This thesis explores the subject of minority language television by comparing the cases of Wales and Brittany, and in particular the social, political and cultural implications of the Welsh language television channel S4C. The thesis is divided up into two interrelated parts, where the first part is an analysis on state level of French and British media policy, particularly with regards to their linguistic minorities. This part of the thesis deals with the historical, political and institutional background for the provision of minority language media in Breton and Welsh. It takes as points of reference firstly the state, and secondly the minorities in question - the Breton and the Welsh - and shows how a certain policy area in this case broadcasting, can become a focus for minority demands. The thesis describes the historical and political background for the extreme difference in provisions for minority language broadcasting in the two countries. The second part of the thesis takes as a starting point the actual existence of S4C - the Welsh language channel - as a minority language broadcaster, and assesses the social political and cultural implications of this organisation. This part of the thesis examines the minority level, and assesses the potential impact of Welsh language broadcasting, mainly television, on Welsh society in general and the Welsh language in particular.

This dissertation examines the political, social and economic development of Fleet Street 1653-1900, using The Standard (1827-1900) as its model. The opening chapter traces the early fortunes of the Baldwin Family, the founders of The Standard and the struggle which the Baldwins and their colleagues waged for the establishment of a free press. Chapter Two deals with the launch of The Standard by Charles Baldwin in May 1827 in response to the urging of The Duke of Wellington and other High Tories. Under the editorship of Dr. Stanley Lees Giffard, the paper opposed Parliamentary Reform and the repeal of the Corn Laws and was strongly anti-Papist in outlook. The diverse personalities of two key figures in the paper's early days, Dr. William Maginn and Alaric Alexander Watts, are also discussed. Chapter Three is concerned with the involvement of governments and politicians with newspapers, with special emphasis on the relationship of Thomas Hamber and Disraeli and the estrangement of William Mudford and Robert Cecil, the Third Marquess of Salisbury. Economic structure and labour relations and the establishment of The St. James's Chronicle are covered in the ensuing chapter. Chapter Five is concerned with the costs and methods of producing a "national" newspaper and the problem of labour from the early chapels to the highly-organized unions of the 20th Century. The final chapters discuss the role of the reporter and "The New Journalism". The early struggle for a free press -- with reference to John Wilkes and "Junius" is -- reviewed followed by a discussion on Edward Baldwin, proprietor of The Standard, and his conflict with The Times. The role of the Special Correspondent, using The Standard as a model, is also discussed. The leaders of the "New Journalism" are examined with particular reference to W. T. Stead and The Pall Mall Gazette; T. P. O'Connor's Star; and the rivalry between Alfred Harmsworth's Daily Mail and Arthur Pearson's Daily Express. Throughout this dissertation, the history of The Standard is linked with the growth of Fleet Street. The study ends with the purchase of The Standard by Pearson, resulting from the inability of its editor/manager, Mudford, to adapt to the changes in the press during the 19th Century and especially to the "New Journalism".

This thesis is a study of the importance of conflict in the Third World. It stresses ethnic conflict; conflict within classes, particularly within the bourgeosie; and the role of the 'professional' component in this middle-class struggle. It looks at these in respect of Pakistan and Nigeria, both of which have suffered major civil wars. Conflict is an inseparable part of the process of 'development'. It is argued in this thesis that the nature of conflict changes as societies develop. Third World societies tend to be riven by communal, especially ethnic divisions, while the class structure is ill-defined. Conflict is therefore often ethnic in nature. As the importance of these divisions recedes and the class structure begins to develop, the nature of conflict changes. However, classes are still little more than clusters of 'class fragments', not fully fledged classes in the Western sense. Each class fragment finds itself in competition, not with 'distant'- class fragments but with similar class fragments; resources are so scarce that fragments even within a single class 'group' fight over access to them. Conflict is, therefore, 'intra-class' (i. e. within broad clusters). This competition occurs all the way through the social hierarchy but reaches its climax at the top. Because of the scarcity of resources one of the main means of access to them is through power. The struggle for power between the various 'elite' (but basically bourgeois) fragments is, therefore, intense. Business, bureaucracy, the army and politics all form bases for different class fragments in their struggle against each other to control resources. Central to intra-class conflict is the 'professional' component of the bourgeoisie. In its strugglefor supremacy over the military, the bureaucracy, and businessmen, it seeks an expansion of democracy, politics being its only source of power against these other, stronger, elites. This struggle is carried over into the mass media, which are manned largely by this professional component of the middle class. The press in particular reflects both ethnic and intra-class struggle. This thesis describes in detail the connection between the press and conflict. Only as Third World societies develop more fully is class struggle likely to become 'inter-class', i. e. between classes. Then the various middle-class fragments might combine against the rising proletariat, and unite in their control and use of the mass media. The research incorporated into this thesis did not concern itself with this long-term possibility.

An analysis was made of the overall character of the British press coverage of Latin America. This analysis was broadly divided into' quantitative and qualitative. The aim of the research was to examine the relationship between the reporting on the region and the historical, political and economic links with the Latin American continent, as well as between the professional practices of journalists in London (foreign editors) and those based on the area (correspondents). Information was obtained from content analyses made on different historical periods, from questionnaires and interviews, and from related bibliography. A theoretical framework was established, together with an historical, economic and organisational context. A relevant methodology was also established and conforms an important aspect of this study. The analyses were carried out over samples taken from the end of the 19th Century, the 1970s and the 1980s. The data obtained from the questionnaires and interviews with journalists were analysed in connection with the rest of the findings, linking the empirical and the theoretical spheres of this work in an interrelating whole. The research presents a picture of the way Latin America has been covered by the British press over the years, shows the deficiencies and suggests ways of improvement through changes in cultural attitudes.

This thesis explores some of the life experiences of a group of Black1 Deaf2 individuals and the influences affecting their identity development. It also investigates the different attitudes to deafness within the Black hearing community. A quantitative survey was conducted with 57 respondents to explore attitudes to deafness amongst Black hearing people. The survey revealed that Black people perceived deafness as mild to moderate disability, a finding also echoed in the informants own accounts of interacting within the Black hearing community. The main study with the informants was conducted using qualitative methods. This explored the informants' childhood family experiences, education, employment, and interactions with the Black hearing and Deaf communities. The qualitative study questioned whether Black Deaf people should be referred to as Black Deaf or Deaf Black. It revealed that Black Deaf people assumed a diverse range of identities. For example, for some informants' the terms Black Deaf or Deaf Black had different meanings, but for others these terms were interchangeable. A group of informants resisted any attempts to categorize their identities. They constructed an identity, which did not prioritize race or deafness but was negotiated in different contexts. Many of the informants based their identity choices upon their personal experiences and attitudes towards the Deaf and the Black communities. Their experiences with these groups also influenced which community they felt more closely attached too. From exploring the personal identities of Black Deaf people a picture of their collective identity began to emerge. Three different groups of Black Deaf people were identified. These were labelled the Aspirers, Drifters and the Inbetweeners. These labels were chosen to encapsulate their characteristics and attitudes towards the development of the Black Deaf community. The study contested the possibility of a unified Black Deaf identity. It highlighted that the informants' identity formation was a continual process and open to constant negotiation. It indicated that other influences aside from race and deafness affected the informants' identity development, which must be considered in any further analysis of identity construction amongst Black Deaf people.

Organisational developments in contemporary primary care are the principal subject of the ten studies selected to support this PhD application on the basis of published works. The local practice and central policy determinants of these developments are discussed as a critical interaction, which is now having a profound impact on both the concepts and functions of primary care and the shape of the NHS itself. The studies are classified and described individually in three sections, according to the main methodological approach used in each research project. The approaches were: participant observation, action research and case studies. Concluding comments suggest that the focus on relationships represents the distinctive contribution of the works covered by the Statement.

This thesis investigates aspects of the morphophonology, syntax and scope of negation in the Greek Sign Language with emphasis on the means and mechanisms that this sign language employs in order to express negation. The data analysis presented is based on natural data provided by Deaf informants. The initial pilot study provided elicited data, which was subsequently used to confirm the findings of the study. As with other sign languages, analysis shows that Greek Sign Language expresses negation by the use of both manual and non-manual features of negation. Manual negation includes three features: negative particles such as NO or NOT, negation signs which usually have meanings like nobody, nothin& never, and finally signs with negative incorporation (verbs that incorporate negation). Non-manual features comprise of negation head movements and facial expressions. As in many other signed and spoken languages, the most common way to construct a negative clause is by using a negative particle. The use of manual or non-manual features of negation is optional in Greek Sign Language in the sense that negation can be expressed by the use of negative head movements which can occur without any manual negation signs within a clause or by the use of a manual sign of negation without the use of any non-manual feature of negation. Syntactic analysis shows that the negative particles and negation signs occur in post-predicate position. Pre-predicate position is also available for these signs under specific conditions. For signs with negative incorporation the position within a clause varies. The status of manual signs and non-manual features of negation within a clause is also examined. The NEG-criterion, as defined within the framework of generative grammar, is used for the analysis of negation scope. Within this framework a syntactic analysis of the negative particle and the negation head movement is proposed. The NEG-criterion provides an empirically adequate theory of the scope of negation in clauses with manual negators as well as in negative clauses where no manual negation sign appears. In addition, the study provides insights into the varying use of negation in different settings and language change through grammaticalisation. Finally, data analysis of negation has also revealed some important areas for further research like basic word order, syntax of negative concord and various expressions of negation, the prosodic analysis of non-manual features of negation amongst others.

An analysis was made of one clerical occupation-in which women predominated, that of the office secretary. The research aimed to examine the occupation in the general context of women's employment and in particular to examine the relationship between the secretary's job and occupational and social mobility. Information was obtained from two separate' sources: a) a sample of employers in central London and all the secretaries they employed, using As a sample frame Thomson's London Yellow 4 Pages Classified telephone directory, and, b) the nationwide membership of two organisations of secretaries, the Institute of Qualified Private Secretaries and the National Association of Personal Secretaries. Two hundred and fifty-two establishments took part in the enquiry and eight hundred and sixty-one completed questionnaßres were received from secretaries and former-secretaries. Employers, who were interviewed, were asked about their needs and use of secretaries. The questionnaire to secretaries covered a number of different topics including education and training, career and job selection, a secretary's function, conditions of work, use of machinery, job satisfaction, promotion and occupational mobility, and the effect of marriage. Issues such as a secretary's role and the status of the occupation were examined. The research presents a picture of secretaries and the work they do and puts forward recommendations to improve their employment situation.

There is no abstract available for this thesis.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact on 4-H policy council members, extension professionals and 4-H adult leaders regarding the incorporation of a 4-H urban program into the traditional 4-H program. The study was designed to provide data for Cooperative Extension Service personnel concerning the impact of changes in attitudes toward policy and administration of a-H programs, as well as develop ways and means for the integration of an urban 4-H program into the traditional. 4-H program. The documentation produced by the study offered new base line information and will enhance efforts by Extension Administrators in determining resources, training and programmatic needs of an urban 4-H program.The following assumptions were made relative to the study:1. Millions of boys and girls throughout the United States have been helped through 4-H.2. Leadership skills and abilities, as well as interpersonal communication skills, have been developed by 4-H members.3. The Indiana 4-H program is a proven creditable program.4. A vast number of urban boys and girls have been omitted from the 4-H program in Indiana.5. Two distinct and definable 4-H program styles currently exist in Indiana--one rural and one urban. 6. Variations created by long histories of traditions woven into the ongoing 4-H program cannot feasibly be controlled in the research setting and will be assumed to be equivalent for each sample population. The following research questions were attendant to the study:1. How have the attitudes of 4-H policy council members, extension professionals and 4-H adult leaders in the three selected Indiana counties been affected?2. How will/should the Indiana Cooperative Extension Service policy be affected?3. How will/should the Indiana Cooperative Extension Service Administration be affected?The potential population for the study was defined as all 4-H policy council members, 4-H adult leaders and extension professionals (Youth Department, County Extension Coordinator, and Area Administrator) in three selected Indiana counties (Lake, Marion and Vigo). The population also included the State Director, the Associate Directors, and the entire 4-H State Staff. The study population was a stratified random policy council members and 4-H adult leaders resultingFrom sample. One-third of the potential population, 414 individuals, were asked to complete and return questionnaires.A review of related research and literature was conducted and revealed limited research efforts have been devoted to the impact on attitudes of extension professionals, 4-H the incorporation of an urban 4-H program into the traditional 4-H program. The first section of Chapter II included selected information on attitude change, cognitive models of attitude change and problems for research related to changing attitudes. The second section was devoted to studies relative to organizational change in the Cooperative Extension Service; incorporation infers growth and growth will cause change. The third section dealt with management and leadership behavior of extension professionals.Data for the study were obtained from six sources:(1) federal and state Extension Management Information System; (2) yearly 4-H summaries; (3) 1970 U.S. Census Records; (4) State 4-H Department records; (5) County 4-H Department records; and (6) a survey instrument administered to 4-H policy council members, 4-H adult leaders and extension professionals. The questionnaires consisted of thirty statements divided equally into three areas--policy, personnel and program relative to the Indiana 4-H program. Validation of the survey instrument was implemented and completed through appropriate field testing in a county in Indiana not selected for the study.The data were analyzed using a frequency of distribution for each group of the study population--4-H policy council members, 4-H adult leaders, and extension professionals in each of the three selected counties, as well as the three councils, leader groups and extension professionals. A frequency distribution was also developed for the total population sample of the study. Data obtained from the questionnaires were summarized and presented in narrative form. Tables were developed to report raw data.The respondents were in general agreement with six statements, and predominantly in disagreement with one statement. The statements in the survey instrument were divided into three sections: policy 1-10, personnel 11-20 and program 21-30. Eighty-five percent of the respondents agreed with the policy statements, 80 percent of the respondents agreed with the personnel statements and 84 percent of the respondents agreed with the program statements.