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Anomaly detection is a relevant problem in the field of Mechanical Engineering, because the analysis of mechanical systems often relies on identifying deviations from what is considered "normal". The mechanical sciences are represented by a heterogeneous collection of data types: some systems may be highly dimensional, may contain exclusively spatial or temporal data, may be spatiotemporally linked, or may be non-deterministic and best described probabilistically. Given the broad range of data types in this field, it is not possible to propose a single processing method that will be appropriate, or even usable, for all data types. This has led to human observation remaining a common, albeit costly and inefficient, approach to detecting anomalous signals or patterns in mechanical data. The advantages of automated anomaly detection in mechanical systems include reduced monitoring costs, increased reliability of fault detection, and improved safety for users and operators. This dissertation proposes a hierarchical framework for anomaly detection through machine learning, and applies it to three distinct and heterogeneous data types: state-based data, parameter-driven data, and spatiotemporal sensor network data. In time-series data, anomaly detection results were robust in synthetic data generated using multiple simulation algorithms, as well as experimental data from rolling element bearings, with highly accurate detection rates (>99% detection, <1% false alarm). Significant developments were shown in parameter-driven data by reducing the sample sizes necessary for analysis, as well as reducing the time required for computation. The event-space model extends previous work into a geospatial sensor network and demonstrates applications of this type of event modeling at various timescales, and compares the model to results obtained using other approaches. Each data type is processed in a unique way relative to the others, but all are fitted to the same hierarchical structure for system modeling. This hierarchical model is the key development proposed by this dissertation, and makes both novel and significant contributions to the fields of mechanical analysis and data processing. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed approaches, details how they differ from other relevant industry standard methods, and concludes with a proposal for additional research into other data types. / Ph. D.

[ES] Se ha desarrollado un método de síntesis "verde" de compuestos metal orgánicos en medio acuoso, a temperatura y presión ambientes, fácilmente escalable y con tiempos de cristalización muy cortos (10 min). El método se ha aplicado con éxito a la síntesis de trimesatos de metales divalentes isoreticulares y con fórmula general M3(BTC)2·12 H2O (M = Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ y Zn2+; BTC = trimesato). La estructura de estos materiales presenta dos tipos de centros metálicos ("puente" y "ter-minales") en proporción 2 a 1, ambos con coordinación octaédrica y unidos a 4 moléculas de H2O y a dos oxígenos carboxilato del ligando. Usando este método de síntesis, se han preparado también series de compuestos bimetálicos isoreticulares de Co-Ni y Co-Zn en todo el rango de concentraciones, así como compues-tos de Mn-Ni con una concentración máxima de Mn2+ del 50%. Mediante la combinación de difracción de rayos X (en polvo y de monocristal) y microscopía EDX/SEM se ha demostrado que los compuestos bimetálicos forman verdaderas disoluciones sólidas (no meras mezclas de fases) y que los iones metálicos se dis-tribuyen homogéneamente en todo el cristal. Además, el análisis detallado de la variación de los parámetros de celda con la composición en compuestos Co-Ni y Co-Zn aporta fuertes evidencias de que los iones Co2+ ocupan preferentemente las posiciones "terminales". Se ha evaluado la actividad de los compuestos preparados como catalizadores para la oxidación aeróbica de cumeno (CM) a cumeno hidroperóxido (CHP). El com-puesto monometálico de Co2+, Co-BTC, presentó una elevada actividad, aunque la selectividad a CHP obtenida fue relativamente baja (69%), ya que los iones Co2+ catalizan también la descomposición del CHP formado. Una buena estrategia para optimizar esta selectividad consistió en aislar los iones Co2+ en una matriz de Ni-BTC (que es inerte tanto para la oxidación de CM como para la descomposición de CHP). Así, al disminuir la concentración de iones Co2+ en compuestos bimetálicos Co-Ni se observó un aumento de la selectividad a CHP de hasta el 91% para el material con un 5% de Co. Se ha calculado que estadísticamente el 73% de los iones Co2+ en este material se encuentran aislados, por lo que la