Danos em biomoléculas podem ocorrer a partir de uma interação direta entre as biomoléculas e espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio como também, pela reação de produtos secundários dessas espécies como eletrófilos gerados na peroxidação lipídica. Alguns desses produtos secundários possuem estabilidade química maior que as espécies reativas das quais foram derivadas e podem se ligar covalentemente as biomoléculas comprometendo o funcionamento normal das mesmas. Portanto, modificações em proteínas por aldeídos gerados na lipoperoxidação têm sido investigadas por suas implicações com desordens patológicas relacionadas à agregação proteica, e modificações em diversas vias de sinalização amplificando os efeitos deletérios em sistemas biológicos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foi contribuir na elucidação dos mecanismos moleculares associados ao desenvolvimento da esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) através da identificação, caracterização e quantificação de modificações póstraducionais em proteínas pelos aldeídos 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e trans-4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE) in vitro (citocromo c) e in vivo (modelo ELA) a partir de técnicas de Western blot, imunoprecipitação e espectrometria de massa com abordagem proteômica de \"shotgun\" em ratosSOD1G93A modelo de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA). Estudos com citocromo c mostraram a ligação dos aldeídos ao citocromo c e mecanismos de reação foram propostos. Foram encontrados seis peptídeos modificados por HHE e um para o HNE, e o peptídeo TGPNLHGLFGR se mostrou modificado pelos dois aldeídos paralelamente. Foi demonstrado que a histidina 33 é um \"hot spot\" frente as adições pelos aldeídos. Nas análises por western blot das proteínas ligadas a aldeídos foi possível observar uma tendência de aumento na concentração de proteínas ligadas ao HNE nos animais ELA, mais acentuada nas amostras de 70 dias comparadas ao controle. Com relação aos resultados obtidos com HHE tanto os animais pré-sintomáticos quanto os sintomáticos não apresentaram diferenças de HHE-proteína, tantonos controles quanto nos animais ELA. Nas amostras dos animais sintomáticos não detectamos diferença significativa na concentração de aldeído-proteína entre os grupos. Já as análises proteômicas revelaram 24 proteínas diferencialmente expressas, com destaque para proteínas com os maiores valores de significância (p-value), como a ubiquitina no grupo dos pré- sintomáticos e a neurogranina, no grupo dos animais sintomáticos e várias proteínas de metabolismo energético, de neurofilamentos, proteínas de processos redox e proteínas ligadas o metabolismo de cálcio (fundamentais na fisiopatologia em ELA). Algumas proteínas importantes foram encontradas com exclusividades nos grupos pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos pelo diagrama de Venn. Com relação a proteínas modificadas pelos aldeídos, foram encontradas algumas relevantes como a proteína 2 de interação com a polimerase delta que foi modificada por HNE via adição de Michael encontrada nos animais ELA pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos, a catalase que foi encontrada modificada por HNE via base de Schiff apenas nos ELA pré- sintomáticos, e a tiol redutase induzível por interferon gama no grupo dos animais ELA sintomáticos. Com relação a proteínas modificadas por HHE, foram encontradas a Janus quinase e proteína 3 de interação com microtúbulo, modificadas tanto por adição de Michael quanto via base de Schiff nos animais ELA sintomáticos. É interessante ressaltar que algumas modificações encontradas em proteínas não caracterizadas podem indicar proteínas novas ainda não descritas como modificadas por esses aldeídos. Os resultados mostram que algumas das proteínas modificadas por HNE e HHE encontradas neste trabalho, estão relacionadas ao estresse redox, vias metabólicas energéticas, proteínas envolvidas na resposta a danos oxidativos, e processos inflamatórios. Tais modificações ocorrem não só no modelo de neurodegeneração, mas foram previamente descritas em outros processos patológicos, como doença cardiovascular, lesão hepática por uso crônico de álcool. / Damage to biomolecules can occur from a direct interaction between biomolecules and reactive of oxygen and nitrogen species as well as from the reaction of secondary products of these species as electrophiles generated in lipid peroxidation. Some of these by-products have greater chemical stability than the derived reactive species and can bind to biomolecules compromising their normal function. Therefore, protein modifications by aldehydes generated during lipoperoxidation have been investigated for their implications with pathological disorders related to protein aggregation and modifications in signaling pathways amplifying the deleterious effects in biological systems. The aim of this work was to contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through