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Hydrogen or syn gas production from glycerol using pyrolysis and steam gasification processesValliyappan, Thiruchitrambalam 04 January 2005
Glycerol is a waste by-product obtained during the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used to meet our energy requirements and also carbon dioxide emission is much lesser when compared to regular diesel fuel. Biodiesel and glycerol are produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils and fats with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. About 10 wt% of vegetable oil is converted into glycerol during the transesterification process. An increase in biodiesel production would decrease the world market price of glycerol. The objective of this work is to produce value added products such as hydrogen or syn gas and medium heating value gas from waste glycerol using pyrolysis and steam gasification processes. <p> Pyrolysis and steam gasification of glycerol reactions was carried out in an Inconel®, tubular, fixed bed down-flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. The effects of carrier gas flow rate (30mL/min-70mL/min), temperature (650oC-800oC) and different particle diameter of different packing material (quartz - 0.21-0.35mm to 3-4mm; silicon carbide 0.15 to 1mm; Ottawa sand 0.21-0.35mm to 1.0-1.15mm) on the product yield, product gas volume, composition and calorific value were studied for the pyrolysis reactions. An increase in carrier gas flow rate did not have a significant effect on syn gas production at 800oC with quartz chips diameter of 3-4mm. However, total gas yield increased from 65 to 72wt% and liquid yield decreased from 30.7 to 19.3wt% when carrier gas flow rate decreased from 70 to 30mL/min. An increase in
reaction temperature, increased the gas product yield from 27.5 to 68wt% and hydrogen yield from 17 to 48.6mol%. Also, syn gas production increased from 70 to 93 mol%. A change in particle size of the packing material had a significant increase in the gas yield and hydrogen gas composition. Therefore, pyrolysis reaction at 800oC, 50mL/min of nitrogen and quartz particle diameter of 0.21-0.35mm were optimum reaction parameter values that maximise the gas product yield (71wt%), hydrogen yield (55.4mol%), syn gas yield (93mol%) and volume of product gas (1.32L/g of glycerol). The net energy recovered at this condition was 111.18 kJ/mol of glycerol fed. However, the maximum heating value of product gas (21.35 MJ/m3) was obtained at 650oC, 50mL/min of nitrogen and with a quartz packing with particle diameter of 3-4mm. <p>The steam gasification of glycerol was carried out at 800oC, with two different packing materials (0.21-0.35mm diameter of quartz and 0.15mm of silicon carbide) by changing the steam to glycerol weight ratio from 0:100 to 50:50. The addition of steam to glycerol increased the hydrogen yield from 55.4 to 64mol% and volume of the product gas from 1.32L/g for pyrolysis to 1.71L/g of glycerol. When a steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50 used for the gasification reaction, the glycerol was completely converted to gas and char. Optimum conditions to maximize the volume of the product gas (1.71L/g), gas yield of 94wt% and hydrogen yield of 58mol% were 800oC, 0.21-0.35mm diameter of quartz as a packing material and steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50. Syn gas yield and calorific value of the product gas at this condition was 92mol% and 13.5MJ/m3, respectively. The net energy recovered at this condition was 117.19 kJ/mol of glycerol fed. <p>The steam gasification of crude glycerol was carried out at 800oC, quartz size of 0.21-0.35mm as a packing material over the range of steam to crude glycerol weight ratio from 7.5:92.5 to 50:50. Gasification reaction with steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50 was the optimum condition to produce high yield of product gas (91.1wt%), volume of gas (1.57L/g of glycerol and methanol), hydrogen (59.1mol%) and syn gas (79.1mol%). However, the calorific value of the product gas did not change significantly by increasing the steam to glycerol weight ratio.
