The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this mainly through a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. Another major way in which 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits cell growth in prostate cancer is via membrane-initiated steroid signalling, which triggers activation of signal cascades upon steroid binding to a receptor complex, leading to induction of genes regulating cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The main prostate cancer inhibiting membrane-initiated route is the TGFβ signalling pathway, elicited by the protein TGFβ. In this experiment the activating effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TGFβ in prostate cancer cells, as well as two other important proteins downstream in this cascade, Smad2 and 3, were investigated. PC-3 cells were incubated for 3, 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes as well as 38 hours both together with 1,25(OH)2D3 of the concentrations 10-10 and 10-7 M and without. As the downstream cascade protein JNK is a known activator of Smad2/3, this procedure was also repeated with a JNK inhibitor. An ELISA assay scanning for activated TGFβ was then performed on supernatants from the cells treated without JNK inhibitor. In addition, a Western Blot scanning for activated Smad2 and 3 was performed on supernatants from all groups of treatment. The analysis of the result values showed that 10-10 M 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly lowered the content of active TGFβ in PC-3 cells within 3 and 5 minutes. Unfortunately the Western Blot was unsuccessful and needs therefore be repeated.

The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. The specific aim of this project was to study if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells and to do this with dose and time responses in focus. In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 in five different concentrations, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that regardless of dose or time, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP.

The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. This is a follow-up to an earlier study, and the specific aim of this project was to find out if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells during long-term treatment (up to 48 hours). In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 of the concentration 10-8 M, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that despite of the rather high dose used, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP, regardless of time.

In this study, extracts from bark, leaves and catkins of Salix aegyptiaca L. were investigated for their antioxidant content by 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical quenching assay, total phenolic and total flavonoid assays. The highest antioxidant activity (19 ug/ml IC50 for inhibition of DPPH radical activity), total phenolic content (212 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dried extract) and total flavonoid (479 mg catechin equivalents/g of dried extract) was observed in the ethanolic extract of bark. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin and p-coumaric acid, myricetin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, quercetin as well as salicin. In addition, the anti-proliferative effects of the ethanolic extracts on colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29) were examined by an MTT cell viability assay while their apoptotic effects were assayed by acridine orange staining and caspase 3 activity. The results indicate that the ethanolic extract of bark of S. aegyptiaca can strongly inhibit cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a dose dependent manner on both cell lines. We propose that extracts from this plant may be utilized as a source of health promoting antioxidants. Our data provide a perspective for more detailed study of biochemical pathways associated with the cancer preventive effects of active components of the extracts from S. aegyptiaca.

<p>The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. The specific aim of this project was to study if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells and to do this with dose and time responses in focus. In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 in five different concentrations, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that regardless of dose or time, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP.</p>

<p>The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. This is a follow-up to an earlier study, and the specific aim of this project was to find out if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells during long-term treatment (up to 48 hours). In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 of the concentration 10-8 M, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that despite of the rather high dose used, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP, regardless of time.</p>

No description available.

<p>The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this mainly through a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. Another major way in which 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits cell growth in prostate cancer is via membrane-initiated steroid signalling, which triggers activation of signal cascades upon steroid binding to a receptor complex, leading to induction of genes regulating cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The main prostate cancer inhibiting membrane-initiated route is the TGFβ signalling pathway, elicited by the protein TGFβ. In this experiment the activating effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TGFβ in prostate cancer cells, as well as two other important proteins downstream in this cascade, Smad2 and 3, were investigated. PC-3 cells were incubated for 3, 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes as well as 38 hours both together with 1,25(OH)2D3 of the concentrations 10-10 and 10-7 M and without. As the downstream cascade protein JNK is a known activator of Smad2/3, this procedure was also repeated with a JNK inhibitor. An ELISA assay scanning for activated TGFβ was then performed on supernatants from the cells treated without JNK inhibitor. In addition, a Western Blot scanning for activated Smad2 and 3 was performed on supernatants from all groups of treatment. The analysis of the result values showed that 10-10 M 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly lowered the content of active TGFβ in PC-3 cells within 3 and 5 minutes. Unfortunately the Western Blot was unsuccessful and needs therefore be repeated.</p>