the identification, characterization and quantification of posttranslational modifications in proteins by 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and trans-4-hydroxy-2- nonenal (HNE) in vitro, cytochrome c, and in vivo, rat model (SOD1G93A) of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), throught Western blot techniques, and mass spectrometry with shotgun proteomics approach. The results showed the binding of aldehydes to cytochrome c. Six peptides were modified by HHE and one by HNE. The peptide TGPNLHGLFGR was modified by the two aldehydes. Histidine 33 has been shown to be a hot spot against aldehydes additions. By western blot analysis of the aldehyde-bound proteins, it was possible to observe a tendency of increase in the concentration of HNE-bound proteins in the ALS animals, more pronounced in the samples of 70 days compared to control samples. Regarding the results obtained with HHE, both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic animals did not show HHE-protein differences, both in controls and in ALS animals. We did not detect a significant difference in the aldehyde-protein concentration between the groups in the samples of the symptomatic animals. Proteomic analysis revealed 24 differentially expressed proteins, with emphasis on proteins with thehighest values of significance (p-value), such as the ubiquitin in the pre-symptomatic group and neurogranin in the group of the symptomatic animals and several proteins of the energetic metabolism pathways, neurofilaments, proteins of redox processes and proteins linked to calcium metabolism (fundamental in the pathophysiology of ALS). Some important proteins were found exclusivity in the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic groups by the Venn diagram. With regard to aldehyde-modified proteins, some relevant ones such as Delta-2 polymerase interaction protein, that was modified by HNE via the addition of Michael found in presymptomatic and symptomatic ELA animals, catalase that was found to be modified by HNE via Schiff\'s base only in pre-symptomatic ALS, and gamma interferon-inducible thiol reductase in the group of symptomatic ALS animals. Janus kinase and microtubule interaction protein 3, were found to be modified by Michael addition and Schiff base pathway respectively in symptomatic ALS animals. It is interesting to note that some modifications found in uncharacterized proteins may indicate new proteins not yet described as modified by these aldehydes. The results show that some of the proteins modified by HNE and HHE found in this work are related to redox stress, energetic metabolic pathways, proteins involved in the response to oxidative damage, and inflammatory processes. Such modifications occur not only in the neurodegeneration model, but were previously described in other pathological processes, such as cardiovascular disease, liver injury due to chronic alcohol use

A lipoperoxidação gera diversas espécies carbonílicas altamente reativas dentre as quais se destacam acroleína (ACR), malondialdeído (MDA), 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE). A principal via endógena de metabolização desses compostos é através de conjugação com glutationa por ação da glutationa-S-tranferase. Contudo, diversos trabalhos têm mostrado que dipeptídeos contendo histidina, tal como a carnosina (CAR), também podem formar conjugados com aldeídos e auxiliar na detoxificação desses compostos. Em nosso trabalho adutos de CAR com ACR, HHE, HHEd5, HNE e HNEd11 foram sintetizados, purificados e caracterizados. A reação da CAR com ACR foi estudada em detalhes. Resultados mostraram que a carnosina reage com acroleína formando 03 produtos principais: m/z = 265, m/z = 283 e m/z = 303, sendo este último mais estável e mais abundante. Dados de RMN H1, COSY e HSQC permitiram elucidar a estrutura dessa molécula (m/z = 303) e propor uma rota de reação. Em seguida, uma metodologia baseada em cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas do tipo \"Ion Trap\" (ESI+ HPLC/MS-MS) foi desenvolvida e validada para quantificação simultânea dos adutos sintetizados. Pelo método desenvolvido é possível quantificar com precisão 25 pmol de CAR-HHE, 1 pmol de CAR-ACR e 1 pmol de CAR-HNE com um coeficiente de variação de aproximadamente 10 % e acurácia de 98 % (HHEd5 e HNEd11 foram usados como padrão interno). Análise em urina de adultos não fumantes mostraram que os produtos sintetizados estão presentes na urina de humanos em concentrações de 3,6 ± 1,4; 2,3 ± 1,5 e 1,3 ± 0,5 nmol / mg de creatinina, respectivamente para CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE e CAR-HNE. Em ratos transgênicos SODG93A modelo para esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA), a suplementação da dieta dos animais com 35 ± 5 mg carnosina/animal/semana melhorou a manutenção do peso e a sobrevida dos animais. Análises dos adutos sintetizados em amostras de músculo sugerem que a metabolização de aldeídos esteja comprometida nesses animais e que a carnosina poderia funcionar como \"scavenger\" para esses compostos. Esses resultados comprovam que dipeptídeos de histidina atuam na detoxificação de compostos carbonílicos e participa de suas vias de excreção. Além disso, a caracterização da estrutura e desenvolvimento de método sensível de detecção abre a possibilidade de utilização desses adutos como biomarcadores de estresse redox e exposição a aldeídos. / Lipid peroxidation generates reactive carbonyl species, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), acrolein (ACR), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). One major pathway of aldehyde detoxification in vivo is through conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferases or, alternatively, by conjugation with endogenous histidine containing dipeptides, such as carnosine (CAR). The reaction of CAR with ACR was investigated in an effort to assess its possible biological role. One stable adduct was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic measurements. The proposed reaction route for product formation involves the reaction of the CAR amino group with ACR via a Schiff base formation followed by dehydration and cyclization through Michael addition in the imidazole ring forming an instable compound with m/z = 265. The subsequent reaction with another molecule of ACR followed by cyclization gives rise to the final product with m/z = 303.A highly sensitive method involving HPLC-MS analysis was developed for the simultaneous accurate quantification of CAR- ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE adducts in human urinary samples from non-smoking adults. This methodology permits quantification of 10 pmol CAR-HHE and 1 pmol of CAR-ACR and CAR-HNE. Adduct levels in urine were 3.6 ± 1.4, 2.3 ± 1.5, 1.3 ± 0.5 nmol/mg of creatinine, respectively to CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE. In SODG93A transgenic rats model to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the food supplementation of the animals with 35 ± 5 mg carnosine/animal/week improve de body weight and the life span of the ALS treated group. Analysis of the synthesized adducts in muscle sample showed suggest than aldehyde metabolization is compromised in this animals and that may be carnosine work like a scavenger for these compounds. Our results indicate that carnosine adduction can be an important detoxification route of α,β -unsaturated aldehydes. Moreover, carnosine adducts quantification may be useful as redox stress indicator in vivo.

A lipoperoxidação gera diversas espécies carbonílicas altamente reativas dentre as quais se destacam acroleína (ACR), malondialdeído (MDA), 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE). A principal via endógena de metabolização desses compostos é através de conjugação com glutationa por ação da glutationa-S-tranferase. Contudo, diversos trabalhos têm mostrado que dipeptídeos contendo histidina, tal como a carnosina (CAR), também podem formar conjugados com aldeídos e auxiliar na detoxificação desses compostos. Em nosso trabalho adutos de CAR com ACR, HHE, HHEd5, HNE e HNEd11 foram sintetizados, purificados e caracterizados. A reação da CAR com ACR foi estudada em detalhes. Resultados mostraram que a carnosina reage com acroleína formando 03 produtos principais: m/z = 265, m/z = 283 e m/z = 303, sendo este último mais estável e mais abundante. Dados de RMN H1, COSY e HSQC permitiram elucidar a estrutura dessa molécula (m/z = 303) e propor uma rota de reação. Em seguida, uma metodologia baseada em cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas do tipo \"Ion Trap\" (ESI+ HPLC/MS-MS) foi desenvolvida e validada para quantificação simultânea dos adutos sintetizados. Pelo método desenvolvido é possível quantificar com precisão 25 pmol de CAR-HHE, 1 pmol de CAR-ACR e 1 pmol de CAR-HNE com um coeficiente de variação de aproximadamente 10 % e acurácia de 98 % (HHEd5 e HNEd11 foram usados como padrão interno). Análise em urina de adultos não fumantes mostraram que os produtos sintetizados estão presentes na urina de humanos em concentrações de 3,6 ± 1,4; 2,3 ± 1,5 e 1,3 ± 0,5 nmol / mg de creatinina, respectivamente para CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE e CAR-HNE. Em ratos transgênicos SODG93A modelo para esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA), a suplementação da dieta dos animais com 35 ± 5 mg carnosina/animal/semana melhorou a manutenção do peso e a sobrevida dos animais. Análises dos adutos sintetizados em amostras de músculo sugerem que a metabolização de aldeídos esteja comprometida nesses animais e que a carnosina poderia funcionar como \"scavenger\" para esses compostos. Esses resultados comprovam que dipeptídeos de histidina atuam na detoxificação de compostos carbonílicos e participa de suas vias de excreção. Além disso, a caracterização da estrutura e desenvolvimento de método sensível de detecção abre a possibilidade de utilização desses adutos como biomarcadores de estresse redox