Ma Fung-shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / The Research Problem --- p.2 / Scope of Study --- p.3 / What is Western Food? --- p.3 / Literature Review --- p.4 / Anthropology and Food --- p.4 / Globalization and Consumption --- p.7 / China and Global Consumerism --- p.10 / "Food, Globalization and Consumption: Eating Western Food in Guangzhou" --- p.12 / Methodology --- p.13 / My Position in the Restaurant --- p.73 / Participant Observation --- p.75 / Interviews --- p.77 / Significance of the Research --- p.18 / Structure of the Thesis --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- "GUANGZHOU, WESTERN RESTAURANTS AND LONG ISLAND CAFE" --- p.21 / The City of Guangzhou --- p.22 / Historical Background --- p.22 / Economic Reforms after 1978 --- p.22 / Guangzhou and Hong Kong --- p.23 / Eating in Guangzhou --- p.25 / A Brief History of Western Food and Western restaurants in Guangzhou --- p.26 / Taai Pihng Gun (太平館) --- p.27 / The Appearance of Five-star Hotels --- p.28 / "The Appearance and Growth of Bars, Karaokes and Nightclubs in Late 1980's" --- p.30 / The Appearance of Western Chain Restaurants --- p.31 / From Taai Pihng Gun to Long Island Cafe : Implications from History --- p.32 / Western Food in relation to Other Kinds of Cuisine --- p.33 / Chinese Restaurants (酒家/酒樓/菜館) --- p.33 / Western Restaurants (西餐廳） --- p.36 / Specialized Restaurants (特色餐廳） --- p.39 / Brief History and Development of Long Island Cafe --- p.41 / Western Restaurant: a Business Decision --- p.42 / The First Three Years --- p.44 / The Critical Turn and Later Developments --- p.45 / Daily Management and Structure of Long Island Cafe --- p.47 / The Hierarchical Ladder of the Workers --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- PRODUCTION OF WESTERN FOOD --- p.51 / Image of the Restaurant --- p.51 / A Westernized Name --- p.51 / Interior Decoration of the Branches --- p.52 / Mass Media --- p.52 / Food Served in the Restaurant --- p.55 / Evolution of Menu and Analysis of the Present Menu --- p.55 / Studying the Menus: Changes Throughout the Years --- p.56 / Coffee & Salad --- p.68 / Limitation in Food Development --- p.73 / Influences from Hong Kong --- p.75 / The Paradox of Authenticity --- p.77 / Invention and Localization --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN FOOD --- p.81 / Customer Characteristics --- p.81 / Target Customers --- p.81 / Frequent & Infrequent Customers --- p.82 / Customer Age Groups --- p.85 / Rituals of Eating --- p.87 / Eating Western Food： Different Meaning to Different Customers --- p.92 / A Western Food Ideal? --- p.92 / Differences between Frequent and Infrequent Customers --- p.93 / "same Restaurant, Different Expectations" --- p.94 / The Pursuit of Global / Western Ideas --- p.95 / Western Food: an Imagined Cuisine --- p.97 / Distinction： Middle-Class Identity and Consumption --- p.99 / Studying Class Structure in China --- p.99 / Who comprises the Middle-Class? --- p.99 / Middle-class Identity and Consumption --- p.102 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSION --- p.105 / REFERENCES --- p.110

Yang, Yang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-129). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter i. --- African Communities in China --- p.4 / Chapter ii. --- African Diasporas in Other Parts of the World --- p.6 / Chapter iii. --- Globalization from Below --- p.9 / Overview of African Traders in Guangzhou --- p.10 / Fieldwork --- p.18 / Outline of Chapters --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Markets and Trade --- p.26 / The Market --- p.26 / Chapter i. --- African Shops --- p.30 / Chapter ii. --- Underground Banks --- p.32 / Chapter iii. --- Logistics/Custom Clearance Companies --- p.35 / Chapter iv. --- Clothes Wholesale Markets --- p.40 / The Clothing Commodity Chain --- p.42 / Making A Profit in the Trade --- p.48 / Chapter i. --- Moving Closer to the Producer --- p.48 / Chapter ii. --- Expanding the Scale and Scope of One's Goods --- p.50 / Chapter iii. --- Understanding One's Customers --- p.51 / Conclusion --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Street-Smart Entrepreneurship --- p.57 / Networking --- p.58 / Playing Tricks and Avoiding Fraud --- p.63 / Dealing with Chinese Local Politics --- p.69 / "Morality: ""What I Do is Good for Africa""" --- p.75 / Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Bittersweet Relationship with China --- p.82 / Living in the Chinese Community --- p.83 / Romance between African Traders and Chinese Women --- p.87 / A Religious Life under the Control of China --- p.97 / Conclusion --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion: The Larger Significance of this Trade --- p.107 / Migration and the Nation-State in the Age of Globalization --- p.108 / The Informal Economy in China and Sub-Saharan Africa --- p.111 / Morality and the Informal Economy --- p.114 / Two Tales of a City --- p.117 / Epilogue --- p.122 / Bibliography --- p.125 / Chapter Appendix --- List of Interviewed Informants --- p.130

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No description available.

Background: Prior studies regarding the risk factors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), such as physical activity (PA) and sleep related factors in older Chinese populations are scarce, and the findings have not been consistent. Objectives: 1. To cross-sectionally and longitudinally examine the dose-response association between PA and cognitive function by Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT) or Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). 2. To cross-sectionally and prospectively examine the association of sleep related factors, including sleep duration, daytime napping, morning tiredness and insomnia, with cognitive function. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using both baseline and follow-up data from the GBCS. Methods Baseline data from 8,451 men and 22,067 women aged 50 years or above were used for the cross-sectional analysis. Among them, 4,214 men and 11,284 women participating in the second examination were included in the longitudinal analysis. Information on demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and personal disease history was collected. Cognitive function was assessed by MMSE and DWRT under standardized protocols. Results 1. Significant dose-response relations across quintiles of metabolic equivalent value (METs) with DWRT score in participants with or without good self-rated health were found in cross-sectional analysis (all P for trend <0.001). 2. Prospectively, compared to those who were physically active, those with moderate activity or inactivity had increased risk for MCI. Regarding daily walking time, subjects with walking of 0.5 to 1 h, or ≥1 h had significantly reduced risk of MCI by 25% and 31% respectively compared with those who walked < 0.5 h per day. Subjects with low PA level at both baseline and follow-up had a significantly higher risk of MCI than those reporting PA at both baseline and follow-up. 3. Cross-sectionally, after adjustment for a range of potential confounders, an inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration and DWRT score was found, with 7 to 8 h of habitual sleep duration showing the highest score (P-values for trend from 3 to 7 h and from 7 to ≥10 h were all ≤0.001). Subjects with daily napping, morning tiredness, or insomnia had lower DWRT score than those without (P ranged from <0.001 to 0.01). 4. Prospectively, after adjustment for multiple risk factors, compared to sleep duration of 7 hours per day, those with sleep duration of 5 hours or less had increased risk for MCI by 43%. The adjusted P value for the linear trend from sleep duration of 3 hours to 7 hours per day was 0.01. The association remained after excluding those with poor health status. No significant associations of daytime napping, morning tiredness and insomnia with MCI were found. Conclusions In summary, we found a significant dose response association between PA and cognitive function in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. One hour of daily walking is recommended for older Chinese people to delay or prevent cognitive decline. Short or long sleep duration may also be an important predictor of mild cognitive impairment. Sleep duration of less than 6 hours per day may indicate an increase risk of cognitive impairment in older people. / published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / English Studies and Comparative Literature / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / English / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy