Les leishmanioses sont un ensemble de maladies causées par un parasite du genre Leishmania. L'augmentation des résistances aux traitements actuellement disponibles conduit à la nécessité de développer de nouvelles molécules antileishmaniennes. La GDP-MP, une enzyme indispensable à la virulence du parasite a été choisie comme cible thérapeutique. Dans la première partie de ce travail, des modèles de GDP-MP de L. donovani et de H. sapiens ont été construits par modélisation moléculaire en utilisant la construction par homologie de séquence puis la relaxation par dynamique moléculaire. La conception d'inhibiteurs assistée par l'évaluation par amarrage moléculaire de ces molécules a conduit à l'identification de nombreuses molécules potentiellement inhibitrices de la GDP-MP. Parmi ces molécules identifiées, certaines sont des analogues de GDP-Mannose présentant différents motifs de remplacement pour le pont pyrophosphate ainsi que pour la guanosine. Une autre classe de composés sont les analogues de GDP portant un motif bisphosphoré. Une étude méthodologique portant sur l'obtention de conjugués 1,4-triazoles par CuAAC sur des analogues de guanosine a été conduite, et a mis en évidence, l'efficacité de l'utilisation de nanoparticules de cuivre (I) formées in situ par réduction du sulfate de cuivre en solution aqueuse par de l'hydrate d'hydrazine pour la synthèse de ces composés. Cette méthode, en association avec la chimie des H-phosphonates, a permis, l'accès à une librairie de dérivés de GDP-Mannose. De cette manière, des analogues de guanosine et de quinoléines diversement substituées ont été synthétisés. Les composés obtenus ont été évalués sur les GDP-MP recombinantes ainsi que sur cultures de parasites. Certains des composés bisphosphonates présentent à la fois une bonne inhibition de la GDP-MP et une bonne activité antiparasitaire. Les expériences futures de cristallographie des protéines permettront d'élucider le mode de fixation de ces composés et d'orienter les pharmacomodulations futures des inhibiteurs identifiés. / Leishmaniasis is a set of disease caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania. The increased resistance to currently available treatments led to the need to develop new antileishmanial compounds. GDP-MP, an enzyme essential for the virulence of the parasite was chosen as a therapeutic target. In the first part of this work, GDP-MP models L. donovani and H. sapiens were constructed by molecular modeling using the method of sequence homology and molecular dynamics relaxation. The evaluation of inhibitors by molecular docking has led to the identification of many potential inhibitors of GDP-MP. Among these molecules identified, some are GDP-Mannose analogs having different substitution patterns for the pyrophosphate bridge and for guanosine. Another class of compounds is the analogues of GDP wearing bisphosphorus moiety. A methodological study for the synthesis of guanosine conjugated 1,4-triazoles analogs by CuAAC was conducted and showed the effectiveness of the use of copper nanoparticles (I), formed in situ by reduction of copper sulfate in aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate, for the synthesis of these compounds. This method in combination with the H-phosphonate chemistry, has allowed access to a library of derivatives of GDP-Mannose. In this way, guanosine analogs, and variously substituted quinolines were synthesized. The obtained compounds were evaluated on the recombinant GDP-MP as well as parasite cultures. Some bisphosphonate compounds have both a good inhibition of the GDP-MP and good antiparasitic activity. Future experiments of protein crystallography will elucidate the mode of binding of these compounds and will determine future pharmacomodulations on the identified inhibitors.

<p>In this thesis oxidative coupling of H-phosphonate and H phosphonothioate diesters with different alcohols and amines are presented. Since the reactions with alcohols previously have been particularly unfavourable due to competing side reactions, a modified protocol leading to high coupling yields of structurally diverse hydroxylic components was developed. The phosphorylation reaction was studied using ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and for the first time the previously only postulated reactive intermediate involved in these reactions was observed. </p><p>The use of iodine in combination with a bulky chlorosilane in pyridine was found to have a profound effect on both the suppression of side reactions and the rate of the oxidative couplings, and led to a clean formation of phosphorylated products in high yields. This synthetic protocol was then extended to include coupling reactions with bis-functional reagents containing hexamethylene linkers to provide handles for derivatisations of oligonucleotides.</p><p>A synthetic protocol consisting of the stereospecific oxidative coupling of amines with H-phosphonate diesters to produce phosphoroamidates was designed in such a way that it permitted control of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions.</p><p>Based on a silylation-mediated reaction utilising phenyl H phosphonothioate monoester as a thiophosphonyl transferring agent, a method was developed and used for the preparation of H-phosphonothioate building blocks for the synthesis of DNA analogues.</p>

<p>In this thesis, the chemistry of compounds containing P-Se bonds has been studied. As a new addition to this class of compounds, H-phosphonoselenoate monoesters, have been introduced and two synthetic pathways for their preparation have been developed.</p><p>The reactivity of H-phosphonoselenoate monoesters towards a variety of condensing agents has been studied. From these, efficient conditions for the synthesis of H-phosphonoselenoate diesters have been developed. The produced diesters have subsequently been used in oxidative transformations, which gave access to the corresponding P(V) compounds, <i>e.g</i>. dinucleoside phosphoroselenoates or dinucleoside phosphoroselenothioates.</p><p>Furthermore, a new selenizing agent, triphenyl phosphoroselenoate, has been developed for selenization of P(III) compounds. This reagent has high solubility in organic solvents and was found to convert phosphite triesters and H-phosphonate diesters efficiently into the corresponding phosphoroselenoate derivatives.</p><p>The selenization of P(III) compounds with triphenyl phosphoroselenoate proceeds through a selenium transfer reaction. A computational study was performed to gain insight into a mechanism for this reaction. The results indicate that the transfer of selenium or sulfur from P(V) to P(III) compounds proceeds most likely <i>via</i> an X-philic attack of the P(III) nucleophile on the chalcogen of the P(V) species. For the transfer of oxygen, the reaction may also proceed <i>via</i> an edge attack on the P=O bond.</p>

