From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / Gas which effervesces from groundwater from Flagstaff's municipal wells is derived from dissolved atmospheric air. Groundwater from the Coconino aquifer at the flagstaff municipal wells is classified as calcium magnesium bicarbonate sulfate water and is similar to groundwater pumped from the Coconino aquifer by other wells in the flagstaff area. The source of the gas which effervesces from groundwater pumped by the municipal wells is believed to be air which is trapped in the Coconino aquifer during recharge.

This thesis presents two interrelated studies that consider nutrient management and seasonal changes in recharge on agricultural lands within the context of source water protection. The research focuses first on the management of the risk to groundwater quality through the implementation of various nutrient management practices and secondly considers the dynamic nature of the transport pathway to the groundwater system associated with seasonal changes in climate and hydrology. The combined results provide insight into several of the key factors influencing the protection of groundwater sources within the agricultural landscape. Field work was completed between 2009 and 2010 on an agricultural field near the City of Woodstock, Ontario. The site is located within a source water protection area; the two-year travel time zone of the Thornton Well Field which represents the primary water supply for the City of Woodstock and which has experienced chronic increases in nitrate concentrations over the last few decades. The wells are completed in glacial overburden consisting of intermingling sand and gravel till aquifers which overly a limestone bedrock aquifer. Agricultural best or beneficial management practices (BMPs) field have been implemented and monitored since 2004. The BMPs were adopted in order to reduce nitrogen losses to the aquifer, and consisted of a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application rates over a series of agricultural fields located near the well The first study is a one year experiment designed to compare alternative nutrient management practices for corn. Combinations of fertilizer treatments with or without a legume cover crop (red clover) were assessed. The fertilizer treatments studied were: a polymer coated urea (slow-release fertilizer) applied at planting, a conventional urea applied at planting, side-dress treatment of a solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water containing 28% nitrogen with two different application rates applied in the early summer, and a control. The legume cover crop was incorporated in the soil in the previous fall, and acts as a slow release fertilizer as nitrogen is made available to the following crop as the plants decompose. Treatments were compared based on crop yield, overall economic return, and the potential for nitrate leaching. The potential for nitrate leaching was evaluated with bi-weekly shallow soil core during the growing season, and deep soil cores taken before planting, after harvest and the following spring. The deep cores allowed changes in nitrate storage below the rooting zone to be assessed. The results of this study highlight the importance of timing of fertilizer applications and rate of fertilizer applications. Treatments which provide a delay in the release or application of fertilizer, the polymer-coated urea, the calculator-rate side-dress and the clover cover crop, were found to be advantageous. The polymer-coated urea treatments and side-dress treatments were found to reduce leaching compared to the conventional urea treatment. Treatments with the clover cover crops were not found to reduce crop yields or increase leaching potential, and lower fertilizer costs associated to this practice were found to have a positive economic effect. Plots treated with the high-rate side-dress fertilizer application lost more nitrate to the subsurface compared to the other treatment options, and an economic disadvantage was observed as yields did not compensate for higher fertilizer costs. The study highlights the advantages of the different treatments under study, which may be used to inform policy makers and farmers in the selection of economically and environmentally sustainable nutrient management BMP options. Groundwater monitoring at the site over the years has indentified interesting recharge dynamics, particularly in the vicinity of an ephemeral stream which develops annually during spring and winter melt events in a low lying area of the study site. It was hypothesized that rapid recharge could occur beneath the stream allowing for surface water to quickly reach groundwater, posing a threat to municipal water wells. The current framework of source water protection does not take into account the potential risk posed by this type recharge event. At this field site, rapid infiltration associated with this type of event may pose a risk to drinking water quality due to the proximity of the stream to the pumping wells and the nature of the aquifer. The second study examines rapid groundwater recharge processes beneath the ephemeral stream during the course of a spring melt in 2010. The goals of the study were to quantify recharge at one location beneath the stream and to assess whether temperature variations above the water table can be used as a tracer to reasonably estimate recharge during a short live recharge event. A novel housing for the temperature sensors was designed in order to deploy and position them into gravelly materials within the vadose zone, which reduced the potential for the formation of preferential pathways and permitted the retrieval of the sensors at a later date. Field data were collected during the course of the spring melt period from a network of groundwater monitoring wells and subsurface temperature sensors. Spatial and temporal changes in groundwater geochemistry, hydraulic head and temperature were were used to characterize recharge dynamics at the field site. Recharge beneath a segment of the ephemeral stream was quantified through the numerical analysis of the field data using Hydrus 1-D, a one-dimensional numerical model designed to simulate soil water flow and heat transport in variably saturated porous media. Site specific data were used to create the model domain, provide estimates of physical parameters, and to define initial and time variable boundary conditions. Model parameters were first calibrated by simulating periods where it was expected that soils would be gravity drained with minimal soil water flow, and then further refined by simulating the period when the ephemeral stream was present. A final set of parameters was determined, and the initial gravity drained conditions were re-simulated. The model was able to reproduce field observations under different flow scenarios using the final set of parameters, suggesting that the conceptual model and final model domain representative of the actual field conditions. The successful simulation of the field data sets under the different flow scenarios also increases confidence in the uniqueness of the model results. The model estimated that 0.15 m of recharge occurred beneath the instrumented site during the period between March 9th and March 22nd of 2010 when the ephemeral stream was present. This represents approximately a third of the expected total annual recharge for this location. Regional changes in hydraulic head, groundwater temperature and groundwater chemistry provided additional insight into the dynamic nature of the recharge process during the spring meld period and further illustrated the spatial variability of the aquifers’ response to the stream. The study found that the use of temperature as a tracer provided useful and quantifiable insight into recharge phenomena. The results of this study suggest that high rates of rapid recharge occur beneath the ephemeral stream, and are spatially variable. This type of focused infiltration that occurs during the spring melt may represent a risk to municipal water quality if the infiltrating waters are carrying contaminants.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-120). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xii, 120 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xiv, 177 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Em regiões úmidas a relação entre os mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos se dá principalmente por meio da descarga dos aquíferos para os rios, essa dinâmica é “alimentada” principalmente pela recarga subterrânea. A área de estudo foi a Bacia do Paraná 3, localizada no Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral, no estado do Paraná. O presente trabalho estudou a recarga subterrânea em duas bacias monitoradas por estações fluviométricas a partir de três diferentes métodos, o balanço hídrico, a separação do escoamento de base usando três diferentes formas de obtenção do parâmetro BFImax (tabelado, curva de permanência e filtro inverso), e a modelagem hidrológica a partir da análise dos reservatórios subterrâneo e subsuperficial do modelo MGB-IPH. Para melhor entender as águas subterrâneas, também se utilizou o TWS do GRACE para avaliar as variações do armazenamento de água na área. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos métodos e suas variações convergiram em grandeza (resultados médio de 491,4±31,9mm para a bacia SFV e 270,1±39,4mm para a bacia SFF), com exceção dos resultados da aplicação da separação do escoamento de base usando o BFImax tabelado (212,0mm para a bacia SFV e 160,6mm para a bacia SFF), além disso, verificou-se que o uso do esvaziamento do reservatório subsuperficial e subterrâneo juntos (612,9±18,1mm para a bacia SFV e 372,8±25,2mm para a bacia SFF) apresenta resultados similares ao uso de filtros e ao balanço hídrico, entretanto, quando se utiliza somente o esvaziamento do reservatório subterrâneo (509,1±17,3mm para a bacia SFV e 53,5±9,7mm para a bacia SFF), somente uma estação converge em resultados, a outra apresenta valores bastante inferiores, esses resultados foram explicados pelas diferentes geomorfologias das bacias. Foi verificado que a aplicação dos filtros de separação do escoamento de base em dados simulados no modelo MGB-IPH não apresenta prejuízos em relação a aplicação dos mesmos em dados observados (<4%). A variação mensal da recarga subterrânea apresentou um comportamento concordante ao TWS do GRACE. Com os resultados obtidos um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual da área foi proposto com base nas características físicas (geomorfologia, solos, características hidráulicas e hidrológicas e dados dos poços) e com base nos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos métodos de recarga subterrânea. O modelo mostrou que a existência de topos alongados e aplainados em regiões de baixa de declividade favorecem a recarga subterrânea frente a regiões sem topos aplainados e de maior declividade, além disso, a profundidade dos solos também explicou os resultados. / In humid regions, the relationship between groundwater sources and the rivers is mainly governed by the discharge of aquifers into rivers, this dynamics is fed mainly by groundwater recharge. The study area was the Paraná Basin 3, located in the Serra Geral Aquifer System, in the state of Paraná. The present work studied the groundwater recharge in two basins monitored by gauge stations using three different methods: the water-budget method, the hydrograph separation method using three different ways of obtaining the BFImax parameter (Eckhardt pre-defined values, Q90/Q50 ratio and backwards filter) and the hydrological modeling from the analysis of the groundwater and subsurface reservoirs of the MGB-IPH model. To better understand groundwater, TWS obtained from GRACE was also used to assess variations in water storage in the area. The results showed that most of the methods and their variations converged in magnitude (average of 491,4±31,9mm for SFV basin and 270,1±39,4mm for SFF basin), except for the results of the hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt pre-defined values of BFImax (212,0mm for SFV basin and 160,6mm for SFF basin), in addition, it was verified that the use of the emptying of the subsurface and groundwater reservoir together (612,9±18,1mm for SFV basin and 372,8±25,2mm for SFF basin) presents results similar to the use of hydrograph separation and to the water-budget method, however, when only the emptying of the groundwater reservoir is used (509,1±17,3mm for SFV basin and 53,5±9,7mm for SFF basin), only one station converged in results, the other presented lower values, these results were explained by the different geomorphologies of the basins. It was verified that the application of the hydrograph separation in simulated data does not present damages in relation to the application of the same in observed data (<4%). The monthly variation of the groundwater recharge presented a concordant behavior to the TWS. With the results obtained a conceptual hydrogeological model of the area was proposed based on the physical characteristics (geomorphology, soils, hydraulic and hydrological characteristics and hydrodynamic characteristics of the wells) and based on the results obtained by the application of groundwater recharge methods. The model showed that the existence of elongated and flattened tops in low declivity regions favors groundwater recharge compared to regions with no flattened tops and with greater declivity, in addition, soil depth also influenced the results.

Em regiões úmidas a relação entre os mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos se dá principalmente por meio da descarga dos aquíferos para os rios, essa dinâmica é “alimentada” principalmente pela recarga subterrânea. A área de estudo foi a Bacia do Paraná 3, localizada no Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral, no estado do Paraná. O presente trabalho estudou a recarga subterrânea em duas bacias monitoradas por estações fluviométricas a partir de três diferentes métodos, o balanço hídrico, a separação do escoamento de base usando três diferentes formas de obtenção do parâmetro BFImax (tabelado, curva de permanência e filtro inverso), e a modelagem hidrológica a partir da análise dos reservatórios subterrâneo e subsuperficial do modelo MGB-IPH. Para melhor entender as águas subterrâneas, também se utilizou o TWS do GRACE para avaliar as variações do armazenamento de água na área. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos métodos e suas variações convergiram em grandeza (resultados médio de 491,4±31,9mm para a bacia SFV e 270,1±39,4mm para a bacia SFF), com exceção dos resultados da aplicação da separação do escoamento de base usando o BFImax tabelado (212,0mm para a bacia SFV e 160,6mm para a bacia SFF), além disso, verificou-se que o uso do esvaziamento do reservatório subsuperficial e subterrâneo juntos (612,9±18,1mm para a bacia SFV e 372,8±25,2mm para a bacia SFF) apresenta resultados similares ao uso de filtros e ao balanço hídrico, entretanto, quando se utiliza somente o esvaziamento do reservatório subterrâneo (509,1±17,3mm para a bacia SFV e 53,5±9,7mm para a bacia SFF), somente uma estação converge em resultados, a outra apresenta valores bastante inferiores, esses resultados foram explicados pelas diferentes geomorfologias das bacias. Foi verificado que a aplicação dos filtros de separação do escoamento de base em dados simulados no modelo MGB-IPH não apresenta prejuízos em relação a aplicação dos mesmos em dados observados (<4%). A variação mensal da recarga subterrânea apresentou um comportamento concordante ao TWS do GRACE. Com os resultados obtidos um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual da área foi proposto com base nas características físicas (geomorfologia, solos, características hidráulicas e hidrológicas e dados dos poços) e com base nos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos métodos de recarga subterrânea. O modelo mostrou que a existência de topos alongados e aplainados em regiões de baixa de declividade favorecem a recarga subterrânea frente a regiões sem topos aplainados e de maior declividade, além disso, a profundidade dos solos também explicou os resultados. / In humid regions, the relationship between groundwater sources and the rivers is mainly governed by the discharge of aquifers into rivers, this dynamics is fed mainly by groundwater recharge. The study area was the Paraná Basin 3, located in the Serra Geral Aquifer System, in the state of Paraná. The present work studied the groundwater recharge in two basins monitored by gauge stations using three different methods: the water-budget method, the hydrograph separation method using three different ways of obtaining the BFImax parameter (Eckhardt pre-defined values, Q90/Q50 ratio and backwards filter) and the hydrological modeling from the analysis of the groundwater and subsurface reservoirs of the MGB-IPH model. To better understand groundwater, TWS obtained from GRACE was also used to assess variations in water storage in the area. The results showed that most of the methods and their variations converged in magnitude (average of 491,4±31,9mm for SFV basin and 270,1±39,4mm for SFF basin), except for the results of the hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt pre-defined values of BFImax (212,0mm for SFV basin and 160,6mm for SFF basin), in addition, it was verified that the use of the emptying of the subsurface and groundwater reservoir together (612,9±18,1mm for SFV basin and 372,8±25,2mm for SFF basin) presents results similar to the use of hydrograph separation and to the water-budget method, however, when only the emptying of the groundwater reservoir is used (509,1±17,3mm for SFV basin and 53,5±9,7mm for SFF basin), only one station converged in results, the other presented lower values, these results were explained by the different geomorphologies of the basins. It was verified that the application of the hydrograph separation in simulated data does not present damages in relation to the application of the same in observed data (<4%). The monthly variation of the groundwater recharge presented a concordant behavior to the TWS. With the results obtained a conceptual hydrogeological model of the area was proposed based on the physical characteristics (geomorphology, soils, hydraulic and hydrological characteristics and hydrodynamic characteristics of the wells) and based on the results obtained by the application of groundwater recharge methods. The model showed that the existence of elongated and flattened tops in low declivity regions favors groundwater recharge compared to regions with no flattened tops and with greater declivity, in addition, soil depth also influenced the results.