des-composición/sobreoxidación del CHP se ve muy limitada. Usando una variación del método de síntesis, se han obtenido también compuestos isoreticulares de Co2+ en los que los ligandos trimesato se han reemplazado parcialmente por ligandos isoftálico o 5-aminoisoftálico. Al utilizar estos com-puestos como catalizadores para la oxidación aeróbica de CM, se ha observado que la introducción de este segundo ligando (y en particular del 5-aminoisoftálico) en la red metal-orgánica facilita la descomposición del CHP formado y aumenta la selectividad final a 2-fenil-2-propanol (PP). Esto se ha atribuido a la creación de defectos puntuales en la red del material, que presentan una mayor actividad para la descomposición de CHP. Siguiendo con la oxidación de CM como reacción modelo, se ha evaluado la actividad catalítica de compuestos isoreticulares de cobalto con ligandos bispirazolato funcionalizados con distintos grupos (CoBPZ, CoBPZ-NO2 y CoBPZ-NH2). En este caso se ha observado una clara influencia del ligando utilizado sobre la acti-vidad catalítica y la selectividad a CHP o PP del material. Mientras que el Co-BPZ presenta una baja conversión de CM y una elevada selectividad a CHP, Co-BPZ-NH2 presenta las características opuestas: una elevada velocidad de reacción pero una baja selectividad a CHP. En este último caso, el producto mayoritario forma-do es el PP. Por último, el estudio de MOFs de cationes divalentes como catalizadores de oxidación se ha completado con una reacción de síntesis de quinazolina mediante acoplamiento oxidativo de bencilamina y 2-aminoacetofenona usando TBHP co-mo oxidante. Como catalizadores para esta reacción se ha utilizado el trimesato de / [CAT] S'ha desenvolupat un mètode de síntesi "verda" de compostos metall orgànics en medi aquós, a temperatura i pressió ambients, fàcilment escalable i amb temps de cristal·lització molt curts (10 min). El mètode s'ha aplicat amb èxit a la síntesi de trimesats de metalls divalents isoreticular i amb fórmula general M3(BTC)2·12 H2O (M = Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ y Zn2+; BTC = trimesat). L'estructura d'aquests materials presenta dos tipus de centres metàl·lics ("pon" i "terminals") en una proporció de 2 a 1, ambdós amb coordinació octaèdrica i units a 4 molècules d'aigua i a 2 oxígens carboxilat del lligand. Emprant aquest mètode de síntesi, s'han preparat també sèries de compostos bimetàl·lics isoreticular de Co-Ni i Co-Zn en tot el rang de concentracions, així com compostos de Mn-Ni amb una concentració màxima de Mn2+ del 50%. Mitjançant l'ús combinat de difracció de raigs X (en pols i de monocristall) i microscòpia EDX/SEM s'ha demostrat que els compostos bimetàl·lics formen vertaderes dissolucions sòlides (no simples mescles de fase) i que els ions metàl·lics es distribueixen homogèniament en tot el cristall. A més, l'anàlisi detallat de la variació dels paràmetres de cel·la amb la composició de compostos Co-Ni i Co-Zn aporta fortes evidències de que els ions Co2+ ocupen preferentment les posicions "terminals". S'ha avaluat l'activitat dels compostos preparats com a catalitzador per a l'oxidació aeròbica de cumè (CM) a cumè hidroperòxid (CHP). El compost monometàl·lic de Co2+, Co-BTC, presenta una elevada activitat, encara que la selectivitat a CHP obtinguda és relativament baixa (69%), ja que els ions Co2+ catalitzen també la descomposició del CHP format. Una bona estratègia per optimitzar aquesta selectivitat consisteix en aïllar els ions Co2+ en una matriu de Ni-BTC (que és inert tant per a l'oxidació de CM com per a la descomposició de CHP). Així, a mesura que disminueix la concentració d'ions Co2+ en compostos bimetàl·lics Co-Ni s'observa un augment de la selectivitat a CHP de fins el 91% per al material amb un 5% de cobalt. S'ha calculat que estadísticament el 73% dels ions Co2+ d'aquest material es troben aïllats, de manera que la descomposició/sobreoxidació del CHP es veu molt limitada. Emprant una variació del mètode de síntesi, s'han obtingut també compostosisoreticulars de Co2+ en els que els lligands trimesat s'han reemplaçat parcialment per lligands isoftàlic o 5-aminoisoftàlic. Quan aquest compostos s'usen com a catalitzadors per a l'oxidació aeròbica de CM, sobserva que la introducció d'aquest segon lligand (i en particular del 5-aminoisoftàlic) en la xarxa metallorgànica es facilita la descomposició del CHP format i augmenta la selectivitat final a 2-fenil-2-propanol (PP). Això s'ha atribuït a la creació de defectes puntuals en la xarxa del material, que presenten una major activitat per a la descomposició del CHP. Seguint amb l'oxidació de CM com a reacció model, s'ha avaluat l'activitat catalítica de compostosisoreticulars de cobalt amb lligands bispirazolat funcionalitzats amb distints grups (CoBPZ, CoBPZ-NO2 i CoBPZ-NH2). En aquest cas s'ha observat una clara influència del lligand utilitzat sobre l'activitat catalítica i la selectivitat a CHP o PP del material. Mentre que el CoBPZ presenta una baixa conversió de CM i una elevada selectivitat a CHP, CoBPZ-NH2 presenta les característiques oposades: una elevada velocitat de reacció però una baixa selectivitat a CHP. En aquest últim cas, el producte majoritari format és el PP. Per últim, l'estudi de MOFs amb cations divalent como a catalitzadors d'oxidació s'ha completat amb una reacció de síntesi de quinazolina mitjançant acoblament oxidatiu de benzilamina i 2-aminoacetofenona emprant TBHP como a oxidant. Com a catalitzadors per aquesta reacció s'ha utilitzat el trimesat de coure, HKUST-1, així com materials isoreticular amb lligands mixtes obtinguts reemplaçant pa / [EN] A "green" synthesis method has been developed for the preparation of metal organic frameworks in aqueous media, which is easily scalable, at room tempera-ture, ambient pressure and very short crystallization times (10 min). This method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of isoreticular divalent metal trimesates of general formula M3(BTC)2·12 H2O (M = Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ y Zn2+; BTC = trimesate). The structure of these compounds features two types of metal centers ("bridging" and "terminal") in a 2 to 1 ratio, both with octahedral coordina-tion and linked to 4 water molecules and 2 carboxylate oxygens of the ligand. Using this method, two series of bimetallic isoreticular compounds of Co-Ni and Co-Zn have also been prepared in all range of compositions, as well as bimetallic Mn-Ni compounds up to a maximum concentration of 50% of Mn2+. A combined X-ray diffraction (powder and single crystal) and EDX/SEM has shown that these bimetallic compounds form true solid solutions (not simple mixture of phases) and that both ions distribute homogeneously throughout the crystal. A detailed analysis of the variation of cell parameters with the composition strongly sug-gests that Co2+ ions occupy preferentially the "terminal" positions of the frame-work. The materials obtained with the above method have been evaluated as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of cumene (CM) to cumene hydroperoxide (CHO). The monometallic Co2+ compound, Co-BTC, showed a high catalytic activity, but a relatively low selectivity to CHP 69%), since the Co2+ ions can also catalyze the decomposition of the formed CHP. A good strategy to optimize the CHP selectivity consisted in isolating the Co2+ ions into a Ni-BTC (which is inert for both CM oxidation and CHP decomposition). In this way, as the concentration of Co2+ ions in the bimetallic Co-Ni compound decreases, a parallel increase of the CHP selec-tivity was observed, up to 91% for the material with 5% of Co. In this compound, 73% of the total Co2+ ions are statistically isolated, so that decomposi-tion/overoxidation of CHP is unlikely to occur. By using a variation of the above synthesis method, additional isoreticular Co2+ compounds have been prepared in which the trimesate ligands have been partially replaced by either isophthalic or 5-aminoisophthalic. When these compounds were used as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of cumene, we observed that the introduction of this second ligand (in particular in the case of 5-aminoisophthalic) into the framework facilitates decomposition of CHP and in-creases the final selectivity to 2-phenyl-2-propanol (PP). This has been attributed to the progressive creation of point defects in the framework, having a higher activity for CHP decomposition. Following with the aerobic oxidation of CM as model reaction, we evaluated the catalytic activity of isoreticular cobalt compounds having bispyrazolate ligands bearing differnent functional groups (CoBPZ, CoBPZ-NO2 and CoBPZ-NH2). In this case, there is a clear influence of the ligand used on the catalytic activity of the material and the obtained selectivity to CHP or PP. While CoBPZ showed a low CM conversion and high CHP selectivity, the opposite properties are obtained for the Co-BPZ-NH2: i.e., a high reaction rate but a low CHP selectivity. In this latter case, the major product of the reaction was PP. Finally, the evaluation of divalent MOFs as oxidation catalysts has been complet-ed by addressing the synthesis of quinazoline through the oxidative coupling reaction of benzylamine and 2-aminoacetophenone using TBHP as oxidant. As catalysts for this reaction we have used a copper trimesate, HKUST-1, as well as isoreticular mixed-ligand compounds obtained by partially replacing trimesate ligands by 5-hydroxyisophthalic (OH-isophthalic). / Nowacka, AE. (2019). Divalent Metal Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysts [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129872 / TESIS