In this thesis oxidative coupling of H-phosphonate and H phosphonothioate diesters with different alcohols and amines are presented. Since the reactions with alcohols previously have been particularly unfavourable due to competing side reactions, a modified protocol leading to high coupling yields of structurally diverse hydroxylic components was developed. The phosphorylation reaction was studied using 31P NMR spectroscopy and for the first time the previously only postulated reactive intermediate involved in these reactions was observed. The use of iodine in combination with a bulky chlorosilane in pyridine was found to have a profound effect on both the suppression of side reactions and the rate of the oxidative couplings, and led to a clean formation of phosphorylated products in high yields. This synthetic protocol was then extended to include coupling reactions with bis-functional reagents containing hexamethylene linkers to provide handles for derivatisations of oligonucleotides. A synthetic protocol consisting of the stereospecific oxidative coupling of amines with H-phosphonate diesters to produce phosphoroamidates was designed in such a way that it permitted control of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions. Based on a silylation-mediated reaction utilising phenyl H phosphonothioate monoester as a thiophosphonyl transferring agent, a method was developed and used for the preparation of H-phosphonothioate building blocks for the synthesis of DNA analogues.

In this thesis, the chemistry of compounds containing P-Se bonds has been studied. As a new addition to this class of compounds, H-phosphonoselenoate monoesters, have been introduced and two synthetic pathways for their preparation have been developed. The reactivity of H-phosphonoselenoate monoesters towards a variety of condensing agents has been studied. From these, efficient conditions for the synthesis of H-phosphonoselenoate diesters have been developed. The produced diesters have subsequently been used in oxidative transformations, which gave access to the corresponding P(V) compounds, e.g. dinucleoside phosphoroselenoates or dinucleoside phosphoroselenothioates. Furthermore, a new selenizing agent, triphenyl phosphoroselenoate, has been developed for selenization of P(III) compounds. This reagent has high solubility in organic solvents and was found to convert phosphite triesters and H-phosphonate diesters efficiently into the corresponding phosphoroselenoate derivatives. The selenization of P(III) compounds with triphenyl phosphoroselenoate proceeds through a selenium transfer reaction. A computational study was performed to gain insight into a mechanism for this reaction. The results indicate that the transfer of selenium or sulfur from P(V) to P(III) compounds proceeds most likely via an X-philic attack of the P(III) nucleophile on the chalcogen of the P(V) species. For the transfer of oxygen, the reaction may also proceed via an edge attack on the P=O bond.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Realisierung mehrerer theoretischer Ansätze zur Synthese von Oligonucleotiden, die an gezielter Position mit der trans-{PtII(NH3)2}2+ - Spezies modifiziert sind. Es wurde ein Synthesebaustein "Pt-T" synthetisiert, der die direkte Einführung eines N3-platinierten Thymidins während der Oligonucleotidsynthese ermöglicht. Unter den Bedingungen der Standard - H-Phosphonat - Synthese werden bei Verwendung des synthetisierten platinierten Synthesebaustein "Pt-T" platinierte Oligonucleotide erhalten, die eine trans-[PtII(NH3)2Py(N3-T)]+ - Modifizierung enthalten. Mit Hilfe der Sanger - Sequenzierung konnte gezeigt werden, daß die an T angebundene trans-{PtII(NH3)2Py}2+ - Platinspezies T7 DNA Polymerase blockiert. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Spaltung der 5'-Phosphorsäurediesterbindung durch Schlangengift - Phosphodiesterase infolge dieser Platinmodifizierung deutlich langsamer abläuft. Durch Ersatz von Pyridin durch 1,6-Lutidin bleibt die Reaktionsfähigkeit der trans-Position am Platin erhalten. Durch geeignete Reaktionsbedingungen wurde das nach erfolgter Oligonucleotidsynthese an einem 4-mer gebundene Platin bifunktional an den selben Strang gebunden und so trans-[PtII(NH3)2{d(TTTG)-N3-T(2),N7-G(4)}]+, ein kurzes Oligonucleotid mit intrastrand-crosslink, synthetisiert. Die durchgeführte enzymatische Hydrolyse zeigt eine hohe Beständigkeit gegenüber dem Abbau mit Schlangengift - Phosphodiesterase und alkalischer Phosphatase. / This work describes the synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides, which are modified at a specific position with the trans-{PtII(NH3)2}2+ - species. A platinated monomer building block "Pt-T" has been synthesized separately prior to automated synthesis. Platin modified oligonucleotides were elongated by use of standard H-phosphonate chemistry. The use of the synthesized platinated building block "Pt-T" leads to platinated oligonucleotides with a trans-[PtII(NH3)2Py(N3-T)]+ - modification. The synthesized oligonucleotides have been subjected to sequencing by the Sanger - method and it could be shown, that this modification blocks T7 DNA polymerase. Furthermore it could be shown, that the cleavage of the 5'-phosphodiester bond by snake venom phosphodiesterase due to these modification runs down clearly more slowly. In consequence of substitution of pyridine by 2,6-lutidine the reactivity of the trans - position of the platinum remains received. After oligonucleotide synthesis the platinum became crosslinked, thus trans-[PtII(NH3)2{d(TTTG)-N3-T(2),N7-G(4)}]+, a short oligonucleotide with intrastrand-crosslink, was synthesized. The enzymatic hydrolysis showed a high constancy facing the degradation with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase.