenced by the measure of westernisation that took place, a micro study has been carried out in a semi-urban area in order to ascertain whether own value judgments are replaced or substituted when Western legal institutions are used. Information has been collected by way of interviews with a panel of knowledgeable men and women and controlled by reference to available literature. An attempt was made not only to identify and define legal principles, but also to take note of those cultural institutions and social processes functioning outside the law. Although it is possible to identify the general principles of delict as well as several subjective rights that may be infringed, the peculiar nature of delict must be borne in mind and set off against the unspecialised nature of indigenous law. The indigenous law of delict shows clear signs of adaptation to new circumstances, but there is evidence of the retention of proven legal principles and human values. / Private Law / L.L. D.

In hierdie navorsingsverslag word gefokus op die beperkings wat geplaas word op die testeervryheid van ʼn persoon in die breë sin. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is die grondslag van die Suid-Afrikaanse testate erfopvolging. Die Suid-Afrikaanse opvatting van testeervryheid is tans van so ʼn aard dat dit ʼn testateur toelaat om sy of haar boedelbates te bemaak volgens sy of haar goeddunke, onderworpe aan ʼn paar statutêre en gemeenregtelike uitsonderings. By die bepaling of ʼn spesifieke klousule in ʼn testament vervat kan word, sal sodanige klousule eerstens teen die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika getoets moet word om te bepaal of sodanige klousule moontlik op ʼn grondwetlik verskanste reg inbreuk maak. Verdere statutêre beperkings sluit onder meer die reg om oor onroerende eiendom te beskik wat gereël word deur die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed, die reg van ʼn minderjarige kind om onderhoud te eis van die boedel, die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades en die Wet op Pensioenfondse in. Testeervryheid word direk gekoppel aan elke persoon se fundamentele regte wat in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika gewaarborg word. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is in verskeie sake aangespreek en word hierdie sake vervolgens bespreek. Die tipe huweliksgoederebedeling ingevolge waarvan ʼn huwelik gesluit word is ʼn verdere beperking op die mate waartoe ʼn testateur vrylik oor sy of haar bates kan beskik. Die invloed van huwelike binne en buite gemeenskap van goedere op testeervryheid en die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades word ontleed, sowel as die onderhoudsverpligting wat ontstaan vanuit die huwelik tussen gades en teenoor minderjarige kinders. Maatskaplike sekuriteit word gereël in terme van artikel 27 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika en is artikel 37C van die Pensioenfondswet geïnkorporeer wat verseker dat ʼn persoon se pensioenvoordele moet voorsien aan die onderhoudsbehoeftes van afhanklikes van die lid. Die werking van artikel 37C en die invloed daarvan op testeervryheid word bespreek. Die laaste beperking wat hanteer word is beperkings ten opsigte van bemakings van onroerende eiendom. Hierdie bemakings word beperk deur die werking van die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed asook die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond. Die navorsingsverslag doen gevolglik ʼn in diepte ondersoek na die beperkings wat ontstaan op testeervryheid, die relevansie en werking daarvan en word daar bepaal of die beperkings as billik geag kan word of nie. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In hierdie navorsingsverslag word gefokus op die beperkings wat geplaas word op die testeervryheid van ʼn persoon in die breë sin. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is die grondslag van die Suid-Afrikaanse testate erfopvolging. Die Suid-Afrikaanse opvatting van testeervryheid is tans van so ʼn aard dat dit ʼn testateur toelaat om sy of haar boedelbates te bemaak volgens sy of haar goeddunke, onderworpe aan ʼn paar statutêre en gemeenregtelike uitsonderings. By die bepaling of ʼn spesifieke klousule in ʼn testament vervat kan word, sal sodanige klousule eerstens teen die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika getoets moet word om te bepaal of sodanige klousule moontlik op ʼn grondwetlik verskanste reg inbreuk maak. Verdere statutêre beperkings sluit onder meer die reg om oor onroerende eiendom te beskik wat gereël word deur die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed, die reg van ʼn minderjarige kind om onderhoud te eis van die boedel, die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades en die Wet op Pensioenfondse in. Testeervryheid word direk gekoppel aan elke persoon se fundamentele regte wat in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika gewaarborg word. Die beginsel van testeervryheid is in verskeie sake aangespreek en word hierdie sake vervolgens bespreek. Die tipe huweliksgoederebedeling ingevolge waarvan ʼn huwelik gesluit word is ʼn verdere beperking op die mate waartoe ʼn testateur vrylik oor sy of haar bates kan beskik. Die invloed van huwelike binne en buite gemeenskap van goedere op testeervryheid en die Wet op Onderhoud van Langslewende Gades word ontleed, sowel as die onderhoudsverpligting wat ontstaan vanuit die huwelik tussen gades en teenoor minderjarige kinders. Maatskaplike sekuriteit word gereël in terme van artikel 27 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika en is artikel 37C van die Pensioenfondswet geïnkorporeer wat verseker dat ʼn persoon se pensioenvoordele moet voorsien aan die onderhoudsbehoeftes van afhanklikes van die lid. Die werking van artikel 37C en die invloed daarvan op testeervryheid word bespreek. Die laaste beperking wat hanteer word is beperkings ten opsigte van bemakings van onroerende eiendom. Hierdie bemakings word beperk deur die werking van die Wet op die Opheffing of Wysiging van Beperkinge op Onroerende Goed asook die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond. Die navorsingsverslag doen gevolglik ʼn in diepte ondersoek na die beperkings wat ontstaan op testeervryheid, die relevansie en werking daarvan en word daar bepaal of die beperkings as billik geag kan word of nie. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Reformed Christians utilise article 36 of the Belgic Confession (BC) to state the Godly calling of civil authorities. This confession may however be in conflict with the South African constitution. According to article 36 authorities have, in accordance with the keeping of order, a duty concerning the removal of false religion. The constitution guarantees everyone in South Africa freedom of religion. This study thus investigates the following stated problem: To what does God call South-African authorities within the constitutional democracy in the light of art. 36 and how can they fulfil this calling? The investigation has been undertaken in line with the argument that the principals of art. 36 are not only Biblical but should also still be used as a starting point to identify the calling of South African authorities concerning the keeping of order as well as the protection of the ministry of the Holy Word and the Christian life according to this Word. The following three investigations were then launched: * A dogmahistorical and theological-ethical investigation Chapter 2 focuses on the context in which the BC originated. It was drafted to convince Roman Catholic minded authorities to stop persecuting Reformed Christians as they - in contrast with some revolutionary Anabaptists - wanted to obey the government. Reformed Christians wanted to live according to the Word (which requires obedience to the authorities). If the authorities protected the ministry of the Word, peace and order would be promoted. Chapter 3 explains art. 36. This explanation is complicated by the fact that the article has been changed over time. In certain instances it has been interpreted to mean that God, in light of the close bond between church and state at that time, calls civil authorities to persecute heretics even with force. The article however actually calls authorities to protect the ministry of the Word and so doing support the removal of heresy. The article takes a narrow view of the true form of the true religion. * A constitutional investigation Chapter 4 describes the South African constitutional democracy as well as its origin and indicates what (sometimes unrecognised) role the Reformed tradition played in forging constitutional democracy. Subsequently the fundamental values and forthcoming stipulations concerning the freedom of conscience and religion are highlighted. Although authorities do not - in a juridical sense - contend with what would be the true form of the true religion, this study has found the constitutional values and forthcoming stipulations broadly agree with Biblical principles. Yet South African authorities interpret these values and stipulations in accordance with secularist / humanistic beliefs. * A contextual investigation This final chapter investigates how well the current constitutional framework enables (chapter 4) South African authorities to fulfil the calling (chapter 2 and 3).The final conclusion is that this framework does indeed enable these authorities to fulfil the calling by recognising, protecting and expanding the fundamental values, freedoms and rights which have been constitutionally entrenched in order that every one has the space and opportunity to utilise these rights and freedoms to live according to the gospel of Jesus Christ in all spheres of life This task undoubtedly includes that the authorities should protect the ministry of the Word by pertinently ensuring that churches have the opportunity to minister the Word to everyone. It has been found that authorities should preferably take up the attitude of the active plural option towards religion as this option is most suitable for fulfilling their calling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church and Dogma History))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Reformed Christians utilise article 36 of the Belgic Confession (BC) to state the Godly calling of civil authorities. This confession may however be in conflict with the South African constitution. According to article 36 authorities have, in accordance with the keeping of order, a duty concerning the removal of false religion. The constitution guarantees everyone in South Africa freedom of religion. This study thus investigates the following stated problem: To what does God call South-African authorities within the constitutional democracy in the light of art. 36 and how can they fulfil this calling? The investigation has been undertaken in line with the argument that the principals of art. 36 are not only Biblical but should also still be used as a starting point to identify the calling of South African authorities concerning the keeping of order as well as the protection of the ministry of the Holy Word and the Christian life according to this Word. The following three investigations were then launched: * A dogmahistorical and theological-ethical investigation Chapter 2 focuses on the context in which the BC originated. It was drafted to convince Roman Catholic minded authorities to stop persecuting Reformed Christians as they - in contrast with some revolutionary Anabaptists - wanted to obey the government. Reformed Christians wanted to live according to the Word (which requires obedience to the authorities). If the authorities protected the ministry of the Word, peace and order would be promoted. Chapter 3 explains art. 36. This explanation is complicated by the fact that the article has been changed over time. In certain instances it has been interpreted to mean that God, in light of the close bond between church and state at that time, calls civil authorities to persecute heretics even with force. The article however actually calls authorities to protect the ministry of the Word and so doing support the removal of heresy. The article takes a narrow view of the true form of the true religion. * A constitutional investigation Chapter 4 describes the South African constitutional democracy as well as its origin and indicates what (sometimes unrecognised) role the Reformed tradition played in forging constitutional democracy. Subsequently the fundamental values and forthcoming stipulations concerning the freedom of conscience and religion are highlighted. Although authorities do not - in a juridical sense - contend with what would be the true form of the true religion, this study has found the constitutional values and forthcoming stipulations broadly agree with Biblical principles. Yet South African authorities interpret these values and stipulations in accordance with secularist / humanistic beliefs. * A contextual investigation This final chapter investigates how well the current constitutional framework enables (chapter 4) South African authorities to fulfil the calling (chapter 2 and 3).The final conclusion is that this framework does indeed enable these authorities to fulfil the calling by recognising, protecting and expanding the fundamental values, freedoms and rights which have been constitutionally entrenched in order that every one has the space and opportunity to utilise these rights and freedoms to live according to the gospel of Jesus Christ in all spheres of life This task undoubtedly includes that the authorities should protect the ministry of the Word by pertinently ensuring that churches have the opportunity to minister the Word to everyone. It has been found that authorities should preferably take up the attitude of the active plural option towards religion as this option is most suitable for fulfilling their calling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church and Dogma History))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.