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Hydrogen or syn gas production from glycerol using pyrolysis and steam gasification processesValliyappan, Thiruchitrambalam 04 January 2005 (has links)
Glycerol is a waste by-product obtained during the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used to meet our energy requirements and also carbon dioxide emission is much lesser when compared to regular diesel fuel. Biodiesel and glycerol are produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils and fats with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. About 10 wt% of vegetable oil is converted into glycerol during the transesterification process. An increase in biodiesel production would decrease the world market price of glycerol. The objective of this work is to produce value added products such as hydrogen or syn gas and medium heating value gas from waste glycerol using pyrolysis and steam gasification processes. <p> Pyrolysis and steam gasification of glycerol reactions was carried out in an Inconel®, tubular, fixed bed down-flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. The effects of carrier gas flow rate (30mL/min-70mL/min), temperature (650oC-800oC) and different particle diameter of different packing material (quartz - 0.21-0.35mm to 3-4mm; silicon carbide 0.15 to 1mm; Ottawa sand 0.21-0.35mm to 1.0-1.15mm) on the product yield, product gas volume, composition and calorific value were studied for the pyrolysis reactions. An increase in carrier gas flow rate did not have a significant effect on syn gas production at 800oC with quartz chips diameter of 3-4mm. However, total gas yield increased from 65 to 72wt% and liquid yield decreased from 30.7 to 19.3wt% when carrier gas flow rate decreased from 70 to 30mL/min. An increase in
reaction temperature, increased the gas product yield from 27.5 to 68wt% and hydrogen yield from 17 to 48.6mol%. Also, syn gas production increased from 70 to 93 mol%. A change in particle size of the packing material had a significant increase in the gas yield and hydrogen gas composition. Therefore, pyrolysis reaction at 800oC, 50mL/min of nitrogen and quartz particle diameter of 0.21-0.35mm were optimum reaction parameter values that maximise the gas product yield (71wt%), hydrogen yield (55.4mol%), syn gas yield (93mol%) and volume of product gas (1.32L/g of glycerol). The net energy recovered at this condition was 111.18 kJ/mol of glycerol fed. However, the maximum heating value of product gas (21.35 MJ/m3) was obtained at 650oC, 50mL/min of nitrogen and with a quartz packing with particle diameter of 3-4mm. <p>The steam gasification of glycerol was carried out at 800oC, with two different packing materials (0.21-0.35mm diameter of quartz and 0.15mm of silicon carbide) by changing the steam to glycerol weight ratio from 0:100 to 50:50. The addition of steam to glycerol increased the hydrogen yield from 55.4 to 64mol% and volume of the product gas from 1.32L/g for pyrolysis to 1.71L/g of glycerol. When a steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50 used for the gasification reaction, the glycerol was completely converted to gas and char. Optimum conditions to maximize the volume of the product gas (1.71L/g), gas yield of 94wt% and hydrogen yield of 58mol% were 800oC, 0.21-0.35mm diameter of quartz as a packing material and steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50. Syn gas yield and calorific value of the product gas at this condition was 92mol% and 13.5MJ/m3, respectively. The net energy recovered at this condition was 117.19 kJ/mol of glycerol fed. <p>The steam gasification of crude glycerol was carried out at 800oC, quartz size of 0.21-0.35mm as a packing material over the range of steam to crude glycerol weight ratio from 7.5:92.5 to 50:50. Gasification reaction with steam to glycerol weight ratio of 50:50 was the optimum condition to produce high yield of product gas (91.1wt%), volume of gas (1.57L/g of glycerol and methanol), hydrogen (59.1mol%) and syn gas (79.1mol%). However, the calorific value of the product gas did not change significantly by increasing the steam to glycerol weight ratio.
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Gasification of Low Ash Partially Composted Dairy Biomass with Enriched Air MixtureThanapal, Siva Sankar 2010 December 1900 (has links)
Biomass is one of the renewable and non-conventional energy sources and it includes municipal solid wastes and animal wastes in addition to agricultural residue. Concentrated animal feeding operations produce large quantities of cattle biomass which might result in land and water pollution if left untreated. Different methods are employed to extract the available energy from the cattle biomass (CB) which includes co-firing and gasification. There are two types of CB: Feedlot biomass (FB), animal waste from feedlots and dairy biomass (DB), animal waste from dairy farms. Experiments were performed in the part on gasification of both FB and DB. Earlier studies on gasification of DB with different steam-fuel ratios resulted in increased production of hydrogen. In the present study, dairy biomass was gasified in a medium with enriched oxygen percentage varying from 24% to 28%. The effect of enriched air mixture, equivalence ratio and steam-fuel ratio on the performance of gasifier was studied. Limited studies were done using a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen as the gasification medium and also a methodology was developed to determine the gasification efficiency based on mass and heat contents of gas. The results show that the peak temperature within the bed increases with increase in oxygen concentration in the gasification medium. Also carbon dioxide concentration in the mixture increases with corresponding decrease in carbon monoxide with increase in oxygen concentration of the incoming gasification medium. The peak temperature increased from 988°C to 1192°C as the oxygen concentration increased from 21% to 28% at ER=2.1. The upper limit on oxygen concentration is limited to 28% due to high peak temperature and resulting ash agglomeration. Higher heating value (HHV) of the gases decreases with increase in equivalence ratio. The gases produced using carbon dioxide and oxygen mixture had a higher HHV when compared to that of air and enriched air gasification. Typically the HHV of the gases increased from 2219 kJ/m³ to 3479 kJ/m³ when carbon dioxide and oxygen mixture is used for gasification instead of air at ER=4.2 in the absence of steam.
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Simulation of the sulphur iodine thermochemical cycle / Bothwell NyoniNyoni, Bothwell January 2011 (has links)
The demand for energy is increasing throughout the world, and fossil fuel resources are diminishing. At the same time, the use of fossil fuels is slowly being reduced because it pollutes
the environment. Research into alternative energy sources becomes necessary and important. An alternative fuel should not only replace fossil fuels but also address the environmental challenges
posed by the use of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly substance considering that its product of combustion is water. Hydrogen is perceived to be a major contender to replace
fossil fuels. Although hydrogen is not an energy source, it is an energy storage medium and a carrier which can be converted into electrical energy by an electrochemical process such as in fuel cell technology.
Current hydrogen production methods, such as steam reforming, derive hydrogen from fossil
fuels. As such, these methods still have a negative impact on the environment. Hydrogen can also be produced using thermochemical cycles which avoid the use of fossil fuels. The production of hydrogen through thermochemical cycles is expected to compete with the existing hydrogen production technologies. The sulphur iodine (SI) thermochemical cycle has been identified as a high-efficiency approach to produce hydrogen using either nuclear or solar power.
A sound foundation is required to enable future construction and operation of thermochemical cycles. The foundation should consist of laboratory to pilot scale evaluation of the process. The
activities involved are experimental verification of reactions, process modelling, conceptual design and pilot plant runs. Based on experimental and pilot plant data presented from previous research, this study presents the simulation of the sulphur iodine thermochemical cycle as applied to the South African context. A conceptual design is presented for the sulphur iodine
thermochemical cycle with the aid of a process simulator.
The low heating value (LHV) energy efficiency is 18% and an energy efficiency of 24% was achieved. The estimated hydrogen production cost was evaluated at $18/kg. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Simulation of the sulphur iodine thermochemical cycle / Bothwell NyoniNyoni, Bothwell January 2011 (has links)
The demand for energy is increasing throughout the world, and fossil fuel resources are diminishing. At the same time, the use of fossil fuels is slowly being reduced because it pollutes
the environment. Research into alternative energy sources becomes necessary and important. An alternative fuel should not only replace fossil fuels but also address the environmental challenges
posed by the use of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly substance considering that its product of combustion is water. Hydrogen is perceived to be a major contender to replace
fossil fuels. Although hydrogen is not an energy source, it is an energy storage medium and a carrier which can be converted into electrical energy by an electrochemical process such as in fuel cell technology.
Current hydrogen production methods, such as steam reforming, derive hydrogen from fossil
fuels. As such, these methods still have a negative impact on the environment. Hydrogen can also be produced using thermochemical cycles which avoid the use of fossil fuels. The production of hydrogen through thermochemical cycles is expected to compete with the existing hydrogen production technologies. The sulphur iodine (SI) thermochemical cycle has been identified as a high-efficiency approach to produce hydrogen using either nuclear or solar power.
A sound foundation is required to enable future construction and operation of thermochemical cycles. The foundation should consist of laboratory to pilot scale evaluation of the process. The
activities involved are experimental verification of reactions, process modelling, conceptual design and pilot plant runs. Based on experimental and pilot plant data presented from previous research, this study presents the simulation of the sulphur iodine thermochemical cycle as applied to the South African context. A conceptual design is presented for the sulphur iodine
thermochemical cycle with the aid of a process simulator.
The low heating value (LHV) energy efficiency is 18% and an energy efficiency of 24% was achieved. The estimated hydrogen production cost was evaluated at $18/kg. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Potenciál energetického využití odpadu pocházejícího ze sklizně a zpracování minoritních druhů Triticum L. pěstovaných v režimu ekologického zemědělství / The potential of energy use of waste from harvesting and processing of marginal species of Triticum grown under organic farming systemSEDLÁKOVÁ, Aneta January 2019 (has links)
Growing minority cereal crops, including spelt wheat, einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, has seen significant development in recent years, mainly due to the development of organic farming. In the processing of these cereals, the amount of waste material in the form of plows, chaff and spindles fragments, which account for 23-35% of the gross yield, can be used as a material for energy production through direct combustion. In this respect, the higher heating value (Qsr) and the lower heating value (Qu) of spelt wheat was achieved. Spelt wheat also produced the highest gross yield (26,41 GJ ha-1) and the highest amount of waste material (33,23 %).