O controle da eficiência de bacterinas antileptospirose de uso animal é o teste de potência com desafio em hamsters, contudo, na atualidade, tem sido estimulada a busca de alternativas que dispensem o uso de animais de laboratório. O teste de inibição de crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (ICLIV) tem sido proposto como possível alternativa. O presente trabalho empregou os testes de ICLIV, soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e ELISA anti IgG para avaliar a intensidade e a duração da imunidade passiva em leitões em aleitamento e ativa em matrizes suínas e leitões desmamados imunizados com bacterina experimental antileptospirose aprovada no teste de potência em hamster. Foi produzida uma bacterina experimental antileptospirose com estirpe patogênica de Leptospira interrogans, sorovar Kennewicki, estirpe Pomona Fromm (LPF), padronizada para conter 109 leptospiras por mL e associada ao adjuvante de hidróxido de alumínio na proporção de 10% do volume da dose final. Para a avaliação da eficácia da concentração mínima de leptospiras a ser utilizada na bacterina, diluições seriadas de razão dez de cultivo de leptospiras variando de 105 a 109 leptospiras/mL, foram submetidas ao teste de potência com desafio em hamsters (Experimento A), apenas a bacterina produzida na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi capaz de proteger os hamsters contra a infecção induzida pela estirpe LPF, quando a vacina foi testada na diluição de 1:800, critério internacional de aprovação. A bacterina na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi submetida ao teste de potência em hamsters (Experimento B), imunizados com a vacina pura e em diluições seriadas de razão dois (200 a 25600). A bacterina foi aprovada no teste de desafio em hamster até a diluição de 1:6400. O controle do inóculo de desafio foi constituído por 100 DL50. Fêmeas suínas que nunca haviam sido vacinadas contra a leptospirose e que foram não reagentes no teste de soroaglutinação microscópica aplicado a leptospirose efetuado com 24 estirpes de referência e no teste ICLIV com a estirpe LPF (Experimento 1), receberam duas aplicações intervaladas de 30 dias e um reforço aos 210 da primeira dose da bacterina pura e em diluições seriadas de razão dois (400 a 3200). Estes animais foram 16 monitorados com colheitas de sangue efetuadas a cada 30 dias. Os picos máximos de anticorpos avaliados pelos testes de SAM e de ICLIV foram observados aos 30 dias da segunda aplicação da vacina, com maior magnitude para a vacina pura, contudo aos 120 dias da segunda aplicação da vacina houve um declínio acentuado nos níveis de anticorpos. Para encontrar um melhor intervalo entre as imunizações (Experimento 2), fêmeas suínas receberam duas aplicações da bacterina pura intervaladas de 30 dias e o reforço aos 150 da primeira dose. A redução do intervalo de revacinação após as duas doses iniciais determinou a persistência dos títulos de aglutininas e de anticorpos neutralizantes com níveis sempre superiores a 0,4 log. Nos leitões em aleitamento filhos das matrizes imunizadas com bacterina na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi constatada a transferência de imunidade passiva, confirmada pelos títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes detectáveis no quinto dia de vida e de neutralizantes no quinto e décimo dia de vida. Nos ensaios realizados em leitões desmamados imunizados com uma série de diluições de razão dez variando de a 109 leptospiras/mL os picos máximos de anticorpos foram observados aos 30 dias da segunda imunização, com maior magnitude para a bacterina testada na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL. Os parâmetros finalmente obtidos foram que matrizes suínas e leitões desmamados, primovacinados com duas aplicações intervaladas de 30 dias da bacterina aprovada no teste de potência com desafio em hamster, apresentaram no teste de ICLIV efetuado aos 60 dias da primo-vacinação, intervalos de títulos de anticorpos (95%) expressos em log variando, respectivamente de (0,87 a 1,35) e de (1,22 a 1,58). Os valores máximos (12.800) para o teste de ELISA anti IgG das matrizes suínas foram obtidos após o reforço efetuado aos 210 dias. / The potency of antileptospirosis bacterins is controlled by in vivo experimental assay performed in hamsters; however, nowadays the search for in vitro methodologies that could replace the use of laboratory animals has been stimulated. For this purpose, the In vitro leptospiral growth inhibition test (IVLGIT) has been proposed as an alternative test. In this work, the intensity and duration of the passive immunity in suckling piglets and active immunity in weaned piglets and adult sows were evaluated, after vaccination with an experimental leptospirosis bacterin, which had been approved previously on the potency test in hamsters. The in vitro tests applied to swine sera were the growth inhibition test (IVLGIT), microscopic agglutination (MAT) and anti-IgG ELISA. The bacterin was produced with a pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain identified as Pomona Fromm (LPF), and added with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant at a concentration of 10% of the final volume dose. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the minimum concentration of the leptospires to be used in the bacterin, ten-fold serial dilutions of a culture of leptospira varying from 105 to 109 leptospires/mL were submitted to potency-challenge test in hamsters (Trial A). Only the bacterin produced at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL protected the hamsters against the infection by LPF strain, when the vaccine was tested at the dilution of 1:800, which is the international criterion for the approval. The bacterin at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL was submitted to the potency test in hamsters (Trial B), which had been immunized with an undiluted and with two-fold serially diluted bacterin (from 1:200 to 1:25,600). In the challenge test in hamsters, the bacterin has passed till the dilution of 1:6,400. The control of the challenge inoculum presented a titer of 100 LD50. Adult sows, never been vaccinated against leptospirosis, and that showed negative MAT results using 24 reference serovars and with negative IVLGIT with the LPF strain (Trial 1) had administered two doses of bacterin with 30 day interval and a booster dose at 210th day after the first application of the undiluted bacterin and the two-fold diluted ones (1:400 to :3,200). The animals were 18 monitored with bleeding performed each 30 days. The levels of antibodies evaluated by MAT and IVLGIT showed the maximum peak at the 30th day after the second vaccination of the bacterin, with high magnitude found with the undiluted bacterin, however, at the 120th day after the second vaccination there were found a marked decline in antibodies levels. To find a better immunization scheme (Trial 2), the sows received two doses of undiluted bacterin with 30 day interval and the booster dose at the 150th day after the first dose. The reduction on the interval of revaccination after the two initial doses determined the persistence of a higher levels agglutinins and neutralizing antibodies with titers 0.4 log. In suckling piglets born from sows immunized with the bacterin at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL, the passive transference of antibodies was confirmed by MAT titers detected on the fifth day, and by IVLGIT titers, at the fifth and tenth days after birth. In the study of weaned piglets immunized with the bacterin at the concentrations of 106, 107, 108 and 109 leptospires/mL (Trial 3), the highest antibodies levels were observed at the 30th day after the second immunization, with greater magnitude for the bacterin tested at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL. The final results indicate that sows and weaned piglets, primo-vaccinated and revaccinated with 30 day interval with bacterin that had passed in the potency-challenge test in hamsters, presented the IVLGIT results varying (95% CI) from 0.87 log to 1.35 log for sows and 1.22 to 1.58 log for weaned piglets, at the 60th day after the first vaccination. In adult sows the highest anti-IgG ELISA titer reached 12,800, obtained after the booster vaccine dose performed at 210th day from the first vaccination.