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à l'organisation des systèmes distribués dynamiquesde grande taille : ensembles de machines capables de communiquer entre elles et pouvant à toutinstant se connecter ou se déconnecter. Nous proposons de partitionner le système en groupesconnexes, appelés clusters. Afin d'organiser des réseaux de grande taille, nous construisons unestructure hiérarchique imbriquée dans laquelle les clusters d'un niveau sont regroupés au seinde clusters du niveau supérieur. Pour mener à bien ce processus, nous mettons en place desmécanismes permettant aux clusters d'être les noeuds d'un nouveau système distribué exécutantl'algorithme de notre choix. Cela nécessite en particulier des mécanismes assurant la cohérence decomportement pour le niveau supérieur au sein de chaque cluster. En permettant aux clusters deconstituer un nouveau système distribué exécutant notre algorithme de clustering, nous construisonsune hiérarchie de clusters par une approche ascendante. Nous démontrons cet algorithme endéfinissant formellement le système distribué des clusters, et en démontrant que chaque exécutionde notre algorithme induit sur ce système une exécution de l'algorithme de niveau supérieur. Celanous permet, en particulier, de démontrer par récurrence que nous calculons bien un clusteringhiérarchique imbriqué. Enfin, nous appliquons cette démarche à la résolution des collisions dansles réseaux de capteurs. Pour éviter ce phénomène, nous proposons de calculer un clusteringadapté du système, qui nous permet de calculer un planning organisant les communications ausein du réseau et garantissant que deux messages ne seront jamais émis simultanément dans laportée de communication de l'un des capteurs / To manage and handle large scale distributed dynamic distributed systems, constitutedby communicating devices that can connect or disconnect at any time, we propose to computeconnected subgraphs of the system, called clusters. We propose to compute a hierarchical structure,in which clusters of a level are grouped into clusters of the higher level. To achieve this goal,we introduce mechanisms that allow clusters to be the nodes of a distinct distributed system,that executes an algorithm. In particular, we need mechanisms to maintain the coherence of thebehavior among the nodes of a cluster regarding the higher level. By allowing clusters to be nodesof a distributed system that executes a clustering algorithm, we compute a nested hierarchicalclustering by a bottom-up approach. We formally define the distributed system of clusters, andprove that any execution of our algorithm induces an execution of the higher level algorithm onthe distributed system of clusters. Then, we prove by induction that our algorithm computes anested hierarchical clustering of the system. Last, we use this approach to solve a problem thatappears in sensor networks : collision. To avoid collisions, we propose to compute a clusteringof the system. This clustering is then used to compute a communication schedule in which twomessages cannot be sent at the same time in the range of a sensor

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Associated to any finite simple graph $\Gamma$ is the {\em chromatic polynomial} $\P_\Gamma(q)$ whose complex zeros are called the {\em chromatic zeros} of $\Gamma$. A hierarchical lattice is a sequence of finite simple graphs $\{\Gamma_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ built recursively using a substitution rule expressed in terms of a generating graph. For each $n$, let $\mu_n$ denote the probability measure that assigns a Dirac measure to each chromatic zero of $\Gamma_n$. Under a mild hypothesis on the generating graph, we prove that the sequence $\mu_n$ converges to some measure $\mu$ as $n$ tends to infinity. We call $\mu$ the {\em limiting measure of chromatic zeros} associated to $\{\Gamma_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$. In the case of the Diamond Hierarchical Lattice we prove that the support of $\mu$ has Hausdorff dimension two. The main techniques used come from holomorphic dynamics and more specifically the theories of activity/bifurcation currents and arithmetic dynamics. We prove a new equidistribution theorem that can be used to relate the chromatic zeros of a hierarchical lattice to the activity current of a particular marked point. We expect that this equidistribution theorem will have several other applications, and describe one such example in statistical mechanics about the Lee-Yang-Fisher zeros for the Cayley Tree.