e exposição a aldeídos. / Lipid peroxidation generates reactive carbonyl species, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), acrolein (ACR), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). One major pathway of aldehyde detoxification in vivo is through conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferases or, alternatively, by conjugation with endogenous histidine containing dipeptides, such as carnosine (CAR). The reaction of CAR with ACR was investigated in an effort to assess its possible biological role. One stable adduct was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic measurements. The proposed reaction route for product formation involves the reaction of the CAR amino group with ACR via a Schiff base formation followed by dehydration and cyclization through Michael addition in the imidazole ring forming an instable compound with m/z = 265. The subsequent reaction with another molecule of ACR followed by cyclization gives rise to the final product with m/z = 303.A highly sensitive method involving HPLC-MS analysis was developed for the simultaneous accurate quantification of CAR- ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE adducts in human urinary samples from non-smoking adults. This methodology permits quantification of 10 pmol CAR-HHE and 1 pmol of CAR-ACR and CAR-HNE. Adduct levels in urine were 3.6 ± 1.4, 2.3 ± 1.5, 1.3 ± 0.5 nmol/mg of creatinine, respectively to CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE. In SODG93A transgenic rats model to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the food supplementation of the animals with 35 ± 5 mg carnosine/animal/week improve de body weight and the life span of the ALS treated group. Analysis of the synthesized adducts in muscle sample showed suggest than aldehyde metabolization is compromised in this animals and that may be carnosine work like a scavenger for these compounds. Our results indicate that carnosine adduction can be an important detoxification route of α,β -unsaturated aldehydes. Moreover, carnosine adducts quantification may be useful as redox stress indicator in vivo.

Danos em biomoléculas podem ocorrer a partir de uma interação direta entre as biomoléculas e espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio como também, pela reação de produtos secundários dessas espécies como eletrófilos gerados na peroxidação lipídica. Alguns desses produtos secundários possuem estabilidade química maior que as espécies reativas das quais foram derivadas e podem se ligar covalentemente as biomoléculas comprometendo o funcionamento normal das mesmas. Portanto, modificações em proteínas por aldeídos gerados na lipoperoxidação têm sido investigadas por suas implicações com desordens patológicas relacionadas à agregação proteica, e modificações em diversas vias de sinalização amplificando os efeitos deletérios em sistemas biológicos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foi contribuir na elucidação dos mecanismos moleculares associados ao desenvolvimento da esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) através da identificação, caracterização e quantificação de modificações póstraducionais em proteínas pelos aldeídos 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e trans-4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE) in vitro (citocromo c) e in vivo (modelo ELA) a partir de técnicas de Western blot, imunoprecipitação e espectrometria de massa com abordagem proteômica de \"shotgun\" em ratosSOD1G93A modelo de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA). Estudos com citocromo c mostraram a ligação dos aldeídos ao citocromo c e mecanismos de reação foram propostos. Foram encontrados seis peptídeos modificados por HHE e um para o HNE, e o peptídeo TGPNLHGLFGR se mostrou modificado pelos dois aldeídos paralelamente. Foi demonstrado que a histidina 33 é um \"hot spot\" frente as adições pelos aldeídos. Nas análises por western blot das proteínas ligadas a aldeídos foi possível observar uma tendência de aumento na concentração de proteínas ligadas ao HNE nos animais ELA, mais acentuada nas amostras de 70 dias comparadas ao controle. Com relação aos resultados obtidos com HHE tanto os animais pré-sintomáticos quanto os sintomáticos não apresentaram diferenças de HHE-proteína, tantonos controles quanto nos animais ELA. Nas amostras dos animais sintomáticos não detectamos diferença significativa na concentração de aldeído-proteína entre os grupos. Já as análises proteômicas revelaram 24 proteínas diferencialmente expressas, com destaque para proteínas com os maiores valores de significância (p-value), como a ubiquitina no grupo dos pré- sintomáticos e a neurogranina, no grupo dos animais sintomáticos e várias proteínas de metabolismo energético, de neurofilamentos, proteínas de processos redox e proteínas ligadas o metabolismo de cálcio (fundamentais na fisiopatologia em ELA). Algumas proteínas importantes foram encontradas com exclusividades nos grupos pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos pelo diagrama de Venn. Com relação a proteínas modificadas pelos aldeídos, foram encontradas algumas relevantes como a proteína 2 de interação com a polimerase delta que foi modificada por HNE via adição de Michael encontrada nos animais ELA pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos, a catalase que foi encontrada modificada por HNE via base de Schiff apenas nos ELA pré- sintomáticos, e a tiol redutase induzível por interferon gama no grupo dos animais ELA sintomáticos. Com relação a proteínas modificadas por HHE, foram encontradas a Janus quinase e proteína 3 de interação com microtúbulo, modificadas tanto por adição de Michael quanto via base de Schiff nos animais ELA sintomáticos. É interessante ressaltar que algumas modificações encontradas em proteínas não caracterizadas podem indicar proteínas novas ainda não descritas como modificadas por esses aldeídos. Os resultados mostram que algumas das proteínas modificadas por HNE e HHE encontradas neste trabalho, estão relacionadas ao estresse redox, vias metabólicas energéticas, proteínas envolvidas na resposta a danos oxidativos, e processos inflamatórios. Tais modificações ocorrem não só no modelo de neurodegeneração, mas foram previamente descritas em outros processos patológicos, como doença cardiovascular, lesão hepática por uso crônico de álcool. / Damage to biomolecules can occur from a direct interaction between biomolecules and reactive of oxygen and nitrogen species as well as from the reaction of secondary products of these species as electrophiles generated in lipid peroxidation. Some of these by-products have greater chemical stability than the derived reactive species and can bind to biomolecules compromising their normal function. Therefore, protein modifications by aldehydes generated during lipoperoxidation have been investigated for their implications with pathological disorders related to protein aggregation and modifications in signaling pathways amplifying the deleterious effects in biological systems. The aim of this work was to contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through the identification, characterization and quantification of posttranslational modifications in proteins by 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and trans-4-hydroxy-2- nonenal (HNE) in vitro, cytochrome c, and in vivo, rat model (SOD1G93A) of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), throught Western blot techniques, and mass spectrometry with shotgun proteomics approach. The results showed the binding of aldehydes to cytochrome c. Six peptides were modified by HHE and one by HNE. The peptide TGPNLHGLFGR was modified by the two aldehydes. Histidine 33 has been shown to be a hot spot against aldehydes additions. By western blot analysis of the aldehyde-bound proteins, it was possible to observe a tendency of increase in the concentration of HNE-bound proteins in the ALS animals, more pronounced in the samples of 70 days compared to control samples. Regarding the results obtained with HHE, both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic animals did not show HHE-protein differences, both in controls and in ALS animals. We did not detect a significant difference in the aldehyde-protein concentration between the groups in the samples of the symptomatic animals. Proteomic analysis revealed 24 differentially expressed proteins, with emphasis on proteins with thehighest values of significance (p-value), such as the ubiquitin in the pre-symptomatic group and neurogranin in the group of the symptomatic animals and several proteins of the energetic metabolism pathways, neurofilaments, proteins of redox processes and proteins linked to calcium metabolism (fundamental in the pathophysiology of ALS). Some important proteins were found exclusivity in the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic groups by the Venn diagram. With regard to aldehyde-modified proteins, some relevant ones such as Delta-2 polymerase interaction protein, that was modified by HNE via the addition of Michael found in presymptomatic and symptomatic ELA animals, catalase that was found to be modified by HNE via Schiff\'s base only in pre-symptomatic ALS, and gamma interferon-inducible thiol reductase in the group of symptomatic ALS animals. Janus kinase and microtubule interaction protein 3, were found to be modified by Michael addition and Schiff base pathway respectively in symptomatic ALS animals. It is interesting to note that some modifications found in uncharacterized proteins may indicate new proteins not yet described as modified by these aldehydes. The results show that some of the proteins modified by HNE and HHE found in this work are related to redox stress, energetic metabolic pathways, proteins involved in the response to oxidative damage, and inflammatory processes. Such modifications occur not only in the neurodegeneration model, but were previously described in other pathological processes, such as cardiovascular disease, liver injury due to chronic alcohol use

Les aliments riches en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) à longue chaîne (LC) de la série n-3 sont recommandés pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur la santé humaine et en particulier dans la prevention du développement des maladies métaboliques. Or, la biodisponibilité de ces AGPI et leur impact métabolique pourraient être modulés par la nature chimique des molécules qui les véhiculent dans les aliments (triacylglycérols, TG ou phospholipides, PL). De plus, ces AGPI sont sensibles à la peroxydation lipidique. S’ils ne sont pas protégés de l’oxydation, ils peuvent former des espèces réactives toxiques comme le 4-hydroxy-hexénal (4-HHE). Dans ce contexte, le but de notre étude a été d’évaluer l’impact de l’enrichissement de régimes hyperlipidiques en AGPI n-3 (i) portés par des TG ou des PL et (ii) sous forme non-oxydée ou oxydée, sur l’inflammation et le stress oxydant métaboliques et d’en comprendre certains mécanismes liés à l’absorption intestinale et la réactivité du 4-HHE. D’une part, notre étude a confirmé que la consommation d’AGPI-LC n-3 empêche l’induction du stress oxydant et de l’inflammation lors d’un régime hyperlipidique chez la souris. Cependant, par rapport aux TG, les PL vecteurs d’AGPI n-3 permettent de réduire la taille des adipocytes et de stimuler le système antioxydant. D’autre part, notre étude a montré que la consommation d’AGPI n-3 oxydés de manière modérée aboutit à une élévation des concentrations plasmatiques de 4-HHE et des marqueurs inflammatoires. De plus, une activation des voies inflammatoires ainsi que du stress du réticulum endoplasmique ont été détectées au niveau de l’intestin grêle. Nos résultats in vivo et in vitro sur cellules intestinales Caco-2/TC7 indiquent que cela peut être dû en partie à une absorption au niveau intestinal du 4-HHE, produit d’oxydations des AGPI n-3. Dans le contexte du développement des aliments contenant des AGPI-LC n-3, nos résultats contribuent à identifier les structures vectrices de ces acides gras les plus efficaces du point de vue métabolique. En santé publique et en pratique clinique, nos résultats constituent une nouvelle base de réflexion pour la mise en place de bonnes pratiques de production et de conservation des aliments et des compléments nutritionnels enrichis en AGPI-LC n-3 pour éviter leur oxydation et ses possibles effets délétères. / Dietary intake of n-3 long chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recommended for their beneficial effects on human health, especially to prevent the development of metabolic diseases. However, the bioavailability of these PUFAs and their metabolic impact could be modulated by their chemical carriers (triacylglycerols, TG or phospholipids, PL). In addition, these PUFA are susceptible to lipid peroxidation. If they are not protected from oxidation, they can form toxic reactive species such as 4-hydroxy-hexenal (4-HHE). In this context, the aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of enriching high-fat diets with n-3 PUFA (i) bound to TG or PL and (ii) in unoxidized or oxidized form on the generation of inflammation and oxidative stress, and to understand some underlying mechanisms associated with intestinal absorption and reactivity of 4-HHE. On the one hand, our study confirmed in mice that the consumption of n-3 PUFA protects against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by high-fat diets. However, compared to TG, n-3 PUFA in the form of PL reduce the size of adipocytes and stimulate the antioxidant system. On the other hand, our study showed that the consumption of moderately oxidized n-3 PUFA results in increased plasma concentrations of 4-HHE and of inflammatory markers. In addition, activation of inflammatory pathways as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress were detected in the small intestine. Our results in vivo and in vitro, using intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells, indicate that this can be partly due to the intestinal absorption of the end-product of n-3 PUFA oxidation, 4-HHE. In the context of the development of foods containing LC n-3 PUFA, our results contribute to identify the most effective PUFA carriers on a metabolic standpoint. Regarding public health and clinical practice, our results provide new basis for the set up of best practices regarding production and storage of food and supplements enriched with LC n-3 PUFA to avoid their lipid oxidation and its possible deleterious effects.

La physiopathologie du diabète de type II se caractérise par de sévères anomaliesmétaboliques telles que l’hyperglycémie et les dyslipidémies contribuant au développementdes maladies cardiovasculaires. Une altération de l’activité de l’AMPK dans les tissus tels quele muscle squelettique et le foie est associée à ces désordres métaboliques alors que sonactivation pharmacologique permet de les rétablir. Toutefois, le complexe hétérotrimériqueαβγ tissu-spécifique de l’AMPK confère une régulation et des rôles distincts qui demeurentinexplorés dans l’intestin, un organe favorisant pourtant l’augmentation de l’absorption desnutriments en situation de diabète de type II. La présente étude démontre une prépondérancedu complexe α1β2γ1 de l’AMPK dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2 dont l’un des rôles de lasous-unité α1 est de réguler l’ACC, l’enzyme de synthèse des acides gras. Contrairement àl’AMPK exprimée dans le foie, elle ne régule pas l’HMG-CoA Réductase impliquée dans lasynthèse du cholestérol. L’activation de l’AMPK mime l’effet de l’insuline en réduisantl’absorption intestinale du glucose et des lipides alors que son altération en situationd’insulino-résistance (e.g : induite par le 4-HHE dans un modèle cellulaire Caco-2 ou induitepar la diète dans le modèle animal Psammomys obesus) favorise l’absorption du glucose etdes lipides, ce qui exacerberait l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie postprandiale associées audiabète de type II. L’AMPK au niveau intestinal constitue donc une cible thérapeutiquepotentielle complémentaire pour la prévention et le traitement du diabète de type II. / Physiopathology of type II Diabetes is characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities suchas hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia also implicated in development of cardiovasculardiseases. Impaired AMPK activity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver is associatedwith these metabolic disorders whereas its pharmacologic activation is able to restore suchabnormalities. Nevertheless, tissue-specific heterotrimeric αβγ AMPK likely confers distinctroles and regulation that remain unexplored in intestine, an organ promoting enhancednutrients absorption in type II diabetes situation. This study demonstrates α1β2γ1 AMPKcomplex preponderance in intestinal Caco-2 cells whose α1 subunit role is to regulate ACCenzyme responsible of fatty acid synthesis. Unlike in the liver, AMPK doesn’t regulate HMGCoAreductase enzyme implicated in cholesterol synthesis. AMPK activation mimics insulineffect by reducing intestinal glucose and lipids absorption whereas its alteration in insulinresistancesituation (e.g.: induced by 4-HHE in Caco-2 cell model or in Psammomys obesusanimal model) enhances glucose and lipids absorption which could exacerbate postprandialhyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated to type II diabetes. Thus, AMPK at the intestinallevel could be a potential therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of type II diabetes

Les aliments riches en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) à longue chaîne (LC) de la série n-3 sont recommandés pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur la santé humaine et en particulier dans la prevention du développement des maladies métaboliques. Or, la biodisponibilité de ces AGPI et leur impact métabolique pourraient être modulés par la nature chimique des molécules qui les véhiculent dans les aliments (triacylglycérols, TG ou phospholipides, PL). De plus, ces AGPI sont sensibles à la peroxydation lipidique. S'ils ne sont pas protégés de l'oxydation, ils peuvent former des espèces réactives toxiques comme le 4-hydroxy-hexénal (4-HHE). Dans ce contexte, le but de notre étude a été d'évaluer l'impact de l'enrichissement de régimes hyperlipidiques en AGPI n-3 (i) portés par des TG ou des PL et (ii) sous forme non-oxydée ou oxydée, sur l'inflammation et le stress oxydant métaboliques et d'en comprendre certains mécanismes liés à l'absorption intestinale et la réactivité du 4-HHE. D'une part, notre étude a confirmé que la consommation d'AGPI-LC n-3 empêche l'induction du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation lors d'un régime hyperlipidique chez la souris. Cependant, par rapport aux TG, les PL vecteurs d'AGPI n-3 permettent de réduire la taille des adipocytes et de stimuler le système antioxydant. D'autre part, notre étude a montré que la consommation d'AGPI n-3 oxydés de manière modérée aboutit à une élévation des concentrations plasmatiques de 4-HHE et des marqueurs inflammatoires. De plus, une activation des voies inflammatoires ainsi que du stress du réticulum endoplasmique ont été détectées au niveau de l'intestin grêle. Nos résultats in vivo et in vitro sur cellules intestinales Caco-2/TC7 indiquent que cela peut être dû en partie à une absorption au niveau intestinal du 4-HHE, produit d'oxydations des AGPI n-3. Dans le contexte du développement des aliments contenant des AGPI-LC n-3, nos résultats contribuent à identifier les structures vectrices de ces acides gras les plus efficaces du point de vue métabolique. En santé publique et en pratique clinique, nos résultats constituent une nouvelle base de réflexion pour la mise en place de bonnes pratiques de production et de conservation des aliments et des compléments nutritionnels enrichis en AGPI-LC n-3 pour éviter leur oxydation et ses possibles effets délétères.