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-08-26T11:02:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T11:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As áreas contaminadas por NAPL (Non-Aqueous Phase-Liquids ou fase líquida não aquosa ou ainda fase livre) podem causar riscos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas, restrições para o desenvolvimento urbano e diminuição do valor imobiliário das propriedades. Este trabalho utilizou o gás radônio como um indicador para a análise de gás subsuperficial do solo, uma vez que este gás nobre apresenta boa solubilidade em uma ampla gama de NAPL, sendo parcialmente retido na contaminação NAPL. Portanto, uma diminuição da atividade de gás radônio no solo contaminado pode ser esperada, devido à elevada capacidade de particionamento do radônio em NAPL, o que permite que o NAPL retenha uma parte do radônio anteriormente disponível nos poros do solo. O levantamento foi realizado em uma indústria abandonada, contaminada por NAPL pouco volátil, localizada na zona sudeste da cidade de São Paulo, entre junho de 2014 e maio de 2015. A concentração de radônio foi avaliada pela metodologia de detecção passiva com detectores sólidos de traços nucleares (SSNTD) tipo CR-39 em dez estações de monitoramento instaladas na área contaminada investigada e nomeadas de A até J. A média das concentrações de atividade de radônio para as oito estações de monitoramento em locais supostamente não contaminados variou de (22 ± 4) kBq.m-3 a (39 ± 4) kBq.m-3. Para as duas estações de monitoramento supostas como locais contaminados, as concentrações de radônio foram (1,4 ± 0,4) kBq.m-3 e (13 ± 9) kBq.m-3. Os resultados demonstraram que o método utilizado foi consistente com as técnicas convencionais de investigação ambiental para a maioria das estações de monitoramento em diferentes estações do ano. Resultados obtidos com CR-39 variam ao longo dos períodos de exposição, devido à sazonalidade. Não foi observada relação entre as oscilações das concentrações de atividade de radônio e o volume de chuva acumulada nos diferentes períodos de exposição dos detectores CR-39. As menores concentrações de atividade do 222Rn ocorreram nas estações de monitoramento G e H e verificou-se por espectrometria gama, que a baixa atividade não está relacionada à concentração de atividade de seu pai 226Ra na série do decaimento radioativo do 238U, reforçando a teoria de retenção do gás radônio nos locais contaminados por NAPL. Resultados da etapa de remediação comprovaram que a técnica utilizada neste trabalho foi mais eficiente que as técnicas convencionais de investigação ambiental, especialmente para as estações de monitoramento D e G na área contaminada investigada. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) ansvarar för den nationella övervakningen av grundvattennivåer. I Grundvattennätet finns drygt 300 mätstationer där grundvattennivåer observeras två gånger varje månad. Grundvattensituationen i Sverige och grundvattenmagasinens fyllnadsgrad presenteras med kartor som konstrueras med data från de uppmätta grundvattennivåerna. För att öka detaljgraden i kartorna syftade detta arbete till att undersöka om beräkningar från den hydrologiska beräkningsmodellen S-HYPE kunde användas för att fylla ut med data där mätningar inte finns tillgängliga. Arbetet utfördes genom korrelationsanalyser mellan uppmätta och beräknade grundvattennivåer för att avgöra noggrannheten i S-HYPEs beräkningar av grundvattennivåer. Korrelationsanalyserna visade vilka egenskaper hos mätstationerna (miljövariabler) som gav upphov till avvikelser mellan beräknade och uppmätta nivåer. Två typer av modellerade grundvattennivåer har jämförts med uppmätta grundvattennivåer i SGUs Grundvattennät; grundvattennivåer som beräknas med avseende på arealandelarna av jordklasser och markanvändningen i varje delavrinningsområde (viktade medelgrundvattennivåer), samt grundvattennivåer som beräknas separat för varje specifik jordklass i ett delavrinningsområde. Resultaten visade att jordartsspecifikt beräknade nivåer gav bättre korrelation med uppmätta nivåer. Vidare analyser visade att S-HYPE beräknade nivåer i jordklassen grovjord med stor osäkerhet och att jordklassen kunde behöva delas upp för att öka modellens noggrannhet. En stark korrelation erhölls med beräknade nivåer i moränjordar där omättade zonen generellt är liten. Alla miljövariabler påverkade korrelationen mer eller mindre. Den känsligaste faktorn var dock den omättade zonens mäktighet, vilket visade sig då beräknade grundvattennivåer från S-HYPE blev för snabbreagerande när avståndet till grundvattennivån var stort. Speciellt tydligt blev det vid snösmältningen på våren då stor grundvattenbildning sker och mycket vatten under kort tid perkolerar till grundvattnet. / The geological survey of Sweden (SGU) is responsible for the national monitoring of groundwater levels. In the Groundwater network there are just over 300 stations where groundwater levels are measured twice each month. The groundwater situation in Sweden and the “degree of filling” of groundwater are presented with maps made with data from measured groundwater levels. To increase the amount of information in the maps, this work intended to examine