Différents modèles sont développés de façon à constituer des outils génériques pour la simulation de méthodes de contrôle non-destructif par ondes élastiques guidées de plaques métalliques ou composites. Diverses méthodes de contrôle de ces structures existent ou sont à l’étude. La plupart font appel à des sources ultrasonores de taille finie ; toutes sont confrontées aux phénomènes de réflexion résultant de la taille finie des objets contrôlés. Les modèles développés traitent des phénomènes de diffraction associés aux sources et de réflexion sur un bord de plaques. Comme l’interprétation des signaux mesurés lors de contrôle par ondes guidées fait souvent appel à la notion de modes guidés, les modèles sont eux-mêmes modaux. Les cas de plaques isotropes (métalliques) et anisotropes (composites multicouches) sont considérés ; une approche générale suivant l’approximation de la phase stationnaire permet de traiter tous les cas d’intérêt. Pour les premiers, la validité d’une approximation de type Fraunhofer permet de traiter très efficacement les champs directs et réfléchis rayonnés par une source. Pour les derniers, une attention particulière est portée sur le traitement des caustiques. La méthode de la phase stationnaire étant difficile à généraliser, un modèle de pinceau, de nature plus géométrique, est proposé présentant un haut degré de généricité. Il met en cascade des termes de propagation en milieu isotrope ou anisotrope et d’interaction avec une frontière. L’équivalence de la méthode de la phase stationnaire au modèle de pinceau est démontrée pour le rayonnement et la réflexion dans une plaque isotrope, cas faisant l’objet d’une validation expérimentale. / Different models are developed to provide generic tools for simulating nondestructive methods relying on elastic guided waves applied to metallic or composite plates. Various inspection methods of these structures exist or are under study. Most of them make use of ultrasonic sources of finite size; all are sensitive to reflection phenomena resulting from the finite size of the monitored objects. The developed models deal with transducer diffraction effects and edge reflection. As the interpretation of signals measured in guided wave inspection often uses the concept of modes, the models themselves are explicitly modal. The case of isotropic plates (metal) and anisotropic (multilayer composites) are considered; a general approach under the stationary phase approximation allows us to consider all the cases of interest. For the first, the validity of a Fraunhofer-like approximation leads to a very efficient computation of the direct and reflected fields radiated by a source. For the second, special attention is paid to the treatment of caustics. The stationary phase approximation being difficult to generalize, a model (so-called “pencil model”) of more geometrical nature is proposed with a high degree of genericity. It chains terms of isotropic or anisotropic propagation and terms of interaction with a boundary. The equivalence of the stationary phase approximation and the pencil model is demonstrated in the case of the radiation and reflection in an isotropic plate, for which an experimental validation is proceeded.

In this dissertation different structural materials (aluminum and steel) with different geometrical shapes (plates, pipes and bars) are studied for damage detection with guided waves. Specific guided wave modes (also known as Lamb wave modes for plate type structures) are generated in a laminated aluminum plate for damage detection and quantification using a broad band piezoelectric transducer structured with a rigid electrode. Appropriate excitation frequencies and modes for inspection are selected from theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. Sensitivity of anti-symmetric and symmetric modes for delamination detection and quantification is investigated. Longitudinal guided waves are excited and recorded after transmission through reinforcing steel bars for monitoring its corrosion level. Instead of investigating the amplitude of the transmitted guided waves, or in other words, monitoring its attenuation, the differential time-of-flight (TOF) is recorded. A reliable guided wave mode is identified for the detection and quantification of corrosion in reinforcing steel bars. Hole type damage, and bonding/de-bonding or lamination/delamination in pipes are studied with Noncontact Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducers and PZT transducers. An adaptive method using phase of the recorded signals for detection and quantification of damages in pipes is established using multiple feature extraction techniques (Time-Frequency representations) and differential time-of-flight cross-correlation technique.