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réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 / La physiopathologie du diabète de type II se caractérise par de sévères anomalies métaboliques telles que l’hyperglycémie et les dyslipidémies contribuant au développement des maladies cardiovasculaires. Une altération de l’activité de l’AMPK dans les tissus tels que le muscle squelettique et le foie est associée à ces désordres métaboliques alors que son activation pharmacologique permet de les rétablir. Toutefois, le complexe hétérotrimérique αβγ tissu-spécifique de l’AMPK confère une régulation et des rôles distincts qui demeurent inexplorés dans l’intestin, un organe favorisant pourtant l’augmentation de l’absorption des nutriments en situation de diabète de type II. La présente étude démontre une prépondérance du complexe α1β2γ1 de l’AMPK dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2 dont l’un des rôles de la sous-unité α1 est de réguler l’ACC, l’enzyme de synthèse des acides gras. Contrairement à l’AMPK exprimée dans le foie, elle ne régule pas l’HMG-CoA Réductase impliquée dans la synthèse du cholestérol. L’activation de l’AMPK mime l’effet de l’insuline en réduisant l’absorption intestinale du glucose et des lipides alors que son altération en situation d’insulino-résistance (e.g : induite par le 4-HHE dans un modèle cellulaire Caco-2 ou induite par la diète dans le modèle animal Psammomys obesus) favorise l’absorption du glucose et des lipides, ce qui exacerberait l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie postprandiale associées au diabète de type II. L’AMPK au niveau intestinal constitue donc une cible thérapeutique potentielle complémentaire pour la prévention et le traitement du diabète de type II. / Physiopathology of type II Diabetes is characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia also implicated in development of cardiovascular diseases. Impaired AMPK activity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver is associated with these metabolic disorders whereas its pharmacologic activation is able to restore such abnormalities. Nevertheless, tissue-specific heterotrimeric αβγ AMPK likely confers distinct roles and regulation that remain unexplored in intestine, an organ promoting enhanced nutrients absorption in type II diabetes situation. This study demonstrates α1β2γ1 AMPK complex preponderance in intestinal Caco-2 cells whose α1 subunit role is to regulate ACC enzyme responsible of fatty acid synthesis. Unlike in the liver, AMPK doesn’t regulate HMG-CoA reductase enzyme implicated in cholesterol synthesis. AMPK activation mimics insulin effect by reducing intestinal glucose and lipids absorption whereas its alteration in insulin-resistance situation (e.g.: induced by 4-HHE in Caco-2 cell model or in Psammomys obesus animal model) enhances glucose and lipids absorption which could exacerbate postprandial hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated to type II diabetes. Thus, AMPK at the intestinal level could be a potential therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of type II diabetes.

La physiopathologie du diabète de type II se caractérise par de sévères anomalies métaboliques telles que l’hyperglycémie et les dyslipidémies contribuant au développement des maladies cardiovasculaires. Une altération de l’activité de l’AMPK dans les tissus tels que le muscle squelettique et le foie est associée à ces désordres métaboliques alors que son activation pharmacologique permet de les rétablir. Toutefois, le complexe hétérotrimérique αβγ tissu-spécifique de l’AMPK confère une régulation et des rôles distincts qui demeurent inexplorés dans l’intestin, un organe favorisant pourtant l’augmentation de l’absorption des nutriments en situation de diabète de type II. La présente étude démontre une prépondérance du complexe α1β2γ1 de l’AMPK dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2 dont l’un des rôles de la sous-unité α1 est de réguler l’ACC, l’enzyme de synthèse des acides gras. Contrairement à l’AMPK exprimée dans le foie, elle ne régule pas l’HMG-CoA Réductase impliquée dans la synthèse du cholestérol. L’activation de l’AMPK mime l’effet de l’insuline en réduisant l’absorption intestinale du glucose et des lipides alors que son altération en situation d’insulino-résistance (e.g : induite par le 4-HHE dans un modèle cellulaire Caco-2 ou induite par la diète dans le modèle animal Psammomys obesus) favorise l’absorption du glucose et des lipides, ce qui exacerberait l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie postprandiale associées au diabète de type II. L’AMPK au niveau intestinal constitue donc une cible thérapeutique potentielle complémentaire pour la prévention et le traitement du diabète de type II. / Physiopathology of type II Diabetes is characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia also implicated in development of cardiovascular diseases. Impaired AMPK activity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver is associated with these metabolic disorders whereas its pharmacologic activation is able to restore such abnormalities. Nevertheless, tissue-specific heterotrimeric αβγ AMPK likely confers distinct roles and regulation that remain unexplored in intestine, an organ promoting enhanced nutrients absorption in type II diabetes situation. This study demonstrates α1β2γ1 AMPK complex preponderance in intestinal Caco-2 cells whose α1 subunit role is to regulate ACC enzyme responsible of fatty acid synthesis. Unlike in the liver, AMPK doesn’t regulate HMG-CoA reductase enzyme implicated in cholesterol synthesis. AMPK activation mimics insulin effect by reducing intestinal glucose and lipids absorption whereas its alteration in insulin-resistance situation (e.g.: induced by 4-HHE in Caco-2 cell model or in Psammomys obesus animal model) enhances glucose and lipids absorption which could exacerbate postprandial hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated to type II diabetes. Thus, AMPK at the intestinal level could be a potential therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of type II diabetes. / réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1