La synthèse de produits complexes se doit de prendre en compte de nouvelles méthodes desynthèse plus efficaces, dont la fonctionnalisation de liaisons carbone-hydrogène. Dans cecontexte, la catalyse homogène par les métaux de transition s’est avérée performante, tout encontrôlant la régio- et la chimiosélectivité de la réaction. Les travaux de thèse présentés dansce manuscrit témoignent de l’efficacité de cette stratégie pour la construction rapide decomplexité moléculaire.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation de précurseurs chlorés, cequi a permis d’étendre significativement le champ d’application de l’arylation C(sp3)-Hintramoléculaire pallado-catalysée. Ces travaux ont conduit à la synthèse de nombreuxhétérocycles, difficilement accessibles par d’autres voies de synthèse plus traditionnelles.Dans un deuxième temps, le développement d’une méthodologie de double arylation C-Hnous a permis de synthétiser des molécules polycycliques aux squelettes originaux. Une seuleet même espèce catalytique permet dans ce cas de réaliser les deux opérations d’activation CHavec succès.Par la suite, nous avons montré qu’il était possible de synthétiser des composés énantioenrichispar arylation C(sp3)-H intramoléculaire asymétrique. Pour cela, les ligands chiraux detype phosphépine se sont avérés particulièrement performants, et induisent desénantiosélectivités prometteuses.Enfin, notre attention s’est portée vers la synthèse de polycycles par arylation C(sp3)-Hintramoléculaire deshydrogénante. Les résultats encourageants obtenus apparaissent commeune preuve de concept dans ce domaine, où très peu de travaux de recherche ont été rapportés. / The direct functionalization of C-H bonds constitutes a faster and more « atom-economical »synthetic approach. This concept is gradually modifying organic chemistry, because itprovides chemists of both academic and industrial worlds with new disconnection strategies,giving access to molecules of original structures and properties in a more efficient andecological manner.In this context, we first investigated the extension of the intramolecular palladium-catalyzedC(sp3)-H arylation, by using aryl chlorides as coupling partners. This methodology wasapplied to the synthesis of fused valuable five-membered carbocycles and heterocycles.A further part of this work focused on the synthesis of polycyclic molecules by double C-Harylations. Interestingly, a single batch of catalyst was able to perform both operations in onepot, which indicates that this concept can be used for the rapid construction of molecularcomplexity.Then, we focused our efforts on the enantioselective synthesis of indanes and heterocyclicanalogues by intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation. The employment of a chiral binepine ligandplays a key role in this palladium-catalyzed process to achieve moderate to highstereoinduction.Finally, our work was devoted to the construction of fused thiophenes by intramolecular PdIIcatalyzeddeshydrogenative C(sp3)–H arylation.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität zu Köln, 1982. / Added thesis t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. [i]-xxvi).

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται διερεύνηση των βέλτιστων τεχνικών παραμέτρων σχεδιασμού υβριδικής τηλεπικοινωνιακής πλατφόρμας για την υποστήριξη της υπηρεσίας DVB-H μέσω δορυφόρου. Γίνεται μοντελοποίηση των δύο τύπων μεταδόσεων, επίγειας και δορυφορικής. Τα αποτελέσματα που εξάγονται από τις προσομειώσεις συγκρίνονται με στοιχεία που καθορίζουν πρότυπα του ΕTSI. / In this thesis are worked out the optimised parameters for the design of an hybrid platform which supports the DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting for Handheld devices)service via satellite. Two kinds of broadcasting are modelled, terrestrial and satellite. The results of the simulation of these models are compared with elements which are defined by ETSI standards.

H.264/AVC yra pagrįstas tradicinėmis vaizdo kodavimo sąvokomis, bet palyginti su ankstesniais standartais, su svarbiais tam tikrais skirtumais.Reikšmingiausi skirtumai yra padidintas judėjimo apskaičiavimo pajėgumas, mažas bloko dydis su tikslia transformacija, adaptyvus blokų mažinimo filtras ir patobulinti entropijos kodavimo metodai. palygintų su MPEG-2. H.264/AVC pasiekia daugiau kaip 50 procentų, kodavimo prieaugį palyginus su MPEG-2 visuose PSNR situacijose. H.264/AVC standartas dirba žymiai geriau už visus ankstesnius standartus, dėl padidėjusio kodavimo lankstumo ir sudėtingumo. / Video coding is the entire process of compressing and decompressing of a digital video signal. Then the mainstream video compression tools developed in the past several years by both Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) are briefly introduced. Since its invention from early 1990 modern digital video compression techniques have played an important role in the world of telecommunication and multimedia systems where bandwidth is still a valuable commodity. Evolution from the early MPEG-1/H.261 to the current H.264/AVC video codec gradually improves the coding efficiency at the cost of design complexity. Compared with its prior standards the H.264/AVC is able to achieve nearly doubled coding gain, while the encoder's and decoder's complexity increase 5 – 10 and 2 – 3 times respectively.

Digital libraries (DLs) represent an important evolutionary step towards accessing structured digital information. DLs are often built from scratch or by using proprietary monolithic software that is often difficult to customise and extend to meet changing requirements. Researchers are beginning to realise that this is not an ideal solution and as a result, are creating component suites and accompanying protocols to encourage the creation of modular DLs. Despite the introduction of component models, it is not immediately apparent how they can be seamlessly assembled to produce diverse, yet fully functional, component-based digital library systems without knowledge of the underlying protocols. This dissertation presents a graphical user interface and its associated framework for creating DL systems from distributed components, consequently shielding DL architects from the complexity of using components models and taking advantage of the inherent benefits of the component programming paradigm. The framework introduced in this dissertation was designed to be generic enough to be adopted for the assembly of a variety of component-based systems over and beyond the digital library community. After being tested on over thirty inexperienced users and modelling a number of existing DL systems, graphically assembling distributed components has been shown to be a viable approach to simplify the creation of modular DLs from a pool of heterogeneous components.

Software engineering is a discipline concerned with manufacturing or developing software. Software plays a pivotal role in everyday life, an absence of which will be devastating to a number of governmental, recreational and financial activities, amongst many others. One of the latest branches of software engineering, component-based software engineering, is concerned with the development of software systems using already existing components which speculatively will ensure rapid and inexpensive software development processes. Parallel with the advances in software engineering, the field of digital libraries — a field dealing with Web-based access to and management of structured digital content — has adopted this development model from software engineering to shift focus from developing and using traditionally monolithic software systems to developing and using more flexible component-oriented software systems. Since componentised development approaches are relatively recent, other areas such as packaging and managing component-based software systems still remain unattended to. This dissertation presents research on techniques and methodologies for packaging customisable component-based digital libraries such that deployment is rapid and flexibility is not compromised. Although the reference point of this research was that of component-based digital library systems, it is believed that this research can be generalised across the family of Web-based component-based software systems. An outcome of this research was a prototype packaging system consisting of a pair of tools: a package builder tool and a package installer tool. This packaging system was developed to model the ideas and methodologies that were identified as important to the processes of packaging and installing component-based digital library systems. These tools consequently underwent a user evaluation study whereby they were evaluated for understandability, usability and usefulness to the processes of packaging and installing component-based digital libraries. A key contribution of this research was identifying requirements for a generic component packaging framework. For a component to be seen as ”fit-to-package”, it must posses the following at the very least: the component must be configurable automatically; the component must have a formal description of its dependency software; there must be formal descriptions that describe individual components as well as systems composed of components; and there must be a way whereby installation questions are formally encoded such that components are able to correctly receive configuration information. In totality, this research has shown that component-oriented software development approaches can benefit from an infrastructure which allows for component-based software systems to be composed, distributed and installed effortlessly.