if calculated data from the hydrological model S- HYPE could be used to fill the spatial and temporal gaps where measured data were not available. The work was performed with correlation analyzes to determine the accuracy of the calculated groundwater levels from S-HYPE. Correlation analyses indicated which site characteristics (environmental variables) of the monitoring stations that caused possible deviations in the correlation. Two types of modeled groundwater levels were compared to measured levels; groundwater levels that were calculated with respect to the proportions of soil classes and land uses in each sub-basin (weighted mean groundwater levels), and groundwater levels that were calculated separately for a specific soil class. The results showed that levels calculated for specific soils gave better correlation with measured levels. Further analyzes showed that S- HYPE calculated levels in coarse soils with considerable uncertainty and that this soil class needs to be better defined. A strong correlation was obtained with the calculated levels in till soils. All environmental variables influenced the correlation to some degree. The thickness of the unsaturated zone, however, was the most sensitive factor in the correlation, which was evident because the calculated groundwater levels from S- HYPE were too fast-responding when the groundwater level was deep. This became particularly clear during the spring snowmelt, when groundwater recharge is large, and a large amount of water percolates to the groundwater zone.

Greywater is domestic household wastewater without inputfrom the toilet, i.e. wastewater from sinks, the shower,washing machine and dishwasher in a home. Source separation ofgreywater can be a strategy to enhance recirculation of plantnutrients and/or improve water use. The risk for transmissionof disease when reusing greywater is largely dependent on thecross-contamination by faeces. High levels of faecalindicators, mainly thermotolerant coliform bacteria, have beenreported in greywater, indicating substantial faecal pollution.However, growth of indicator bacteria within the system leadsto an overestimation of thefaecal input and thus the hygienerisk. The faecal input of the greywater in Vibyåsen,Sollentuna, North of Stockholm, was estimated to be 0.04 ±0.02 g faeces person-1 day-1 from the quantification of thefaecal sterol coprostanol, compared to 65 g, 5.2 g and 0.22 gp-1 d-1 using E. coli, enterococci and cholesterolrespectively. Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecalload based on coprostanol concentrations were used to form thebasis of a screening-level quantitative microbial riskassessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonellatyphimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia intestinalis andCryptosporidium parvum, looking at the treatment required to bebelow an acceptable level of risk (10-3) for reuse or dischargeof the greywater. The different exposure scenarios simulated–groundwater recharge, direct contact, irrigation andrecreational water–showed that a reduction of 0.7–3.7 log was needed for rotavirus, with the measured level offaecal load in Vibyåsen. The other pathogen of concern wasCampylobacter, where a 2.2 log reduction was needed forgroundwater recharge. The infectious dose of Salmonella is highand the excretion numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiumoocysts low, resulting in no treatment requirements for theseorganisms under these circumstances. Pathogen input fromcontaminated food via the kitchen sink had a minor effect onthe microbiological quality of the greywater. Studies on virusoccurrence in greywater as well as validation of the faecalload of greywater at another site would give valuable input forfuture QMRAs. Greywater treatment efficiency studies, especially on virusremoval, are scarce and more investigations are warranted.Active sludge may not be a suitable technique for greywater dueto the low carbon content in this flow. Chemical precipitationhas the advantage of removing phosphorus as well as virusesefficiently and it is suggested as one possible method fortreating greywater. Otherwise the most common practice forgreywater treatment in Sweden is soil infiltration. However, itis suggested that the recommendations for wastewaterinfiltration also be observed for greywater, despite the lowfaecal load, due to the simulated results on virus reductionneeded. <b>Key words:</b>greywater, greywater reuse, greywatertreatment, microbial risk assessment, groundwater recharge,irrigation, recreational water, faecal contamination, indicatorbacteria, index organisms, faecal sterols, bacteriophages,enteric pathogens, rotavirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter,Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Legionella / NR 20140805