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Spalné teplo čistírenských kalů / Higher Heating Value of Sewage SludgeMikluš, Michal January 2010 (has links)
The thesis is focused on problems of thermal treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment plants. The main objective is to establish a formula for calculating higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of sludge based on its chemical analysis. The work is divided into two main parts: The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of sludge, thermal treatment of sludge, it isn´t omitted higher heating value and lower heating value. The main topic of a practical part is formulation of eguations for HHV and LHV calculation. Chemical analysis of sludge samples were supplied by TÜV NORD Czech s.r.o., together with the values of HHV and LHV. The calculations were verified by the program MINITAB.
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POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DOMICILIARES DO MUNICÍPIO DE PONTA GROSSA, PR, BRASIL / Energy potential of household solid waste of Ponta Grossa city, PR, BrazilGomes, Simone 25 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A major challenge, present in most Brazilian cities, it is the sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW). The final disposal of this waste, the way they are, i.e., without undergoing any form of treatment, brings a lot of problems, not just environmental but also social and mainly economic, because occurs loss of feedstock and also waste of the energy on this residues. One way to reuse this energy and reducing environmental impacts is the treatment of solid waste using the technology of controlled incineration with energy recovery. In this study was evaluated the energy potential of MSW of the Ponta Grossa/PR city from the incineration technology, being performed for that, two collections, the first producing a
pattern residue and the second held at the municipal landfill. The dependent variables analyzed were the gravimetric characterization, proximate analysis and heating value. The gravimetric waste characterization of the second collection showed values close to the
national average for recyclable waste (30% and 31.9%, respectively), values below the national average for organic matter and above for the tailings. In the immediate analysis, the content of fixed carbon was 0.03 to 0.09 kg kg-1, the volatile material of the samples of
second collection ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 kg kg-1. And from the higher heating value of waste from both collections, 18,313 kJ kg-1 and 19,807 kJ kg-1, was estimated energy recovery. The electrical energy from MSW, in the current state, of the first collection would supply 51,534 homes in the city and the second collection, 55,500 residences. Considering the ideal scenario, with 100% of recycling, the energy recovered would still significant (18,199,095 MJ month-1), allowing the supply of 30,997 homes, 28% of the total households
of Ponta Grossa. / Um grande desafio, presente na maior parte dos municípios brasileiros, é a gestão sustentável dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD). A disposição final destes resíduos da forma como se apresentam, ou seja, sem passar por nenhuma forma de tratamento, traz inúmeros problemas, não só ambientais, mas também sociais e principalmente econômicos, pois ocorre desperdício de matéria-prima e também da energia contida nestes resíduos. Uma forma de
reaproveitamento desta energia e de redução dos impactos ambientais é o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos utilizando a tecnologia de incineração controlada com aproveitamento energético. Neste estudo foi avaliado o potencial energético dos RSD do município de Ponta
Grossa/PR a partir da tecnologia de incineração, sendo realizado para isso, duas coletas, a primeira produzindo um resíduo padrão e a segunda realizada no aterro do município. As variáveis dependentes analisadas foram a composição gravimétrica, análise imediata e o poder
calorífico. A caracterização gravimétrica dos resíduos da segunda coleta apresentaram valores próximos da média nacional para os resíduos recicláveis (30% e 31,9%, respectivamente), valores abaixo da média nacional para a matéria orgânica e acima para os rejeitos. Na análise
imediata, os conteúdos de carbono fixo foram de 0,03 a 0,09 kg kg-1, o de materiais voláteis das amostras da segunda coleta variaram de 0,75 a 0,81 kg kg-1 e o de cinzas de 0,10 a 0,18 kg kg-1. A partir do poder calorífico superior dos resíduos de ambas as coletas, 18.313 kJ kg-1 e 19.807 kJ kg-1, foi estimado a recuperação energética. A energia elétrica proveniente dos RSD, no estado atual, provenientes da primeira coleta abasteceria 51.134 residências do município e da segunda coleta, 55.500 residências. Considerando o cenário ideal, com 100% de reciclagem, a energia recuperada ainda seria significativa (18.199.095 MJ mês-1), permitindo o abastecimento de 30.997 residências, 28% do total de
residências do município de Ponta Grossa.
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Desempenho agroenergético, uso de água e de nutrientes por cana-de-açúcar cultivada na Chapada do Araripe / Agroenergetic performance, water use and nutrients by sugar cane cultivated in Chapada do Araripe.ALBUQUERQUE, Henrique Soares de 28 February 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Araripe Gypsum District is among the major consumers of firewood and coal of Pernambuco State Semiarid. This demand by energy has been partially contemplated to species extracted from the Caatinga biome. The use of biomass from sugarcane for energy purposes can be an alternative for sustainable development in the region. However, plant production in semi-arid depends on several factors, as the water supply, resistance of plants to water stress and the chemical management of soils, dystrophic often in the Chapada do Araripe soils. The gypsum produced in the region is a low-cost alternative to chemical soil management aiming to increase the access of water and nutrients to crops. Thus, objective of the research was to study the production of biomass for energy purposes by varieties of sugar cane grown in the Chapada do Araripe, and the impact of the application of gypsum in soils in the agronergetic potential of sugarcane in semi-arid environment. In this context, were tested three varieties of sugarcane: : RB867515, RB92579 e RB962962; cultivated in Chapada do Araripe distrophic soil, in the presence and absence of gypsum, in factorial arrangement (3x2) distributed in randomized blocks with four replications. The experiment was conducted during the period from 2010 to 2012, two consecutive cycles of of sugar cane growth, in Research Unit of Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, in Araripina city, Brazil. For this purpose, were made the determinations of the production of biomass and energy characteristics, such as fibre content, lignin and Higher heating value. Additionally, were determined the efficiency of water use by the varieties of sugarcane, and the extraction and nutrient use efficiency of varieties in the two growing cycles. The data were subjected to analysis of variance being the significant effects compared by Tukey mean test (p<0,05). The application of gypsum did not affect the agroenergetic performance of varieties cultivated in the semiarid. The varieties responded specifically and differently to water stress, declining, on average, the productivity by 38%, keeping the calorific value within the recommended range for bioenergetic material, around 17 MJ kg-1. The better relationship between productivity and calorific value was obtained by the variety RB962962. The application of gypsum provided, in the sugarcane, greater concentration and extraction of sulfur by varieties, as well as higher nitrogen extraction by the second cycle. / O pólo Gesseiro do Araripe está entre os grandes consumidores de lenha e carvão do semiárido de Pernambuco, demanda que tem sido atendida, em parte, por espécies vegetais extraídas da Caatinga. A utilização de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar para fins energéticos pode ser uma alternativa para desenvolvimento sustentável na região. Porém, a produção vegetal no semiárido depende de diversos fatores, como o suprimento de água, resistência das plantas ao estresse hídrico e o manejo químico dos solos, muitas vezes distróficos, como ocorre na Chapada do Araripe. O gesso produzido na região é uma alternativa de baixo custo para o manejo químico de solos visando aumentar o acesso das culturas a água e nutrientes. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a produção de biomassa para fins energéticos por variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas na Chapada do Araripe, e o impacto da gessagem de solos no potencial agroenergético de cana-de-açúcar em ambiente semiárido. Nesse contexto, foram testadas três variedades de cana-de-açúcar: RB867515, RB92579 e RB962962; em solo distrófico da chapada do Araripe na presença e ausência de gesso, em arranjo fatorial (3X2) distribuídos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2010 a 2012, considerando dois ciclos de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, no Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, em Araripina, Pernambuco. Para tanto, foram avaliadas a produção de biomassa e características energéticas, tais como teor de fibras, lignina e poder calorífico superior. Foram determinadas também a eficiência do uso da água pelas variedades de cana-deaçúcar, e a extração e a eficiência de uso de nutrientes das variedades nos dois ciclos de cultivo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância sendo os efeitos significativos comparados estatisticamente por teste de médias (p<0,05). A aplicação de gesso não afetou o desempenho agroenergético das variedades cultivadas no semiárido, tampouco a eficiência de uso da água pelas mesmas. As variedades responderam de modo específico e diferenciado ao estresse hídrico, diminuindo, em média, a produtividade em 38% na canasoca, mantendo o poder calorífico dentro da faixa recomendada para material bioenergético, em torno de 17 MJ kg-1. De modo geral, a variedade que teve melhor relação entre produtividade e poder calorífico superior foi a RB962962. A aplicação de gesso proporcionou, na cana-soca, maior concentração e extração de enxofre pelas variedades, bem como maior extração de nitrogênio no segundo ciclo.
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Bilance provozu energetického využití odpadu / Ballance of waste to energy processHejl, Matěj January 2011 (has links)
This diploma thesis considers different attitudes to evaluation of lower heating value of municipal solid waste as a main parameter of calculation of effectiveness incineration process. Modification of general relation is done to calculate lower heating value by using methodology BREF/BAT for real plant. The next step is evaluation of lower heating value within measured data. Following part of this thesis is focused on establishing thermal efficiency of incineration boiler by using direct, indirect and “modified” indirect methods and statistical analyses of them. Analysis of important quantities, which enters the calculation of thermal efficiency, is realized. The establishment of measurement error in measuring these main parameters is done as well.
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