The current medley of interoperability protocols is potentially problematic. Each protocol is designed by a different group, each provides a single service, and has its own syntax and vocabulary. Popular protocols such as RSS are designed with simple and easy to understand documentation, which is a key factor for the high adoption levels. But the majority of protocols are complex, making them relatively difficult for programmers to understand and implement. This research proposes a possible new direction for high-level interoperability protocols design. The High-level Interoperability Protocol - Common Framework (HIP-CF) is designed and evaluated as a proof of concept that if interoperability is made simpler, then it can increase adoption levels, making it easier for programmers to understand and implement protocols, therefore leading to more interoperable systems. HIP-CF is not suggested as the alternative to current production protocols. Rather it is suggested that the design approach taken by HIP-CF can be applied to other protocols, and also that a suite of simpler protocols is a better solution than various simple individual protocols. Evaluation results show that current protocols can be substantially improved on. These improvements could and maybe should be the result of a deeper analysis of the goals of today’s protocols and also a collaboration amongst the different groups that design high-level interoperability protocols. This research presents a new approach and suggests future experimental research options for the field of high-level interoperability protocol design.

Systems to annotate online content are becoming increasingly common on the World Wide Web. While much research and development has been done for interfaces that allow users to make and view annotations, few annotation systems provide functionality that extends beyond this and allows users to also manage and process collections of existing annotations. Siyavula Education is a social enterprise that publishes high school Maths and Science textbooks online. The company uses annotations to collate collaborator and volunteer feedback (corrections, opinions, suggestions) about its books at various phases in the book-writing life cycle. Currently the company captures annotations on PDF versions of their books. The web-based software they use allows for some filtering and sorting of existing annotations, but the system is limited and not ideal for their rather specialised requirements. In an attempt to move away from a proprietary, PDF-based system Siyavula implemented annotator (http://okfnlabs.org/annotator/), software which allowed for the annotation of HTML pages. However, this software was not coupled with a back-end interface that would allow users to interact with a database of saved annotations. To enable this kind of interaction, a prototype interface was designed and is presented here. The purpose of the interface was to give users new and improved functionality for querying and manipulating a collection of web-based annotations about Siyavula’s online content. Usability tests demonstrated that the interface was successful at giving users this new and necessary functionality (including filtering, sorting and searching) to process annotations. Once integrated with front-end software (such as Annotator) and issue tracking software (such as GitHub) the interface could form part of a powerful new tool for the making and management of annotations on the Web.

Eksperimento tikslas – svorio kitimu bei elektrofiziologiniais parametrais įvertinti išsėtinės sklerozės sukėlimą bei gydymą. Tyrėme H/M santykio bei Burgundų triušių svorio kitimą esant skirtingiems eksperimento etapams – iki susargdinimo, po susargdinimo bei gydymo metu. Taip pat įvertinti mirtingumą per visą eksperimento laikotarpį. Eksperimentui, kuris truko 16 savaičių, buvo paimti 32 Burgundų linijos triušiai, suskirstyti į 5 grupes. Atlikus eksperimentą bei išanalizavus duomenis, gavome, kad H/M santykis per visas grupes patikimai nekinta. Susargdinus triušių svoris patikimai mažėjo, pradėjus gydymą patikimo svorio kitimo negauta. Eksperimento metu krito 7 triušių, 4 iš jų krito pirmą gydymo dieną. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction and therapy of Multiple Sclerosis by means of body weight and electrophysiological parameters. The H/M ratio and weight were evaluated before induction, after, and during therapy of Multiple Sclerosis. The death rate was evaluated also. 32 burgundy rabbits, divided into 5 groups were used in experiment that lasted 16 weeks. We did not found significant changes in H/M ratio after induction of Multiple Sclerosis and due to treatment. However induction of Multiple Sclerosis significantly reduced the weights of animals. The maximal rate of death was at the first day of treatment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.