O fator de alcalinização rápida ou RALF (do inglês, Rapid ALkalinization Factor) é um peptídeo hormonal ubíquo que induz a atividade de uma MAP quinase, bem como um aumento rápido do pH extracelular do meio de cultura de células em suspensão. O AtRALF1, uma das 37 isoformas de RALF presentes em Arabidopsis thaliana, é um peptídeo secretado de 5 kDa, que inibe o crescimento radicular e causa uma rápida mobilização de Ca2+ extra e intracelular. Em células eucarióticas, calmodulinas são proteínas bem caracterizadas por mediar a transdução de sinais de Ca2+ intracelular. Entretanto, em várias espécies vegetais incluindo Arabidopsis, também existem relatos de calmodulinas secretadas com funções ainda desconhecidas. Neste trabalho, foi caracterizada a AtCML38, uma proteína de Arabidopsis semelhante a calmodulina e que interage com o peptídeo AtRALF1. Análises in silico e por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo mostram a co-expressão de ambos os genes AtRALF1 e AtCML38 em raízes de plântulas de Arabidopsis. Apesar da ausência de um peptídeo sinal típico na proteína AtCML38, a localização sub-celular demonstra que esta é secretada através da via secretória RE-Golgi. O uso de uma versão truncada da AtCML38, cujos 87 primeiros aminoácidos foram retirados, indicou que o N-terminal é essencial para o seu direcionamento. Por meio de ensaios de complementação fluorescente bimolecular, foi demonstrado que AtCML38 interage com AtRALF1 no apoplasto de folhas de tabaco. Ensaios de pulldown indicam que esta interação é específica e dependente de Ca2+ e do pH. Um mutante por inserção de T-DNA, que não produz a proteína AtCML38 (cml38), mostrou-se insensível ao peptídeo AtRALF1 aplicado exogenamente, e suas raízes cresceram normalmente. Plantas transgênicas de Arabidopsis super-expressando o gene AtRALF1 (35S:AtRALF1) têm um fenótipo semi-anão com pronunciada redução do crescimento radicular. Contudo, quando plantas 35S:AtRALF1 foram cruzadas com o mutante cml38, suas progênies exibiram fenótipo e crescimento radicular normais, apesar do acúmulo do peptídeo AtRALF1. Juntos, os resultados mostram que AtCML38 interage com o peptídeo hormonal AtRALF1, e que a proteína AtCML38 é essencial para inibição do crescimento radicular causado pelo peptídeo. / Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is a ubiquitous peptide hormone that induces a MAP kinase and a rapid increase in the pH of the extracellular media of cell suspension cultures. AtRALF1, one of the 37 RALF isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana, is a secreted peptide of 5 kDa that inhibits root growth and causes a rapid mobilization of extra and intracellular Ca2+. In eukaryotic cells, calmodulin proteins are well-characterized to mediate intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction. Nevertheless, in several plant species including Arabidopsis, there are also reports of calmodulins being secreted with still unknown function. In this work, we characterized the AtCML38, a calmodulin-like protein from Arabidopsis as an AtRALF1-interacting protein. Analyses in silico and semiquantitative RT-PCR show co-expression of both AtCML38 and AtRALF1 genes in roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Despite the fact that AtCML38 lacks a typical signal peptide, subcellular localization demonstrates that AtCML38 is secreted via the ER-Golgi secretory pathway. A truncated AtCML38, without the first 87 amino acids indicates that the N-terminal is essential for targeting. Through bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we showed that AtCML38 protein interacts with AtRALF1 in the apoplast of epidermal cells from tobacco leaves. Pull down assays indicate that this interaction is specific, Ca2+- and pH-dependent. A T-DNA insertion mutant defective in the AtCML38 protein (cml38) was insensitive to exogenously applied AtRALF1 peptide and their roots grow just as the wild type plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the AtRALF1 gene (35S:AtRALF1) have a semi-dwarf phenotype with a pronounced reduction in the root growth. However, when 35S:AtRALF1 plants are crossed with the mutant cml38, their progenies are normal looking and exhibit normal root growth in spite of the high accumulation of AtRALF1 peptide. Taken together, the results show that AtCML38 interacts with the peptide hormone AtRALF1 and that the protein AtCML38 is essential for the root growth inhibition caused by the peptide.