This thesis presents a theoretical study of thermoelastic guided waves in cylinders in the context of Lord-Shulman generalized theory of thermoelasticity. Two different methods were formulated to study dispersion relations in infinite cylinders. One of them is a Semi Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method and the other is an analytical method. In the SAFE method, the dispersion equation has been formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem by treating radial displacement and temperature with a one dimensional finite element model through the thickness of the cylinder. In the analytical method, displacement potentials are introduced to obtain the dispersion relations of guided wave modes. This method is applicable to isotropic cylinders and has been developed primarily to cross check the SAFE formulation. Frequency spectra obtained by both methods for an isotropic cylinder have shown excellent agreement with each other. Since the SAFE method can be used for an anisotropic composite cylinder, guided wave modes for anisotropic and composite cylinders are presented. Transient analysis of ultrasonic guided waves generated by concentrated heating of the outer surface of an infinite anisotropic cylinder has also been studied. The SAFE method is employed to model the response of a cylinder due to a pulsed laser focused on its surface. Green’s functions were constructed numerically by superposition of guided wave modes in frequency and wave number domains. Time histories of the propagating modes are then calculated by applying an inverse Fourier transformation in the time domain. Transient radial displacements of longitudinal and flexural modes of a silicon nitride cylinder are presented. Propagation of thermoelastic waves in finite length circular cylinders have also been investigated. The SAFE method is used to simulate the guided wave modes in the cylinder. Frequency spectra obtained by the SAFE formulation, for a finite length transversely isotropic cylinder, are validated by comparing the numerical results with relevant publications. Frequency spectra for axisymmetric and asymmetric modes in a silicon nitride finite cylinder with both ends insulated and restrained by frictionless rigid walls are presented. The plain strain problem of circumferential guided waves is also studied and the results are validated for an isothermal case.

This dissertation develops a robust, data-driven localization methodology based on the integration of matched field processing with compressed sensing ℓ1 recovery techniques and scale transform signal processing. The localization methodology is applied to an ultrasonic guided wave structural health monitoring system for detecting, locating, and imaging damage in civil infrastructures. In these systems, the channels are characterized by complex, multi-modal, and frequency dispersive wave propagation, which severely distort propagating signals. Acquiring the characteristics of these propagation mediums from data represents a difficult inverse problem for which, in general, no readily available solution exists. In this dissertation, we build data-driven models of these complex mediums by integrating experimental guided wave measurements with theoretical wave propagation models and ℓ1 sparse recovery methods from compressed sensing. The data-driven models are combined with matched field processing, a localization framework extensively studied for underwater acoustics, to localize targets in complex, guided wave environments. The data-driven matched field processing methodology is then refined, through the use of the scale transform, to achieve robustness to environmental variations that distort guided waves. Data-driven matched field processing is experimentally applied to an ultrasound structural health monitoring system to detect and locate damage in aluminum plate structures.

This thesis presents a theoretical study of thermoelastic guided waves in cylinders in the context of Lord-Shulman generalized theory of thermoelasticity. Two different methods were formulated to study dispersion relations in infinite cylinders. One of them is a Semi Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method and the other is an analytical method. In the SAFE method, the dispersion equation has been formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem by treating radial displacement and temperature with a one dimensional finite element model through the thickness of the cylinder. In the analytical method, displacement potentials are introduced to obtain the dispersion relations of guided wave modes. This method is applicable to isotropic cylinders and has been developed primarily to cross check the SAFE formulation. Frequency spectra obtained by both methods for an isotropic cylinder have shown excellent agreement with each other. Since the SAFE method can be used for an anisotropic composite cylinder, guided wave modes for anisotropic and composite cylinders are presented. Transient analysis of ultrasonic guided waves generated by concentrated heating of the outer surface of an infinite anisotropic cylinder has also been studied. The SAFE method is employed to model the response of a cylinder due to a pulsed laser focused on its surface. Green’s functions were constructed numerically by superposition of guided wave modes in frequency and wave number domains. Time histories of the propagating modes are then calculated by applying an inverse Fourier transformation in the time domain. Transient radial displacements of longitudinal and flexural modes of a silicon nitride cylinder are presented. Propagation of thermoelastic waves in finite length circular cylinders have also been investigated. The SAFE method is used to simulate the guided wave modes in the cylinder. Frequency spectra obtained by the SAFE formulation, for a finite length transversely isotropic cylinder, are validated by comparing the numerical results with relevant publications. Frequency spectra for axisymmetric and asymmetric modes in a silicon nitride finite cylinder with both ends insulated and restrained by frictionless rigid walls are presented. The plain strain problem of circumferential guided waves is also studied and the results are validated for an isothermal case.

A utilização de ondas guiadas em técnicas de monitoramento de integridade estrutural tem se mostrado uma alternativa interessante para economia de tempo e de custos de operação. Técnicas com ondas guiadas apresentam a característica de monitorar trechos extensos de uma estrutura a partir de um único ponto de acesso, permitindo a inspeção de partes remotas e de difícil acesso. Entre os modos fundamentais de propagação de ondas guiadas em chapas, o modo SH0 possui a vantagem de não ser dispersivo, além de sofrer menores atenuações ao se propagar em superfícies em contato com fluidos. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de transdutor do modo SH0 de forma omnidirecional em uma chapa de aço utilizando um arranjo com cerâmicas piezoelétricas, que permita inspecionar determinada área de um componente através de um único modo de propagação. Para caracterizar e compreender o comportamento da resposta obtida foram realizadas simulações numéricas parametrizando características do modelo proposto, como o número de elementos piezoelétricos e dimensões geométricas dos componentes do transdutor. Para validação dos resultados do modelo numérico foram construídos modelos experimentais do transdutor, os quais foram instalados sobre uma chapa de aço de 2mm de espessura para verificação dos modos de propagação emitidos. Avaliando a relação entre intensidades de cada modo emitido e a qualidade da emissão de SH0 foi possível identificar as frequências que apresentaram resposta com a característica desejada. Também foi verificado o comportamento dos transdutores construídos ao serem excitados por ondas propagando na chapa, avaliando a sua utilização também como receptores. / The use of guided waves in structural health monitoring techniques has already proved to be an interesting alternative to reduce inspection time and overall operational costs. Guided waves techniques enable monitoring large structures from one single access point, allowing the inspection of distant and hard access parts. Among the fundamental propagation modes of guided waves in plates, the SH0 mode has the advantage of being non dispersive, as well as being subject to less attenuation when propagating through surfaces in contact with fluids. In this work, it is proposed one omnidirectional SH0 mode transducer in a steel plate using a piezoelectric ceramic array, which allows inspecting a component area through a single propagation mode. Numeric simulations parameterizating features of the transducer, such as the number of piezoelectric elements and the geometric dimensions of the transducer’s components, were developed to characterize and investigate the effect on the output response. To validate the numeric simulation results, experimental models of the transducer were built, which were installed on a 2mm thick steel plate to verify the generated propagation modes. The analysis of the relation between the intensity of each mode generated in the plate and the emission quality of the SH0 mode allowed the identification of frequencies that presented the most desirable response characteristics. The behavior of the built transducers was also studied when they were excited by waves propagating through the plate, evaluating the use of the transducers as signal receptors.

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Júnior / Resumo: Prever a dispersão das ondas incidentes em uma seção danificada de uma estrutura é importante para o monitoramento da saúde estrutural e técnicas de testes não destrutivas a fim de se detectar danos. Nesses casos, ondas de alta frequência são geralmente envolvidas e modelos simples, que não conseguem capturar o comportamento dinâmico das guias de onda, podem resultar em falha experimental ou má interpretação dos resultados. Além disso, os danos geralmente não são simétricos em relação ao eixo neutro da estrutura, resultando na conversão do modo de onda e diferentes ondas refletidas e transmitidas se propagando com diferentes velocidades. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a reflexão e transmissão de ondas em uma guia de onda unidimensional devido a descontinuidades assimétricas. Estes podem ser tubos contendo fluido, placas, vigas ou estruturas em geral os quais estejam sujeitas a propagação de ondas em uma única direção, com mudanças na área da seção transversal, que podem ser interpretadas como danos estruturais. Essas podem ser alterações de área de seção transversal pontuais ou de tamanho finito e também podem ser simétricas ou assimétricas com relação à linha neutra da guia de onda. Múltiplos tipos de modos de ondas são considerados e conversão de onda devido às interações com descontinuidades são investigadas para altas frequências (frequências a cima da frequência de corte do segundo modo de Lamb simétrico, S2). Neste trabalho, a análise de propagação de onda em gu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Predicting the scattering from waves that are incident on a damaged section of a structure is of importance in structural health monitoring and non-destructive testing techniques to detect damage. High-frequency waves are generally involved, and simple models, which cannot capture the dynamic behaviour of the waveguides at high frequency, can result in experimental failure and misinterpretation of the results. Moreover, the damage can be non-symmetrical with respect to the neutral axis of the structure, resulting in wavemode conversion and different reflected and transmitted waves propagating with different velocities. The aim of this work is to investigate wave reflection and transmission due to symmetric and non-symmetric discontinuities in one-dimensional waveguides. These can be fluid-filled pipes, plates, beams, or more generally structures involving wave propagation in one direction, with a change of cross-section, which can be seen as a structural damage. In particular, wave scattering from changes of cross-sectional area in a beam/plate are numerically studied. These can be point or finite length changes of area and they can be symmetric or non-symmetric with respect to the axis of the waveguide. Multiple wave modes are considered and conversion due to interaction with the discontinuity are investigated up to high frequency (above the cut-off of the second symmetric Lamb wave mode, S2).The Wave Finite Element method is applied to the structure for studying the wave pr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Sistemas de ensaios não destrutivos por ondas guiadas despertam cada vez mais a atenção tanto da indústria, como da academia. Isso deve-se, principalmente, às possibilidades que as ondas guiadas permitem, como maior área de triagem que o ultrassom convencional. Porém a técnica tem suas limitações, já que esta apenas gera uma estimativa da localização de um defeito e não a sua dimensão. Nessa limitação, algoritmos tomográficos apresentam uma possibilidade de avanço da técnica, pois permitem determinar não só a localização de corrosões e defeitos, mas também seu dimensionamento. Este trabalho apresenta tomografia de difração como uma alternativa para avaliação de integridade estrutural. Primeiramente, utilizou-se análise por métodos numéricos para mostrar a validade dos algoritmos e posteriormente foi realizado um experimento em uma chapa real com o objetivo de reconstruir a imagem do defeito. / Guided waves nondestructive testing systems are increasingly attracting industrial and academic attention. The mainly reason for this attention is the possibility of screening a large area than conventional ultrasound technique. However, Guided Waves Testing has limitations, since it gives only an estimation of the location of a defect, but not the dimensions. Tomographic algorithms come up with an improvement of the technique, because it allows discovery not only the location of corrosions and defects, but the dimensions too. This work brings Diffraction Tomography as an alternative to structural health monitoring. First, a numerical analysis was implemented to demonstrate the validity of the algorithms, after that an experiment in a real plate was made with the objective to recover the defect image.

In recent decades techniques related to the measurement of elastic waves have advanced significantly. It is now possible with relatively inexpensive equipment to record amplitudes and frequency bands that were unthinkable two decades ago. This has led to the development of theoretical topics which application was questionable until not long ago, to profit from new technological potential in obtaining more and better experimental information. In this context the study of the propagation of guided waves in solids is presented as a knowledge that allows to detect damage with efficiency and economy in a number of structures in which at least one dimension is much larger than the other two. This is the case for rails, tubulations and pressure vessels among others. In this work, guided waves propagation characteristics are studied, first in a prismatic bar and then within the geometry of a rail. In both cases, dispersion curves were computed according two different work methodologies, first using an axisymmetric model and then corroborated with a model of periodic conditions. Finally propagation of a Tone-Burst waves were simulated on the analyzed geometries, leading to the discussion of how the waves scatter along its propagation. The results obtained were the dispersion curves of both sections. / En las últimas décadas técnicas relacionadas con la medición de ondas elásticas han avanzado sensiblemente. Actualmente, con equipamientos relativamente económicos es posible registrar amplitudes y franjas de frecuencia que eran impensables dos décadas atrás. Este hecho ha motivado que tópicos teóricos que hasta hace un tiempo tenían una aplicación cuestionable tengan que ser desarrollados para poder aprovechar las nuevas potencialidades tecnológicas en la obtención de mayor y mejor información experimental. En este contexto, el estudio de la propagación de ondas guiadas en sólidos se presenta como un conocimiento que posibilita detectar daño con eficiencia y economía en una serie de estructuras en las cuales por lo menos una dimensión es mucho mayor que las otras dos. Es el caso de estructuras tubulares, rieles o recipientes sometidos a presión entre otras. En el presente trabajo se estudian las características de propagación de ondas guiadas primeramente una barra rectangular y posteriormente en la geometría de un riel. En ambos casos, fueron calculadas las curvas de dispersión obtenidas con por dos metodologías de trabajo por elementos finitos, la primer metodología fue emplear un cálculo aplicando un modelo axisimétrico, y luego corroborado con un modelo de condiciones periódicas y posteriormente fue simulada la propagación de una onda tipo Toneburst sobre las geometrías analizadas discutiendo cómo dicha onda se dispersa durante su propagación. Los resultados obtenidos fueron las curvas de dispersión de ambas secciones.

Avant leur lancement dans l'espace, les satellites font l'objet de tests afin d'éprouver leurs comportements à diverses sollicitations (thermiques, acoustiques, etc.). Pour les essais acoustiques, la société Intespace soumet les satellites à de forts niveaux sonores (de l'ordre de 145 dB SPL dans la chambre réverbérante) comparables à ceux existant lors du décollage du lanceur. Elle utilise pour cela des sources électropneumatiques couplées à des pavillons débouchant dans une chambre réverbérante. Ce système acoustique assure sa mission avec succès mais la société Intespace s'interroge sur ses possibilités d'amélioration. Deux prototypes de sources pneumatiques (à disque oscillant ou rotatif, à l'échelle 1 sur 5) sont développés et construits. Les prédictions théoriques avec vena contracta sont comparées aux données expérimentales issues d'un banc de mesure. Leurs différences concernant les niveaux sonores à la sortie de la source n'excèdent pas 1 dB pour des pressions d'alimentation de 1 à 3,5 bars absolus. Un prototype de pavillon de géométrie optimisée a été construit à l'échelle 1 sur 5. Les mesures montrent des performances intéressantes. Compte tenu des niveaux sonores générés par la source, une étude de la propagation dans le pavillon met en évidence des phénomènes non linéaires, qui s'avèrent peu influencés par la présence d'un écoulement moyen pour les vitesses envisagées dans l'étude. Finalement, des mesures sont réalisées sur l'ensemble du système à l'échelle 1 sur 5, afin d'en évaluer les performances. Les niveaux sonores mesurés sont comparés aux prédictions d'un modèle issu de la théorie de Sabine. Les différences n'excèdent pas plus ou moins 3 dB. / Before their launch in space, satellites are the object of tests in order to test their behaviors with diverse constraints (thermal, acoustic, etc.). In terms of acoustic qualification, the Intespace company submits the satellites to high sound levels (of the order of 145 dB SPL in the reverberating room) comparable to those existing during the take-off phase of the launcher. For this purpose, it uses electropneumatic sources coupled to horns opening into a reverberating room. This acoustic system ensures its mission successfully but Intespace is wondering about the possibilities of improving the system. Two prototypes of pneumatic sources (oscillating or rotating disk, 1 on 5 scale) are developed and constructed. Theoretical predictions taking into account the vena contracta are compared with the experimental data from an instrumented measuring bench. Their differences in the sound levels at the source outlet do not exceed 1 dB at supply pressures of 1 to 3.5 bars absolute. A horn prototype whose shapes have been optimized was built on a 1 on 5 scale. The measurements show interesting performances. Considering the sound levels generated by the source, a study of the propagation in the horn highlights nonlinear phenomena. The latter are not influenced by the presence of an average flow for the velocities envisaged in the study. Finally, measurements are realized on the whole system at 1 on 5 scale, in order to evaluate their performance. The measured sound levels are compared to the predictions of a model derived from the Sabine theory. The differences do not exceed 3 dB or less.