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Human valuing is a topic of study in many disciplines concerned with the behavior of humans in terms of its relationship to individual as well as group behavior. Many disciplines provide a theory of how values effect behavior, however a behavior analytic approach may demonstrate utility in terms of both understanding the formation of values as well as procedures that incorporate valuing into interventions for common psychological problems. Relational Frame Theory (RFT), a psychological account of human language and cognition, which has its foundation in behavior analysis, may provide an empirically-valid account of the formation of values and the mechanisms though which it effects behavior. Language processes including hierarchical, or categorical, relational responding, the transformation of consequential stimulus function, and rule-governed behavior may contribute to the act of human valuing. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a clinical derivative of RFT, incorporates values as a central component of treatment. This series of three studies sought to add to the empirical understanding of human valuing through two basic and one translational study. Study 1 examined the transformation of consequential stimulus functions in accordance with hierarchical networks, completed in a multiple baseline design. Results of this study suggest that, given sufficient strength of derived relations, the transformation was demonstrated by five of six participants. Study 2 evaluated the motivative effect of stimuli in a hierarchical relational network, completed in a multiple baseline design. The results suggest that in the presence of directly trained stimuli the motivative augmentals did not influence responding for four of four participants, however they did in a novel context for three of three participants. Study 3 sought to measure the effect of an arbitrary symbol related to a values-focused hierarchy as a motivative augmental for academic performance with a sample of undergraduate university students in a classroom setting. Together, these studies reflect a number of the languages processes necessary if an RFT-focused conceptualization of human valuing is accurate.

The Hutchinsonian niche is the n dimensional hyper volume that allows for the persistence of a species. Castor canadensis, a large semi-aquatic rodent, is an ecosystem engineer and often a keystone species for many ecosystems. I examined the effect of multiple spatial scales on hierarchical habitat selection byC. canadensis using presence-only modeling techniques. I also determined individual trophic niche specialization in C. canadensis utilizing stable isotope analysis. I concluded that C. canadensis displayed scale independent habitat selection when comparing landscape and fine spatial scales. Individual trophic niche specialization occurred in colonies of the same resource availability. Also, individual trophic niches varied substantially between wetlands. These results have implications for the management of “generalist” species because populations can be composed of specialized individuals. Studies of niche across spatial and organizational scales are required for successful conservation and management strategies.

The scope of the current study focuses on the relationship between direct and indirect methods of measuring social skills in children. Participants included 33 children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old. The sample drew from elementary schools in 2 Southern states in the U.S., as well as social skills groups from a university-based clinic. While some participants had been previously identified has having disabilities impacting social performance, it was not an inclusionary requirement and the majority of children were not identified as having a disability clinically or through a special education eligibility domain. Teachers and clinicians leading social skills groups completed indirect measures, the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children Third Edition (BASC-3) and the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) related to the participants’ social skills. Direct observations of participants were completed using the Social Observation System (SOS) by graduate level research assistants. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the predictive value of the teacher informed indirect measures on the direct method of observation. Additionally, simple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the reverse relationship of the direct observation’s ability to predict the variance observed in each indirect measure. Results indicated that both the indirect and direct methods of social skills assessment can significantly predict the other. However, while significant, a low to moderate amount of variance in the direct measure is explained by the indirect measures of social skills. The results and implications of the finding are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions.